Background & Objectives: Anesthesiologists should be aware of their risks of disease, because their health is closely related to the quality of care for surgical patients. We aimed to evaluate the cause-specific hospitalization risks of anesthesiologist in Taiwan. Materials & Methods: The data used in this study were retrieved from filed claims and registries of the National Health Insurance Research Database. The cohort of anesthesiologists contracted with the national insurance program between 1997 and 2012 were linked to the inpatient claim database for hospitalization. The causes for hospitalization were classified by International Classification of Diseases 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) code. Gender- and hospital level-specific subgroup analysis were also performed. Results: We identified a total of 751 anesthesiologists and 3,545 hospitalization episodes in 1997~2012. The highest incidence rate of cause for hospitalization was digestive system (9.51 /10 person-years), followed by respiratory system (4.14/ 10 person-years) and nervous system disease (2.05/10 person-years). Anesthesiologists working in medical center had reduced rates of almost all major cause-specific hospitalizations than those working in regional, local hospital and clinic. Especially, the endocrine, nutritional, metabolic diseases, and immunity disorders [incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 0.62, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.46~0.84], and diseases of the circulatory system (IRR=0.64, 95% CI = 0.47-0.87). Moreover, compared with the male anesthesiologists, female anesthesiologists had significant higher rates of diseases of the genitourinary system (IRR = 6.81, 95% CI = 5.04-9.21) and diseases of blood and blood-forming organs (IRR = 2.83, 95% CI = 1.17-6.84), but had significant lower rates of diseases of circulatory system (IRR = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.29-0.70) and the endocrine, nutritional, metabolic, and immunity diseases (IRR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.36-0.83). Conclusion: Digestive system disease is the leading cause needing hospitalization for anesthesiologists in Taiwan. It might be due to heavy workplace stress and irregular life style. Further studies about the hospitalization risk which comparing anesthesiologists to their allied health colleagues and general population are warranted.