Female Relations Research Articles

Sex and Women in the Archive and New Imaginaries of Female Same-Sex Relations in the Late Nineteenth Century

The article aims to contribute to queer histories of marginalised people and those who have left behind limited traces. It analyses medical sources informing about female same-sex relations among poor and marginalised women in Copenhagen, Denmark, during the late nineteenth century. The medical sources repeatedly mention how women in prostitution engaged in sexual and romantic relations with one other. The article provides examples of how female same-sex relations were described as passionate and dramatic, as well as violent, and proposes an expanded notion of female same-sex relations to accommodate “grim” stories of intimate partner violence and death. Furthermore, the medical reports associated women’s relations with carnal sex, . Finally, the article suggests that it might not have been the gender of a woman’s same-sex partner but rather the woman’s sexual activity, that caused condemnation. As the medical sources are confined to inform about women’s encounters with power authorities, such as doctors and police, I employ “imaginary scenarios” (Hartman 2021) to be able to represent the same-sex relations in a more profound way.

Emotional Intelligence And Its Impacts On Academic Achievement Of General Degree College Students

Emotional Intelligence is a significant characteristics of any human being. Which can play a role to improve the academic achievement among students of general degree colleges in North 24 Parganas and Howrah district of West Bengal. The aim of the was to identify the male & female relations respect to emotional intelligence, rural & urban relations respect to emotional intelligence and relationship between emotional intelligence and its impacts on academic achievement. The present study was Normative Survey research. For collect the data researcher used Emotional Intelligence Scale (EIS) was developed by Shailendra Singh (2004) edited and modified by Roy & Mahato, 2023 from 100 general degree college students West Bengal (North 24 Parganas & Howrah). The 100 sample distributed as 53 male and 47 female, who had been selected purposely. The researcher used Mean & Standard Deviation (S.D.) as Descriptive Statistics, Scatterplot, Pearson’s Product-Moment Correlation (r) and Independent ‘t’-test as Inferential Statistics applied to analyze the data. The result showed that, there is significant difference between college students male & female, there is a significant difference between college students in rural & urban areas and the emotional intelligence as independent variables is negatively correlated with academic achievement, which mean EI is not significantly related to academic achievement.

Autobiography and Audre Lorde’s Matriarchal Sphere

Audre Lorde, one of the most prominent black women poets of the 21st century, is concerned about the horrors of racism, sexism, heterosexism, and homophobia and genuinely attempts to erode them through the power of art. Audre Lorde’s life and work are inspired by an arsenal of powerful women, both cruel and kind, who give her the energy to strive in a world wrought with suffering, pain, and ostracism. Lorde celebrates women of her immediate maternal descent: her mother’s sturdy female relations; she celebrates her friends and lovers; seeks sustenance from a pantheon of mythic goddesses from West Africa; and finally celebrates legendary women who have stood for the women’s cause. This paper explores how these women influenced her poetic production. Her predominantly maternal and matriarchal influences become evident when one places her within the political and intellectual background. Her life and work are not generated by the normative patriarchy that permeates Western institutions but by a self-proclaimed matriarchy. The paper employs new historicism in investigating the impact of Lorde’s family and social heritage, a heritage that was predominantly maternal and matriarchal. Lorde’s family lineage comprises an arsenal of influential female relatives and ancestors. Lorde's family is replete with maternal influences, beginning in her immediate family, where her mother was a real matriarch, and extending to her grandmother and great-grandmother. These maternal influences will push her in the long run as she matures to research women in history and myth. Discovering that the image of powerful and assertive women met with opposition in America, Lorde discovered that the erasure and silencing of women were orchestrated by patriarchy to render women helpless and malleable. Lorde, like other radical feminists, was influenced by the powerful and creative force of the mother, and she sought throughout her struggles to re-inscribe the woman into the center of the body polity.

Can female executives improve employment relations outcomes? Empirical evidence from China with gender implications

PurposeDespite the growing research interest in gender diversity, the presence of female executives and organizational outcomes, the relationship between female executives and employment relations outcomes remains under-researched. This study aims to examine the potential relationship between female executives and employment relations outcomes, with the gender gap as a focus.Design/methodology/approachA cross-sectional survey was used to collect data from 2,682 workers from 119 manufacturing firms in Guangdong Province, southern China.FindingsResults show that firms with female executives are more likely to comply with labor laws and promote staff development. The association between female executives and promotion opportunities is stronger for female employees than for male employees. However, there is no significant association between female executives and employee salaries.Originality/valueThis research contributes to employment relations literature and extends the application of social role theory to studies of employment relations in particular societal contexts. This study also provides possible boundary conditions for the existence of queen bee behavior by using data from Chinese factories.

Leading the Charge: Female Leaders Advance DEI Initiatives through Employee Empowerment

ABSTRACT Today the public relations industry faces the challenge of championing and executing diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) efforts. Women leaders in public relations are well situated to do this work and drive meaningful change. A grounded theory approach was chosen to analyze narratives from the honorees of PRWeek’s Women of Distinction classes from the last three years. We argue that female public relations leaders are advancing the conversation related to DEI initiatives to empower their organizations and, in turn, shape the larger societal discourse on DEI. Our thematic analysis of narratives by female leaders in public relations resulted in four broad themes: 1) practicing empathetic leadership and building meaningful connections, 2) reimagining the workplace and workplace culture, 3) showing a commitment to and celebration of DEI efforts, and 4) championing purpose-driven work and organizations. This project contributes to the limited work on public relations, diversity, and leadership, and presents important theoretical and practical implications.

Environmental Disclosures and Profitability of Non-Financial Services Firms In Nigeria: Moderating Role of Female Board Membership

With female board membership serving as the moderator, this study investigated the moderating role of female board membership on the nexus between environmental disclosures and profitability of non-financial services firms in Nigeria using a panel dataset from 2011 to 2021. The population and sample size of the study comprises of 74 and 41 listed non-financial services firms respectively using the judgmental sampling technique. By applying a panel regression techniques, the study revealed that the employee relations disclosure positively and insignificantly affects return on assets, quality assurance disclosure positively and significantly affect return on assets, while local community disclosure have insignificant negative effect on return on assets. From the perspective of moderation effect, this study also found out that only female board membership-quality assurance disclosures negatively and significantly moderated the relationship between environmental disclosure and return on assets of the sampled firms. This study concluded that there is no moderating effect of female board membership on the relationship between female board membership-employee relations, female board membership-local community disclosure and return on assets of non-financial services firms in Nigeria. Therefore, it was recommended that the management of non-financial services firms in Nigeria should exercise care over the expenditure to be incurred on quality of products. In the same vein, Female Board Membership could be considered for other purposes and not as moderator so, as to prevent further adverse effect on profitability of sampled firms. It underscores the urgent need for employing competent female members into board based on their technical and professional expertise instead of political affiliations.

The Environment and Agency: An Ecocritical Reading of Richard Maduku’s Kokoro Compound

ABSTRACT Many studies have explored the impact of human activities on the environment. Using the framework of ecocriticism, this study examines the theme of rural–urban migration in Richard Maduku’s Kokoro Compound. The central aim is an exploration of the relationships between the characters and their environment and how various environmental realities influence the characters’ lived-experiences. The present study argues that in addressing the issue of rural–urban migration, Maduku’s novel becomes a conjugation of binaries. Thus allied to the identification of rural–urban migration, there are the binary oppositions of tradition–modernity, poverty–opulence, as well as the dichotomies of innocence-experience and male–female gender relations. These oppositions show the relationship the characters have with the environment in their quest for self-actualisation and financial freedom. In addition, the oppositions highlight the struggles of individuals in postcolonial Nigeria. The identifications also contribute to the understanding of the influence the environment has on individuals and groups of people.

Social Representations of Gender: A Contextual Construction in Schools

Social representations of gender (SR), namely, beliefs, values, attitudes, and symbolic content about gender affect people’s behavior and relations to others in social life. Gender representations help explain gender violence among the adolescent population. A qualitative study was conducted to explore the gender SR of teachers and students from two cities in Colombia: Bogotá and Ibagué. Multimethod data collection was performed using a word-association task with 37 teachers and a collaborative cartoon construction task with 284 students from both cities. Thematic analysis and triangulation were performed on this data. Knowledge and informational sources were explored in-depth among students and teachers. The analysis of gender representations revealed rather traditional views: binary representations of gender roles, gender relations, physical characteristics, and behavioral expectations for men and women. The study also found differences between the two educational contexts, scarce references to sexual diversity, and a nuance of tragedy in female gender roles and relations.

A Political Sexual Revolution: Sexual Autonomy in the British Women's Liberation Movement in the 1970s and 1980s.

In the 1970s and 1980s, women across Britain-particularly those in the Women's Liberation Movement (WLM)-took part in a distinct sexual revolution fuelled by a very specific question-who gets to determine the ways in which I am sexual? The active engagement by women with this question of sexual selfhood belies a historiography of sexual revolution-real or imagined-in which women were the passive beneficiaries (or victims) of technological, cultural, religious, social and/or, economic shifts. Drawing on the writing of women in the feminist press, mainstream media, books, and pamphlets, this article describes the specific contribution of the WLM to shaping new possibilities for a sexuality defined, and controlled, by women. I argue that the WLM combined a powerful political framework with an influential social network to significantly contribute to a far-reaching process of deconstructing and recasting female sexuality and sexual relations.

:Women’s Friendship in Medieval Literature

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Diversifying gender equity in leadership in public relations: the role of mentoring and instrumental support at the organizational level

PurposeThe rise of a professional career presents women in today's public relations profession an intense challenge in balancing professional and family responsibilities. Therefore, this study is motivated to investigate female public relations professionals' perceptions of work–family conflict in their daily life. Specifically, the authors focused the research on women working in the professions of communication and public relations in the United States.Design/methodology/approachAn online survey was designed and conducted in the United States. The final sample includes 512 women working full-time in public relations and communication. In addition, the authors pre-specified several demographic quotas in sampling design in order to recruit a diverse group of female professionals nationwide.FindingsThe findings of this research study confirmed that female professionals have to constantly make changes to their plans for family activities when there is a conflict due to work-related duties. Such impact is particularly intense for professionals in the age bracket of 31–40. They have to use a wide variety of coping strategies to manage the work–family conflict. Findings in the present research study confirmed the critical role of mentoring in providing extra support and to help junior female professionals find coping solutions. Effective mentor–mentee networks can be established and used as valuable resources to support women in managing work–family conflict.Originality/valueBy investigating current female professionals' perceptions on work–life conflict and their adoption of relevant coping strategies in the workplace, this research provides solid evidence that organizations should dedicate efforts in providing strong support in programs and policies and makes the options available to female professionals at all levels. The present research highlights the importance of building mentor–mentee relationships as an effective supportive approach when managing work–family conflict.

Job security for female public relations workers in the hotel field

Abstract:&#x0D; The aim of the current study is to know the extent to which female workers in public relations, especially in hotel institutions, feel job security towards their profession, and what are the obstacles that cause them to lose the elements of job security within hotel institutions, and for the purpose of reaching scientific results, the descriptive survey method was used in this study. The study sample is represented by a comprehensive inventory of all female workers in the departments (management, marketing, media, sales, reception) for the fifth, fourth, third class hotels in the center of the city of Sulaymaniyah, as the number of respondents reached (89), through the distribution of a questionnaire form to them specially built for this The subject, as for the most prominent findings of the study from the conclusion, that the human dimension is the main influence on the extent of women workers in public relations in the hotel field sense of job security, especially the dimensions related to work relations within the elements of job security within the hotel institution, which is an important motive for the advancement of work, and lack of understanding The senior management of the hotel establishment for the problems of female workers in qualitative public relations was one of the most important obstacles that prevent female workers from feeling job security. Jah their jobs.&#x0D; Key word: Job Security , Women in Public Relations

Girlhood Through a Glass Queerly

In her documentary Ouvrir la voix (2017), Amandine Gay addresses, in addition to the color-blindness of French society, the blindness toward non-normative sexual relations between racialized subjects. According to Afrofeminist Kiyémis, invisibilization is even more significant for female same-sex relations, which are not necessarily coded as lesbian by the predominant male gaze. This article will show how Céline Sciamma's Bande de filles (2014), translated as Girlhood in English, subverts this white male gaze and empowers her female character by attributing to her a queer sensitivity. Having to struggle against sexism and racism, the protagonist finds in female kinship and gender bending performance better alternatives than heterosexual romance and compliance to gender stereotypes.

Representation of female relationships in domestic discourse: pragmastilistic aspect

This article analyzes the peculiarities of the reflection of female relations in Chinese-language domestic discourse on the material of stories and novels of the 20th-21st centuries. The concepts of «contact» and «discourse» were analyzed, the characteristic features of female contact in domestic discourse were revealed, a number of strategies and tactics used during female domestic discourse were investigated. It was found out that the discourse as a fundamental category of modern linguistics combines linguistic and social features of speech. The least structured type of discourse is the discourse of everyday speech communication that occurs in the form of oral conversation. The main feature of domestic discourse is its communicative orientation and proximity to everyday language. Family communication, in which each person is immersed, forms the so-called «family language», which forms a certain linguistic behavior of the person, features of speech, intonation and emotional coloring. In constructing the female character Chinese authors often turn to metaphorization, comparisons, contextual periphrases, metonymy and paremy (chenyu, yanyu, suyu, guanyunyu), among which the picture of the external attractiveness of women prevails, comparing her to the moon, the flower, the jade, the goddess, the unclean force. In depicting female discourse the authors turn to the means of gradation (climax and anticlimax), anaphora, use all kinds of exclamations, appeals, particles, resort to the expressive possibilities of root morphemes. Having studied the tactics and strategies used by women during everyday communication, we found that the dominant strategies are assertion, persuasion, proof and argumentation. When deploying conflict communication, women pay special attention to the strategies of accommodation, avoidance, cooperation, competition. It was revealed that women's language differs from men's in its greater expressiveness, the extensive use of exclamations and particles to increase emotional coloring, and a large concentration of emotionally evaluative vocabulary. We consider the studies of the composition of women’s domestic discourse and its synergy, based on the interaction of the objectives of the discourse and its constitutional limitations are the continuation of these studies.

Rivalry, Betrayal, and Exclusion: Traumatic Reenactments and Female Peer Relations in Sylvia Plath’s Short Fiction

Although previously the critical interest in Sylvia Plath’s output revolved around her most famous poetic and prose pieces, the beginning of the twenty-first century saw a rise of a new branch of Plath criticism which aims at a more comprehensive perspective on the variety of her artistic and intellectual work. Adopting such an approach, this article examines six of Plath’s short stories with a special emphasis put on female peer relations presented therein. As the analysis reveals, although the stories in question are concerned with various life periods, all of them still follow similar narrative formula which always intertwines the (sub)plots of female peer relations with the themes of rivalry, betrayal and exclusion. Importantly, when read through the prism of contemporary trauma theory, such portrayals of female relations may be interpreted as a series of traumatic reenactments or failed attempts at integrating the original traumatic scenario which introduced the concept of a female as a threatening other.

Men’s experience of perpetrating intimate partner violence following disclosure of HIV status by their seropositive female intimate partners: a qualitative study

Background Gender-Based (GB) intimate partner violence is a social and public health issue globally. Several risks of violence related to male sexual partners’ perpetration of intimate partner violence (IPV) following the disclosure of their female intimate partners’ HIV + status have been reported. No research has been conducted on male sexual partner’s perspectives of perpetrating IPV following their female intimate partners’ disclosure of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositive status as a risk factor for the perpetration of IPV in Ghana. Objective The objective of this study is to explore and describe male sexual partners’ views or perspectives of perpetrating IPV following their female intimate partners’ disclosure of being HIV positive in Ghana. Methods Interpretive phenomenological approach was used to collect and analyse data from a purposive sample of 18 Male participants whose female intimate relations informed them of being HIV + in Ghana. The sample population was taken from Ghana because such research has been reported elsewhere but none has been done in Ghana. A semi-structured interview guide was used to collect the data. The interview guide covered topics such as background information, participants’ reaction to HIV positive disclosure, lived experiences of participants, and Participants’ understanding of different forms of IPV. Results The findings of this study reveal five main themes that emerged from the interviews which include views on the perpetration of emotional, psychological, and verbal abuse; views on the perpetration of sexual deprivation; views on the perpetration of social isolation; views on the perpetration of financial abuse and views on escalated perpetration of physical abuse. Conclusion From the data, HIV positive status disclosure served as a risk factor for different forms of GB IPV against HIV positive women in Ghana, thus making this group more vulnerable and exposed to more GB IPV. Strategies to prevent the perpetration of IPV against women newly diagnosed as HIV positive are needed. We recommend screening all newly diagnosed HIV-positive women for abuse as an additional prevention strategy for IPV associated with disclosure of positive HIV status. KEY MESSAGES HIV positive status disclosure serves as a risk for the perpetration of IPV. Men are predisposed to violence upon hearing that their female heterosexual intimate partners are HIV positive. HIV infection information is distressful to receive from an intimate partner.

Familial Tensions: Morphing Gender Relations of Power Among Tajik Migrant Workers in Russia

International labor migration impacts gender relations between migrant workers and their families. Social workers need a more nuanced understanding of the gendered aspects of international migration for developing ethical social work practices and research. This article discusses morphing gender relations of power within the family context. The data presented in this paper originated from conversational interviews that were conducted in Tajikistan and Russia. Using social constructivism and intersectionality as the main theoretical approaches, this paper illustrates how male–male, male–female, and female–female gender relations are constantly negotiated and renegotiated within the family in the midst of labor mobility. This distinct understanding is critical for social workers who work with migrant workers and their families both locally and globally.

The role of ethical leadership in building influence: Perspectives from female public relations professionals

Practices of ethical leadership in public relations can be context-specific and they can influence organizational effectiveness. By conducting a national survey, this study examines female public relations professionals’ perspectives on ethical leadership. The results suggest that the majority of female professionals feel ready and confident in providing ethics counseling as needed. Most importantly, the highest ranked public relations leaders’ ethical conduct help reinforce female professionals’ ethical practice. Female professionals indicate it is necessary to use multiple strategies to build and enact influence as an ethical leader in public relations. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Violations of Islamic Law in Male–Female Relations: The Shifting of Nyubuk Tradition of the Customary Peoples of Lampung

Advances in media and communication technology have wrought significant shifts in the nyubuk tradition of the customary peoples of Lampung Pepadun. Male–female relations, once clearly regulated by customary doctrine through nyubuk, are now mediated by social media technology that facilitates the violation of customary and Islamic laws. This article examines how nyubuk, a cultural medium for communication that has traditionally been used in spouse selection, has shifted as social media has become widely available. More specifically, it seeks to understand how the nyubuk tradition has come to disappear without any significant resistance. In doing so, it applies a qualitative descriptive approach, with data having been collected through interviews. This study finds that despite generations of practice, shifting social and cultural practices have threatened nyubuk with extinction, and the practice has increasingly been replaced by social media. As a result, behaviors that violate social and religious norms have become increasingly common in society. Male–female relations, traditionally regulated under Islamic norms through nyubuk, have become increasingly open as cultural spaces have been replaced by social media. This has facilitated transgressions and other violations of Islamic law by young men and women. Obeisance of religious law depends significantly on local cultural authorities, and where these authorities are ignored, once dominant laws and practices may become extinct. &#x0D; &#x0D; Received: 28 September 2021 / Accepted: 16 November 2021 / Published: 3 January 2022

Balancing Subsistence Agriculture and Self-Employment in Small Businesses: Continuity and Change in Women's Labor and Labor Relations in Mozambique, 1800–2000

Balancing Subsistence Agriculture and Self-Employment in Small BusinessesContinuity and Change in Women's Labor and Labor Relations in Mozambique, 1800–20001 Filipa Ribeiro da Silva (bio) ABSTRACT This article examines women's participation in the economy of Mozambique by looking into multiple forms of female work and labor relations in a historical perspective, covering the period from 1800 to 2000. To this aim, I present a tentative profile of the Mozambican female population and a preliminary analysis of women's activities in the different economic sectors, as well as of the ways in which they contribute to the economy of the household, the state and the market economy. This is done by examining different types of labor relations they appear involved in, comparatively to men, and by discussing main changes over time and possible explanatory factors. For this purpose, I use population counts, censuses, and statistical data produced by the Portuguese colonial state and the Mozambican government in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, respectively, alongside reports from officials of the Portuguese colonial state and the concessionary companies. KEYWORDS gender, women, labor, business, agriculture [End Page 118] Introduction This article examines women's participation in the economy of Mozambique by looking into multiple forms of female labor and labor relations in a historical perspective, in the last two hundred years. To do so, I adopt and apply the new methodological approach that has been developed within the framework of Global Labor History over the last decade under the initiative of the International Institute of Social History (hereafter IISH). For this purpose, I use mainly population counts dating from as early as the first decades of the nineteenth century and early twentieth century, as well as census data, reports from officials of the Portuguese colonial state and the concessionary companies operating in part of the territory of Mozambique, namely the Mozambique Company. Part of these sources are collected in different archives and libraries in Portugal. Others were produced by the Mozambican State in the 1980s and 1990s and in the first decades of the twenty-first century, such as censuses and statistical data. These are, for the most part, available online on the website of the Mozambican National Institute of Statistics.2 The methodological challenges posed by these sources will be discussed further in this text. In addition, I am also resorting to legislation on labor and women, information on main economic policies during the colonial period and after independence, as well as ethnographical and anthropological studies. Based on these source materials, I built a dataset on labor relations in Mozambique, which is used as the point of departure for this study.3 The classification of labor relations is based on the "Taxonomy of Labour Relations" (hereafter Taxonomy) developed by the "Global Collaboratory for the History of Labour Relations" (hereafter Global Collaboratory).4 This study aims, therefore, to analyze in comparative perspective the ways in which women and men have changed their engagement with the economy of the country, here broadly defined, and with the world of labor in four main chronological benchmarks (1800, 1900, 1950, 2000). These benchmark years have been chosen to allow us to assess the situation in key moments of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, namely the situation before the European colonization,5 after the development of the colonial economy, and, finally, in the post-independence and post-civil war periods.6 The article is divided into four main sections. I start by discussing the sources used and the challenges they pose to the researcher in terms of chronological and geographical coverage, but also the issues they raise in terms of the criteria of classification of the population employed by the census-takers. This is followed by the presentation of a tentative profile of the Mozambican female population, in relation to the total population. To [End Page 119] do so, I pay attention to a couple of key demographic indicators, namely total population, geographical distribution, functional age groups, gender distribution, and marital status. In the third section of the paper, I offer a preliminary analysis of the participation of women in the Mozambican economy. To this aim, I look at the proportion of women that...