Felt Involvement Research Articles

The Examination of the User Engagement Scale (UES) in Small Medium Enterprise Social Media Usage: A Survey-Based Quantitative Study

Social networks have proven to be an essential marketing tool for the success of any product, service, or business. User participation affects the increase in revenue gain and creates long-term profit. The User Engagement Scale (UES) is one of the tools developed to measure user engagement and has been used in various digital domains. The UES intends to compute six dimensions of engagement: aesthetic appeal, perceived usability, focused attention, novelty, felt involvement, and endurability. This study investigates and verifies the three-factor structure of the UES. We used PCA to perform the analysis. The original data will be reanalyzed using UES, which consists of 220 valid responses. The result shows that the UES examination indicates good reliability in three factors. Factor 1 encompasses the feeling of involvement (FI), aesthetic appeal (AE), novelty (NO), and endurability (EN). Factor 2 aggregates the perceived usability (PU) elements. Factor 3 pertains to focused attention (FA) items. Our findings indicate that the User Engagement Scale is a valuable and suitable measurement tool for assessing user engagement in the context of social media within small and medium enterprises.

Examining Engagement and Usability in an Online Discussion Platform for Older Adults: Findings From Pilot Studies.

Social media may facilitate older adults' ability to engage socially and explore health information, but it can present difficulties for older adults. Therefore, it is important to explore older adults' experience of usability and user engagement. We conducted two rounds of pilot studies where we used Facebook to engage older adults. We performed a mixed-methods evaluation of user engagement and usability. A directed content analysis of qualitative data from the pilot studies was used to explore engagement and perceived usability, and the Mann-Whitney U test was used to examine differences in feature usage and engagement. We analyzed qualitative data from 13 participants. Qualitative data analysis yielded themes pertaining to three main domains: user engagement, usability, and usability related to aging-related changes. In terms of user engagement and usability, participants in both pilot studies reported positive feedback on felt involvement and endurability, and the second pilot group reported more positive comments regarding perceived usefulness compared with the first pilot group. There was no statistically significant difference in usage over the two studies. The findings of this study suggest opportunities to improve older adults' experience of online discussion platforms. Considering changes that improve perceived aesthetic appeal and focused attention will be helpful.

Views and practice of abortion among Queensland midwives and sexual health nurses.

BackgroundA significant barrier to the access of safe abortion is the lack of trained abortion providers. Recent studies show that with appropriate education, nurses and midwives can provide abortions as safely as medical practitioners.AimsTo examine the attitudes and practices of registered midwives (RMs) and sexual health nurses (SHNs) in Queensland toward abortion.Materials and MethodsA cross‐sectional mixed‐methods questionnaire was distributed to RMs and SHNs from the Queensland Nursing and Midwifery Union. Data were described and analysed both quantitatively and qualitatively.ResultsThere was a 20% response rate (n = 624) to the survey from the overall study population. There were 53.5% who reported they would support the provision of abortion in any situation at all; 7.4% held views based on religion or conscience that would make them completely opposed to abortion. There were 92.9% who felt that education surrounding abortion should be part of the core curriculum for midwifery and/or nursing students in Australia. The qualitative responses demonstrated a variety of views and suggestions regarding the practice of abortion.ConclusionsThere was a wide variation in views toward induced abortion from RMs and SHNs in Queensland. While a proportion of respondents opposed abortion in most circumstances, a significant group was in support of abortion in any situation and felt involvement in initiating and/or performing abortion would be within the scope of RMs and SHNs.

Putting Things into Context: A Meta-Analysis of Media Context Effects on Attitudinal Outcomes

The role of media context in advertising has been the subject of interest for marketers and media practitioners over the past 50 years. However, there remains a lack of clarity on the relationship between media context and advertising outcomes. To structure previous literature and facilitate knowledge development, this study meta-analytically examines the relationship between media context and attitudinal outcome measures (i.e., consumers’ attitudes toward the ad/brand/product and purchase intentions [PI]). A total of 31 years of research findings, 96 studies, and 597 effect sizes involving 139,233 research participants were synthesized. The key findings suggest that different media context facets leverage consumers’ attitudes and PI differently. Felt involvement with media, transportation (consumers’ experience of becoming non-volitional and absorbed in the media contexts), and perceived trust/credibility of media vehicles exhibited a stronger influence on attitudes/PI. Media–ad congruence, the most commonly examined media context among objective contexts, resulted in a very weak influence on attitudes/PI. The context effect also differed by advertising-related characteristics and extraneous methodological factors. Accordingly, there is a need for both academia and practice to revisit the media context construct with a fresh eye.

The Effects of Context Congruence On Ad Persuasiveness in e-Magazines

Despite substantial interest in advertisement-context congruence as a determinant of advertisement effectiveness and advertisement memory in digital platforms, especially in the electronic magazine (e-magazine) context, less attention has been devoted to identifying how it influences advertisement persuasion. This issue is explored through three between-subjects experimental studies: in Study 1, the causal role of advertisement-context congruence on advertisement persuasion and the conditional role of consumer motive as a chronic characteristic; in Study 2, consumer motive as a situational aspect and the mediating role of felt involvement; and in Study 3, generalizability, using a diverse sample. The insights generated enrich the understanding of the various conditions and mechanisms that create advertisement persuasion in e-magazines to create better advertisement effectiveness.

A practical approach to measuring user engagement with the refined user engagement scale (UES) and new UES short form

User engagement (UE) and its measurement have been of increasing interest in human-computer interaction (HCI). The User Engagement Scale (UES) is one tool developed to measure UE, and has been used in a variety of digital domains. The original UES consisted of 31-items and purported to measure six dimensions of engagement: aesthetic appeal, focused attention, novelty, perceived usability, felt involvement, and endurability. A recent synthesis of the literature questioned the original six-factors. Further, the ways in which the UES has been implemented in studies suggests there may be a need for a briefer version of the questionnaire and more effective documentation to guide its use and analysis. This research investigated and verified a four-factor structure of the UES and proposed a Short Form (SF). We employed contemporary statistical tools that were unavailable during the UES’ development to re-analyze the original data, consisting of 427 and 779 valid responses across two studies, and examined new data (N=344) gathered as part of a three-year digital library project. In this paper we detail our analyses, present a revised long and short form (SF) version of the UES, and offer guidance for researchers interested in adopting the UES and UES-SF in their own studies.

The influence of image interactivity upon user engagement when using mobile touch screens

Touch screens are a key component of consumer mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets, as well as an increasingly common self-service component of information retrieval on fixed screens and mobile devices in-store. The ubiquity of touch screens in daily life increases consumer accessibility and extended use for shopping, whilst software innovations have increased the functionality of touch screens, for example the extent to which images respond to fingertip control. This study examines how users engage with interactive visual rotation and tactile simulation features while browsing fashion clothing products on touch screen devices and thus contributes to retail touch screen research that previously focused on in-store kiosks and window displays. Findings show that three dimensions of user engagement (endurability, novelty and felt involvement) are positively influenced by both forms of manipulation. In order to examine the extent to which touch screen user engagement varies with individual preferences for an in-store experience, the paper also examines whether user engagement outcomes are mediated by an individual's need for physical touch. Findings indicate that the need for touch does not explain the variance between individuals. We conclude that touch screen technology complements the physical retail environment.

Understanding emotionally involved publics

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the interplay of crisis type and felt involvement as well as product category on publics’ anger toward the company and empathy for the victims. Design/methodology/approach This study uses an experiment based on a 2 (crisis type: accident vs transgression) × 2 (publics’ felt crisis involvement: high vs low) × 2 (product category in crisis: food-related vs technology-related) mixed design. Findings Differential main effects on emotions were detected in different consumer product crises. One of the most interesting findings in this study was the main effects of high felt involvement over low felt involvement in strong feelings of anger toward a company and empathy for the victims in both food- and technology-related crisis situations. There was an interaction effect between crisis type and product category on feelings of anger toward a company. Participants in the food-related crisis condition reported more anger when exposed to a transgression crisis than an accident crisis. Research limitations/implications Future research needs to study other important crisis emotions and to measure them with multiple items instead of a single item. It would be useful to find out what combinations among crisis variables would produce interaction effects to better understand how different publics’ emotions are inducted and processed in different crisis situations. Practical implications The role of felt involvement on public emotions may not be product category specific, but rather be affectively influential across different product categories. From the standpoint of crisis management practice, the main contribution of the present study is to provide empirical evidence that crisis communication managers could use the level of publics’ felt crisis involvement to better predict publics’ emotions that are likely to be felt and displayed in crisis situations. Originality/value This study investigates the crisis-generated discrete emotions as a function of crisis type and felt involvement. Felt involvement should be considered as an important construct due to its potential consequences on publics’ emotions and their behaviors beyond perceptions of crisis responsibility. Crisis response messages should be strategically developed with a consideration of the interplay of crisis type, publics’ felt involvement, and product categories.

Examining the generalizability of the User Engagement Scale (UES) in exploratory search

The user experience is an integral component of interactive information retrieval (IIR). However, there is a twofold problem in its measurement. Firstly, while many IIR studies have relied on a single dimension of user feedback, that of satisfaction, experience is a much more complex concept. IIR in general, and exploratory search more specifically, are dynamic, multifaceted experiences that evoke pragmatic and hedonic needs, expectations, and outcomes that are not adequately captured by user satisfaction. Secondly, questionnaires, which are typically the means in which user’s attitudes and perceptions are measured, are not typically subjected to rigorous reliability and validity testing. To address these issues, we administered the multidimensional User Engagement Scale (UES) in an exploratory search environment to assess users’ perceptions of the Perceived Usability (PUs), Aesthetics (AE), Novelty (NO), Felt Involvement (FI), Focused Attention (FA), and Endurability (EN) aspects of the experience. In a typical laboratory-style study, 381 participants performed three relatively complex search tasks using a novel search interface, and responded to the UES immediately upon completion. We used Principal Axis Factor Analysis and Multiple Regression to examine the factor structure of UES items and the relationships amongst factors. Results showed that three of the six sub-scales (PUs, AE, FA) were stable, while NO, FI and EN merged to form a single factor. We discuss recommendations for revising and validating the UES in light of these findings.

The development and evaluation of a survey to measure user engagement

AbstractFacilitating engaging user experiences is essential in the design of interactive systems. To accomplish this, it is necessary to understand the composition of this construct and how to evaluate it. Building on previous work that posited a theory of engagement and identified a core set of attributes that operationalized this construct, we constructed and evaluated a multidimensional scale to measure user engagement. In this paper we describe the development of the scale, as well as two large‐scale studies (N=440 and N=802) that were undertaken to assess its reliability and validity in online shopping environments. In the first we used Reliability Analysis and Exploratory Factor Analysis to identify six attributes of engagement: Perceived Usability, Aesthetics, Focused Attention, Felt Involvement, Novelty, and Endurability. In the second we tested the validity of and relationships among those attributes using Structural Equation Modeling. The result of this research is a multidimensional scale that may be used to test the engagement of software applications. In addition, findings indicate that attributes of engagement are highly intertwined, a complex interplay of user‐system interaction variables. Notably, Perceived Usability played a mediating role in the relationship between Endurability and Novelty, Aesthetics, Felt Involvement, and Focused Attention.

Product involvement in organic food consumption: Does ideology meet practice?

AbstractThis study assesses the level of consumers' felt involvement in four distinct product categories of organic food (coffee, bread, fruit, and flour), and examines the role of felt involvement in the broader context of organic food shopping behavior. It is shown that the reason why consumers do not buy organic food regularly despite their positive attitudes is that such ideologically formed attitudes are not present in habitual, low‐involvement shopping activities with limited problem‐solving needs as in food shopping from grocery stores. The statistical analysis of an empirical sample of 200 consumers gives substantial support to the hypothesized new organic food buying behavior model. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Exploring engagement in the qualitative research process

Exploring engagement in the qualitative research process

Waiting for Cardiac Surgery—Support Experienced by Next of Kin

Next of kin (NoK) play a crucial role for patients waiting for cardiac surgery. To describe experience of support, in the form of important events, by next of kin while their intimates were waiting for a heart operation. The design was qualitative and the "critical incident" technique was used. Incidents were collected via interviews with 23 next of kin to patients waiting for heart surgery and the informants were chosen by the patient themselves. In all, 224 important events, both positive and negative, were identified in the interviews and two main areas emerged in the analysis: internal factors and external factors. Positive internal factors were associated with finding strength, whereas negative factors were associated with uncomfortable feelings. Positive external factors were associated with participating in care and receiving attention, whereas negative factors were associated with dissatisfaction with the health-care organization and failing social network. This study shows that next of kin experienced positive support when they received attention and information and felt involvement in the care. An important implication for the health-care professionals and public authorities is the understanding of the experience of support expressed by next of kin, to provide them with optimal information and support.

The interaction of message framing and felt involvement in the context of cell phone commercials

Investigates the relationship between print advertisement wording and consumer interest in relation to cell phone promotion. Reports on an experiment involving two independent variables: message framing and felt involvement levels. Shows how these variables interact regarding attitudes towards cell phones for a New Zealand sample. These findings provide new insights as well as support for previous empirical research. Discusses theoretical and managerial implications and directions for future research.

Dreaming as delirium: A response to Allan Hobson.

My response to Allan Hobson makes several points. Primarily, I argue that the coherence of any dream cannot be determined by the recall of the dream events alone. Rather, coherence must surely reside in the dreamer's felt involvement in those dream events, and this is virtually impossible to determine from a dream report. Second, in response to Hobson's claim that a purely associative thought process neglects the role of dissociation, I argue that metaphor (analogical thinking in general), in all its forms, consists of a tension between resemblance and dissociation (a shift from one domain to another) and that the function of metaphor is, precisely, to free us from the gravity of received understanding. I suggest ways in which this process operates in all speculation, including art and science. Finally, I discuss the nature of dream orientation in connection with the specimen dream that Hobson provided.

Linking Consumer Behavior Constructs to International Marketing Strategy: A Comment on Wills, Samli, and Jacobs and an Extension

In a 1991 article by Wills, Samli, and Jacobs, a new approach to international marketing strategy development was presented. Two micro constructs, involvement and learning theory, and two macro constructs, cultural context and the diffusion process, were linked in an integrative matrix summarizing various tactics for promoting and distributing a VCR around the world, within the bounds of a global marketing strategy. This comment sharpens the focus and extends the thrust of their work. It examines their proposed research agenda, clarifies certain constructs, and suggests a reformulated approach to theory development. It also proposes an approach to segmenting the world market for VCRs, incorporating four levels of felt involvement and two rates of product learning. Finally, suggestions for future research are outlined.

The construct validity of intrinsic sources of personal relevance: An intra-individual source of felt involvement

This study explores the construct validity of intrinsic sources of personal (ISPR), an intra-individual source of (felt) involvement. Data relative to the internal consistency and the convergent, discriminant, and nomological validity of ISPR were generated in an experiment and tested using a structural equation methodology. Measures of ISPR were shown to achieve internal consistency and convergent validity, as well as discriminant validity with respect to measures of subjects' domain knowledge. Evidence for the nomological validity of ISPR was obtained by examining the relationships between three theoretically related constructs—ISPR, domain knowledge, and felt involvement.

The Role of Involvement in Attention and Comprehension Processes

We present the results of a study designed to test several hypotheses concerning the effects of intrinsic and situational sources of personal relevance on felt involvement and on the amount of attention and comprehension effort, the focus of attention and comprehension processes, and the extent of cognitive elaboration during comprehension. Felt involvement is a motivational state that affects the extent and focus of consumers' attention and comprehension processes, and thus the specific meanings that are produced. The results of the study provide strong evidence that felt involvement plays a motivational role in consumers' attention and comprehension processes.

Some Recent Historians and the "Strange Defeat" of 1940

All wars are unsuccessful, wars of lost opportunities, for one side or the other, and outsiders do not always appreciate the anguish of the defeated, their reluctance to relive their defeat. Yet it is precisely this lack of involvement which should stand third parties in good stead when they try to find out what happened. In contemporary times no national catastrophe is more familiar than the dramatic downfall of France in 1940.1 At the time it seemed to be an immense and puzzling event. The years have doubtless reduced its apparent magnitude, and the mystery of it has vanished to the point where the suggestion is heard that really there is no problem to explain.2 Not everyone will feel convinced of this.Though the literature of that defeat is substantial, a satisfactory history of the episode eludes us still. In France, such studies as have been done exhibit the failings of closely felt involvement, of reticence, of a vision narrowed by painful memories, of deep and bitter commitments. And if this is true, it is fair to ask what progress foreigners have made with this theme.