Feed Preparation Research Articles

Avian IgY Antibodies for the Immunoprophylaxis and Therapy of Experimentally Infected Chicken by Salmonella enterica, serovar Enteritidis

The possibility of preventing salmonellosis in chicken (pathogen agent — Salmonella enterica, serovar Enteritidis (SE)) by using specific yolk IgY was discussed in presented article. There has been raising the number of reports in the scientific periodicals about increased antibiotic resistance of Salmonella. SE is one of the most common Salmonella serovars worldwide that causes food poisoning in humans. At the same time, infected chicken eggs and meat serve as the main source of infection. For extraction of the IgY, 10 laying hens were used. All layers were hyperimmunized by a vaccine containing live attenuated strains of Salmonella enterica, ser. Enteritidis and Salmonella gallinarum Pullorum. The control group with the same number of layers was not vaccinated. A feed additive for newly hatched chicken and solution with purified and isolated IgY were prepared from egg yolks of immunized and non-immunized birds. During oral administration as a feed additive in per os and intraperitoneal experimental infection by a lethal dose of SE the examination of the efficiency of the obtained product on six-day-old chickens were conducted. Thereby, conducted examinations have shown the high efficiency of the feed additive and preparation with purified immunoglobulins prepared from the yolks of eggs of immunized chicken in experimental infection with a lethal dose of Salmonella Enteritidis.

Macrophytes Used as Multifaceted Benefits Including Feeding, Bioremediation, and Symbiosis in Freshwater Aquaculture—A Review

ABSTRACTThe utility of macrophytes in freshwater aquaculture is diverse. We review the benefits of macrophytes in aquaculture into broadly three useful perspectives: (i) Feeding, (ii) Bioremediation, and (iii) Symbiosis. Macrophytes are used as direct food by herbivores for their potential nutrient values with a maximal protein content of 35% (D/W basis) and as ingredients for fish feed preparation with optimal 50% protein inclusion to reduce feed cost in commercial aquaculture. Macrophytes are used for wastewater treatments to eliminate contaminants, including As, Cu, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb, to 99.9%, and to reduce BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) to improve water quality. Intake of remedied wastewater into aquaculture enhances water productivity through phytoplankton growth. An estimate is that 1.0 L of remedied wastewater, particularly sewage effluent adds an average of 0.05 g N & P and 0.99‐L freshwater into aquaculture to yield an average of 0.309 g fish. Macrophytes are integrated with fish in commercial aqua‐farming. Plants and fish are farmed together in aquaponics. They are used as substrates for some commercial fish species to lay eggs in farming. They are raised with ornamental fish for benefits in aquariums. Nevertheless, extensive studies are required to harness more benefits from macrophytes.

Influence of Dietary Manipulation on the Blood Biochemical Profile and Growth Performance of Crossbred Dairy Heifer

This study aimed to assess the influence of dietary manipulation with commonly available concentrate sources on the nutritional status and growth performance of crossbred dairy heifer. Concentrates that were used alternatively in three feed preparation were (Wheat bran, rice polish and maize powder). Twelve crossbred dairy heifers (50% Holstein Friesian blood (HF) (age around 12-13 months; body weight (173-196) kg were chosen from the existing dairy herd of Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) Dairy Farm, Department of Dairy Science, BAU. Latin square design was used to conduct the study. The feeding experiment was lasted for a duration of 100 days (10 days for adjustment period and rest 90 days for main trial that was divided into 3 periods). Blood analysis, growth performance measurement, feed efficiency calculation and feed cost analysis were performed at 15 days interval. Among the twelve blood biochemical parameters no significant (p<0.05) variation was found except the result of total cholesterol which was found highest in rice polish fed group (170.1 mg/dL). Body weight gain per 15 days was significantly higher (9.08 kg/15d) and dry matter intake per kg of body weight gain (9.56kg DMI/kg BWG) was significantly lower when heifers were supplied feed preparation containing wheat bran. Rest other body growth parameters didn’t show any significant difference when feed with three feed preparations.

Теоретические исследования процесса смешивания кормов центробежным смесителем

The article presents theoretical studies aimed at understanding the physical processes occurring in the production of compound feeds using a centrifugal cascade mixer, which open up new horizons in optimizing feed production technology. Special attention in these studies is paid to the analysis of the mixing process, which, as it turned out, is closely interrelated with the principles of operation of the dispenser. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the dispenser and mixer should be considered as a single system, regardless of the mixing mechanism used in the production process. This made it possible to develop a cascade mixer of feed materials of centrifugal type and continuous action, which is an innovative solution in the field of feed production. This mixer provides a homogeneous mixture of loose feed components and can be integrated into production lines for the preparation of both feed and combined mineral briquettes. The key advantage of the proposed mixer is the use of a centrifugal force field, which, unlike the gravity field, provides more efficient mixing. In this case, the process of preparing compound feeds can be represented as a sequence of three key stages: the metered supply of components, the introduction of one component into the composition of another, transportation (removal) of the finished product from the working area of the mixer. The research allowed us to obtain analytical dependences of the components of the centrifugal force on the angular velocity of the rotor and its radius. This allows you to optimize the operating parameters of the mixer to achieve maximum mixing efficiency. During the research, a mathematical model of the spatial motion of a particle in a mixer was developed. The model is presented in the form of Lagrange equations of the second kind, the generalized coordinates of which are the displacement of the particle along the cone and the polar angle of the particle position. This makes it possible to solve the optimization problems of centrifugal mixers according to a given objective function. Thanks to the conducted research, it was possible to develop an innovative mixer that provides a homogeneous mixture of components of loose compound feeds. The use of centrifugal forces in the mixer made it possible to increase the mixing efficiency and ensure that the final product meets the requirements of the formulation. The research results are of great practical importance and can be used to improve feed production technologies. Keywords: COMPOUND FEED, FEED MIXTURE, MIXER, DISPENSER, CENTRIFUGAL MIXER, PARTICLE MOTION IN THE MIXER

Justification of design-mode parameters separating device

In Kazakhstan, the basis of the country's food security is livestock products. Increasing the production of livestock products is impossible without creating a strong feed base, high-quality preparation of feed, rational use and reduction of feed losses. Preparation of coarse stem feed for feeding requires grinding with feed grinding and mixing machines to obtain balanced feed mixtures. The grinding process is complicated by the fact that, along with coarse stem feed, foreign solid impurities enter, which damage the cutting organs of machines and cause a long shutdown of the entire feed preparation line, disruption of the feeding schedule, and reduction in animal weight gain and milk yield. These problems are of particular relevance in the development of small farms with a low level of mechanization. The authors have developed a device for separating foreign solid impurities from coarse stem feeds, the novelty of which is confirmed by a patent for an invention of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The article theoretically substantiates the influence of the design and operating parameters of the separating device for cleaning stem feed from foreign solid impurities. To separate foreign solid impurities from bound materials, such as stem feed, the most effective are separators with working bodies in the form of an air flow. In separators of this type, differences in the totality of physical and mechanical properties are used to separate foreign impurities from stem feeds. This approach makes it possible to achieve better separation by mechanical devices and expect their development towards the use of as many combinations of the distinctive properties of the separated components as possible.

High voltage pre-treatment on cheddar cheese for model cheese feed preparation

The growing consumer demand for clean label food products has led to the search for alternatives to calcium-chelating salts in cheese powder production. Pulsed electric field (PEF) technology presents a promising green processing approach with its ability to disrupt casein networks. This study investigated the impact of PEF treatment on Cheddar cheese properties and the resulting model cheese emulsion. Response surface methodology revealed that pulse repetition and electric field strength are the primary parameters influencing the solubilization of calcium and phosphorus from the cheese matrix. Texture profile analysis indicated a notable reduction in cheese hardness with the application of PEF. Despite the significant impact of PEF on cheese structure, our study found no substantial alterations in the emulsion stability of cheeses treated with the applied PEF parameters. These promising results highlight the need for further exploration of alternative PEF parameters, such as different waveforms (i.e. exponential) or shorter pulse durations (nanoseconds), to unlock the full potential of PEF for clean label cheese powder production.

Investigatory Study of the Growing Effect of African Teak (Pterocarpus erinaceus) Bark in Modified Feed Using Rabbit

A total number of 3 growing rabbits about two weeks old were used in an experiment that lasted for 2 weeks. To investigate the growing effect of Pterocarpus erinaceus on growing rabbits. Three experimental diets, T1, T2, and T3 containing 0 %, 2.5 and 5 % of Pterocarpus erinaceus meal respectively were formulated, and three rabbits were randomly assigned to each diet. Daily feed intake was significantly higher in animals receiving Pterocarpus erinaceus bark meal than in animals on the control diet. Body weight changes of the animals on T1 were significantly higher than those on T2 and T3. The feed conversion ratio was the same in both T1, T2 and T3. The result of this experiment reveals that Pterocarpus erinaceus bark meal can be used in the diet for growing rabbits at a 5 % dietary level to enhance feed intake and weight gain thereby growing rabbits without compromising feed efficiency. The insight from the medicinal point of view makes the feed potent for ailment treatment and enhances both PCV and Hb. The initial PCV before the administration of the feed was for T1; 20.30 %, T2; 20.70 %, and T3; 21.68 %. After the administration of the feed, the final PCV was for T1; 24.60 % T2; 27.20 %, and T3; 28.20%. In the case of Hb, the initial Hb for T1 was 6.8, T2 was 6.9 and T3 was 7.2 whereas, after the administration of the feed, the final Hb for T1 was 8.2 g/dL, T2 was 9.2 g/dL and T3 was 9.4 g/dL. The use of Pterocarpus erinaceus as a natural source in meal preparation may help to reduce cost of feed preparation, improve, maintain and supplement to meet daily requirements of essential nutrients by reducing the use of synthetic food supplements.

Effects of ultrasonic treatment on the structure and functional characteristics of myofibrillar proteins from black soldier fly

In the process of utilizing black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) lipids to develop biodiesel, many by-products will be produced, especially the underutilized protein components. These proteins can be recycled through appropriate treatment and technology, such as the preparation of feed, biofertilizers or other kinds of bio-products, so as to achieve the efficient use of resources and reduce the generation of waste. Myofibrillar protein (MP), as the most important component of protein, is highly susceptible to environmental influences, leading to oxidation and deterioration, which ultimately affects the overall performance of the protein and product quality. For it to be high-quality and fully exploited, in this study, black soldier fly myofibrillar protein (BMP) was extracted and primarily subjected to ultrasonic treatment to investigate the impact of varying ultrasonic powers (300, 500, 700, 900 W) on the structure and functional properties of BMP. The results indicated that as ultrasonic power increased, the sulfhydryl content and turbidity of BMP decreased, leading to a notable improvement in the stability of the protein emulsion system. SEM images corroborated the changes in the microstructure of BMP. Moreover, the enhancement of ultrasound power induced modifications in the intrinsic fluorescence spectra and FTIR spectra of BMP. Additionally, ultrasonic treatment resulted in an increase in carbonyl content and emulsifying activity of BMP, with both peaking at 500 W. It was noteworthy that BMP treated with ultrasound exhibited stronger digestibility compared to the untreated. In summary, 500 W was determined as the optimal ultrasound parameter for this study. Overall, ultrasound modification of insect MPs emerges as a dependable technique capable of altering the structure and functionality of BMP.

Feed distribution mechanism for family farms: dependence of the amount of feed on the width and height of the exhaust chamber

Abstract The article provides information on the ongoing research on the development of feed preparation and distribution equipment for livestock farms. As a result of scientific analysis, 85% of the livestock and poultry available in livestock farming belong to livestock farms with a small number of livestock, private and family farms. One of the urgent tasks is to create feed preparation and distribution facilities in these small livestock farms. Based on the above, scientific work was carried out to develop a feed distribution device for small livestock farms intended for feeding 20-30 head of cattle. The primary indicators of the feed distribution device’s technical qualities were established, and its technological scheme was developed, based on the results of the research that was done and the needs of the farms. The impact of feed spreader discharge window width and height on feed distribution quality was studied in preliminary research.

Optimization of inclusion level of lipid in larval diet of Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822).

Formulation and preparation of larval feed according to the requirement of Indian major carp is a prerequisite for improving the survival (%) and growth during early developmental stages. A feeding trial of 50days in a replicate of five was conducted to determine the optimal inclusion levels of fish oil (lipid) in the larval diet of Labeo rohita. Four isonitrogenous (50% CP) nanoparticulate diets with four lipid inclusion levels, L5 (5%), L7 (7%), L9 (9%), and L11 (11%) were prepared and fed to four groups of rohu (Labeo rohita) larvae. At the end of feeding trial, survival (%), growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, gut morphology, and expression of growth and feed intake genes were evaluated. All pairwise comparisons among groups indicated higher growth performance (weight gain, specific growth rate, and daily weight gain), survival (%), and IGF-1 gene expression of the L9 group followed by the L7 while the L11 showed poor performance even less than L5. All studied intestinal enzymes except amylase showed a similar trend. Amylase showed comparable results among L7, L9, and L5, while L11 showed the lowest value. The intestinal villi length also showed higher values in L9 followed by L7, and lowest in the L11 group. Feed intake regulating genes, leptin showed lipid inclusion level upregulation, while ghrelin showed the highest expression in the L9 group. Based on growth performance, gut morphology, intestinal enzyme activity, and gene expression analysis, 9% dietary lipid could be recommended to ensure the optimum growth and survival of L. rohita larvae.

Types of stress and methods of stress reduction in cattle

Recently, stress has become the most urgent problem of modern animal husbandry. With the industrialization of agriculture, this problem is becoming more and more acute, as a result, livestock enterprises and farms suffer significant economic losses. Throughout its life, the animal is exposed to numerous stressors that have a completely different nature of occurrence, but invariably lead to the same changes in the body. The animal noticeably loses weight, weakens, its resistance to diseases decreases. A review of scientific sources on some types of stress loading on cattle: heat stress, transportation stress, pre-slaughter stress is given. According to many studies, the stress state of an animal depends on feeding and maintenance by 70-80% and only 20-30% on genetics. The body of farm animals is constantly affected by various environmental factors. These include production technology, method of maintenance, density of accommodation, size of groups, microclimate of premises, type and level of feeding, biological full-value of diets, methods of preparation and distribution of feed, quality of drinking water, veterinary and preventive and zootechnical measures (vaccination, sanitary treatment of animals, weighing, castration, etc.). When the above factors change, certain reactions occur in the animal body. The nature of stress can be different: mechanical, physical, chemical, biological, mental. Knowledge of the causes of stress, the patterns of its course, its consequences, outlined in the mentioned scientific sources, will allow rational use of the proposed ways to reduce the adverse effects of various stress factors on animals to preserve their health and high productivity.

Nutritive value of indian dwarf wheat ears as feed

Interest in growing ancient wheat species and studying the possibility of their use as raw material for feed preparation has increased recently. Indian dwarf wheat (Triticum sphaerococcum Percival) is one of the promising grain crops. The aim of the study was to determine the nutritive value of ears of Indian dwarf wheat in different phases of ripeness for use as raw material in the production of feed in comparison with soft wheat and to determine the rational time frame of their harvesting for feed preparation. Harvesting was carried out by combing without threshing and separation of grain heap in different phases of maturity. The feed was prepared from the grain heap. Chemical analyses of feed samples were performed according to standard methods. The mid-wax ripeness phase is the optimum harvesting time of Indian dwarf wheat for preparation of feed from its ears. Its ears in this phase contain maximum essential amino acids and minimum cellulose. Feed prepared from ears of Indian dwarf wheat has a better quality than feed from soft wheat, as it contains 1.06–2.23 % more of the sum of essential amino acids and 1–5 % more of individual amino acids. This allows the crop to be used in feed preparation to improve protein quality. But its 4–10 % more higher cellulose content than feed from soft wheat is a disadvantage. Grain heap (ears) of Indian dwarf wheat, harvested without threshing in the phase of early wax and mid-wax ripeness, can be a source of increasing the nutritive value of feeds, as it contains more essential amino acids than soft wheat.

Analysis of the technical condition of building structures on the example of a feed preparation workshop

The article aims to develop an instrumental model for a complex assessment of building structures that are subject to changes during their life-cycle process. This model can be used to substantiate the need either to reconstruct the existing building structures with the purpose of creating favorable living conditions or to demolish the building. The research methodology involved the general theory of systems and available techniques for estimating the state of building structures. Brick walls were tested by a nondestructive method using an IPS-MG-4.03 meter. Gypsum block masonry walls were tested by an ONIKS- 2.5 meter. Concrete was tested by an OMSh-1 hardness tester. Bellman dynamic programming was used to optimize the calculations and to find a solution for optimizing reconstruction costs. An example of assessing the condition of a building construction is provided, along with measures for extending its lifecycle. A conclusion is made that evaluation of the reliable operation of a building structure should consider the integral condition of the basic load-bearing structures under the action of environmental factors. This allows the risks of building destruction and the costs of building reconstruction to be reduced. For evaluating the current condition of the building under study, its structure was divided into a number of elements: foundation, wall box, floor slabs, roof. The hydrogeological parameters of the soil were also considered. Basing on the wear of building elements, the weakening coefficients of the building were calculated. The transient states of the system were described by semi-Markov processes. The results obtained can be used when evaluating the building residual life, selecting measures for improving the durability of structures with high wear and tear, and justifying the renovation concepts of territories.

Feed industry: transfer of new technologies

Relevance – the industry for production of compound feed for farm animals is the main link in the structure of the AIC, located in the middle of all production and technological connections of the livestock products market. Over the past decade, quite high indicators have been achieved in feed production in the republic. The main components are the increase in consumption of grain fodder by livestock industry, increase in production volume of the main components of feed preparation, and optimization of the procurement of raw materials. The goal is to show the realities and prospects for increasing the potential of feed industry in Kazakhstan, the need for effective strategies based on intensification and innovative technology renewal. Methods – comparative, statistical, system analysis, logical generalization. Results - the authors state that enterprises that have become the main suppliers of raw materials for livestock sector have a number of economic difficulties that do not allow them to meet the growing needs of agroindustrial production and create reserves for large-scale export of combined feed and livestock products to the world market, in particular in countries of the Middle East. There is a significant dependence of feed production on cereals, since the key type of raw material source is 5 grade grain (coarse). Therefore, it is necessary to expand the area under these crops to obtain the required volumes of grain mixtures and feed. It is noted that one of the main promising areas of innovative activity remains the issue of reducing cost of operating equipment and energy costs. Conclusions - organization of highly efficient feed production segment in the country is necessary for proportional and balanced development of grain processing enterprises - main components of grain and meat product subcomplexes and the links between them. It is necessary to increase the capacity of large production enterprises to provide feed products on industrial scale, and also to apply technologies based on the use of grass flour and molasses from grains, which contain a high proportion of elements with high energy value, which can significantly increase the efficiency of raising livestock and reduce product costs.

Theoretical substantiation of the parameters of roller and flattening modes

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND. The proposed design of the flattening device will ensure an increase in the quality of harvested grass feeds, since the time for drying it is reduced, and the adhesive introduced increases the feed value, in addition, the loss of leaf and small-stemmed parts of plants is reduced by gluing them with stems in the total mass of the roll. AIMS. The complex of technological techniques used for the preparation of a particular feed from plants should ensure the maximum possible preservation of their nutritious, physiologically useful qualities. The purpose of this study is to improve the quality of harvested grass feeds by increasing the feed value and reducing mechanical losses. METHODS. The object of research is a mower with devices for flattening and processing grass with an adhesive-nutrient, a centrifugal-type cutting mechanism, a flattening machine with two ribbed rollers. The main condition for the stable operation of the roller apparatus is to ensure the capture of stems by rollers without unloading and clogging. RESULTS. The principle of operation of the mower differs from the prototype in that the mown grass is flattened not by rolling between two rollers, which is effective with low grass yields and low throughput of the device, but by dragging the plants between adjacent surfaces of the protrusion of one roller and the groove of another roller, and the adhesive is applied by spraying onto the grass not before mowing, and after flattening and forming a loose roll forming device. CONCLUSIONS. The analysis of the work was carried out and the theoretical justification of the parameters of the rollers and their modes during the flattening of grass was carried out. The main parameters of the flattening apparatus must satisfy both the condition of capturing the mown grass and its rolling between the rollers at a certain compression force.

New wheat straw fermentation feed: recombinant Schizosaccharomyces pombe efficient degradation of lignocellulose and increase feed protein

Wheat straw contains a high amount of lignin, hindering the action of cellulase and hemicellulase enzymes, leading to difficulties in nutrient absorption by animals from straw feed. However, currently, the biological treatment of straw relies primarily on fungal degradation and cannot be directly utilized for the preparation of livestock feed. This study focuses on enzymatic co-fermentation of wheat straw to produce high-protein, low-cellulose biological feed, integrating lignin degradation with feed manufacturing, thereby simplifying the feed production process. After the optimization using Box-Behnken Design for the feed formulation, with a glucose oxidase addition of 2.46%, laccase addition of 3.4%, and malonic acid addition of 0.6%, the wheat straw feed prepared in this experiment exhibited a true protein content of 9.35%. This represented a fourfold increase compared to the non-fermented state, and the lignocellulose degradation rate of wheat straw reached 45.42%. These results not only highlight the substantial enhancement in protein content but also underscore the significant advancement in lignocellulose breakdown. This formulation significantly enhanced the palatability and nutritional value of the straw feed, contributing to the industrial development of straw feed.

Use of spectroscopic process analytical technology for rapid quality evaluation during preparation of CHO cell culture media.

Media preparation parameters contribute significantly to media quality, cell culture performance, productivity, and product quality. Establishing proper media preparation procedures is critical for ensuring a robust CHO cell culture process. Process analytical technology (PAT) enables unique ways to quantify assessments and improve media quality. Here, cell culture media were prepared under a wide range of temperatures (40-80°C) and pH (7.6-10.0). Media quality profiles were compared using three real-time PATs: Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and excitation-emission matrix (EEM) spectroscopy. FTIR and Raman spectroscopies identified shifts in media quality under high preparation temperature (80°C) and at differing preparation pH which negatively impacted monoclonal antibody (mAb) production. In fed-batch processes for production of three different mAbs, viable cell density (VCD) and cell viability were mostly unaffected under all media preparation temperatures, while titer and cell specific productivity of mAb decreased when cultured in basal and feed media prepared at 80°C. High feed preparation pH alone was tolerated but cell growth and productivity profiles deviated from the control condition. Further, charge variants (main, acidic, basic species) and glycosylation (G0F, afucosylation, and high mannose) were examined. Statistically significant differences were observed for one or more of these quality attributes with any shifts in media preparation. In this study, we demonstrated strong associations between media preparation conditions and cell growth, productivity, and product quality. The rapid evaluation of media by PAT implementation enabled more comprehensive understanding of different parameters on media quality and consequential effects on CHO cell culture.

ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ СИСТЕМЫ ЭНЕРГООБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ ВАРОЧНОГО КОТЛА С ПРОПОРЦИОНАЛЬНЫМ РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЕМ РАСХОДА ГАЗА

Until recently, heating of rural houses was carried out with coal or wood. Animal feed and food were prepared on electric stoves or on gas stoves with gas cylinder fuel. These are labor-intensive and energy-consuming technologies. The intensively developing gasification of rural areas makes it possible to universally transfer the heating of rural houses and the preparation of feed and food to natural gas. In the presented work, the main evaluation indicator of the digester is the efficiency factor. Equations are given that describe the useful energy consumption for preparing the product in a digester, as well as heat losses for heating metal structures, for compensating for energy losses from the boiler casing, for purging the steam jacket, and energy losses with flue gases. The energy consumption per unit of production was determined when loading the boiler from 100 to 20 liters. It has been revealed that the efficiency of the boiler decreases by almost 2 times if, instead of 100 liters, the cooking tank is loaded with only 20 liters. Based on experimental data, the useful component of the energy spent on heating 100 liters of water to a boil was determined and the boiler efficiency in automatic and manual mode was determined, which was: in automatic mode, efficiency = 0.84, in manual mode, efficiency = 0.7. Taking into account experimental data, the total gas consumption for the full cycle of feed preparation in automatic and manual modes was determined. The annual operating costs from burning gas in a digester in automatic and manual modes and cost savings on energy supply for the feed preparation process were determined.

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ОЦЕНКА СХЕМ ПЛАВНОГО РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ МОЩНОСТИ ГАЗОГОРЕЛОЧНОГО УСТРОЙСТВА

Large-scale gasification of agricultural enterprises, personal subsidiary plots and farms, for which the most energy-intensive processes are the preparation of feed, food, and home heating, has revealed the need to automate digesters. The peculiarity of the operation of digesters is due to the fact that as the contents of the cooking container are heated to boiling temperature, the heat consumption decreases, and when the product boils, the heat consumption drops below 10%. It has been established that the lack of automatic gas control leads to excessive heat release into the atmosphere during the combustion of gaseous fuel. Previously, a gas burner unit was developed based on a partially automatic industrially produced gas burner device of the AGU-T-M type for digesters, which makes it possible to regulate gas flow in proportion to the consumed heat flow. The task was set to develop a promising scheme that would make it possible to regulate the gas flow in the digester in proportion to the consumed heat flow. This article describes two variants of schemes for proportional control of gas flow in a digester: the first is an improved scheme based on an automated gas burner device of the AGU-T-M type; the second is a circuit developed on the basis of Peltier semiconductor modules, a control solenoid with a gate valve. An assessment is given indicating the advantages and disadvantages of these schemes. It is shown that the first scheme is efficient and energy-independent; its use is most effective in remote settlements where there are frequent interruptions in the centralized power supply. The second scheme corresponds to the latest achievements of scientific and technological progress.

Glass formulation and lab-scale testing of glasses designed for in-can Melter and in-container Vitrification of high-assay low-enriched uranium aqueous polishing Raffinate waste

Glasses were designed for processing a nuclear waste from aqueous polishing of high-assay low-enriched uranium using either In-Can Melter or GeoMelt® In-Container Vitrification™ (ICV) technologies, which operate at temperatures of Tp ≤ 1100 °C and Tp ≤ 1450 °C, respectively. Due to the different operating conditions, the melt and glass properties were optimized differently for each technology. Each glass was designed to optimize for maximum waste loading while simultaneously satisfying processing (e.g., crystallization, viscosity, conductivity) and product quality (e.g., durability, hazard characteristic, crystal content) constraints. The raffinate waste contains high nitric acid (4 M) and low total solids (9 g∙L−1) concentrations. Feed preparation processes were tested to facilitate concentration and nitrate destruction/removal while controlling redox of the melter feed. A successful lab-scale feed process including sugar addition and spray-drying was performed to generate an adequate melter feed for ICV processing.