Feed Motion Research Articles

Research on end mill vibration in machining of VT9 titanium alloy

The reason for the failure of carbide end mills is the chipping of the cutting edges at the transition from the radius edges to the helix edges on the cylindrical part of the cutter. One of the reasons for the chipping of the cutting edges are the vibrations of the end mills which arise due to the intermittent cutting process and the variability of forces acting on the end mill. The principle of operation of a vibration measuring device is considered which allows vibration measurements to be carried out when milling with an end mill. The main measuring elements of the device are two eddy current sensors that allow measuring the vibration displacement of the milling cutter in two directions perpendicular and parallel to the movement of the longitudinal feed. The device has a compensation sensor that takes into account the influence of related factors, and a sensor for fixing the instantaneous rotation speed of the machine spindle. The milling cutter itself, fixed in a collet chuck, was used as an elastic element of the oscillating system. The data of measuring the amplitude of vibrations during milling of titanium alloy VT9 with a four-tooth and six-tooth end mill are presented. The study of vibrations of end mills included two stages. At the first stage, the influence of milling parameters and modes, as well as milling schemes (up and down milling) on the frequency and amplitude was investigated. At the second stage, measures were worked out to reduce the intensity of vibrations and increase the reliability and durability of the milling cutters. The research results showed lower amplitude values when working with a six-tooth cutter.

General methods of surface treatment with cutting tools

The general definition of the cutting surface for all cutting tools and nine types of its contact with the workpiece surface along the coordinate lines of both surfaces are given. Possible types of cutting motion, feed motion and positioning motion of the tool and five general methods of machining with a different composition of tool movements depending on the indicated types of touch are considered. Keywords: cutting processing, cutting surface, general methods. irina.1380@mail.ru

Распространение туберкулеза в мире

Currently, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) for 2019, tuberculosis ranks first among human diseases. Every fourth inhabitant of the planet is a carrier of Koch's bacillus. Often, nonspecific reactions to tuberculin are detected in humans and animals sensitized by atypical mycobacteria. That is why tuberculosis has a different degree of spread in individual regions or countries. The spread of tuberculosis is influenced by human non-observance of sanitary and medical standards, and in veterinary medicine – by the lack of feed and unsanitary conditions for animals, which, in turn, leads to an increase in the incidence of tuberculosis among humans and animals. The uncontrolled movement of animals, feed, raw materials and animal products aggravated the epizootic situation of tuberculosis, and hence the epidemiological one. Currently, the fact of evolutionary variability of the causative agent of tuberculosis has been established. Environmentally – technogenic press, as well as the spread of coronavirus infection, all this led to a decrease in immunity in humans and animals and, accordingly, an increase in the incidence and mortality from tuberculosis.

Vibration-assisted deep hole drilling of the aluminum material AlMgSi0.5

When deep hole drilling problematic aluminum materials, the high ductility and adhesion tendency of these materials lead to the formation of built-up edges, long chips and material adhesions on the tool. This can not only cause rapid tool breakage, but also lead to significant damage to the borehole wall surface. In previous work, it has already been shown that these problems were avoided during vibration-assisted drilling with short tools. Compared to conventional drilling, in vibration-assisted drilling the feed motion is superimposed with a sinusoidal oscillation with a high amplitude and a low frequency resulting in a kinematic cut interruption and the generation of separated chips. The aim of this work is to investigate the extent to which the above mentioned problems encountered in conventional deep hole drilling of aluminum materials can be reduced by vibration-assisted deep hole drilling. To achieve this aim, experiments were carried out in conventional and vibration-assisted deep hole drilling. The chip geometry, feed forces, straightness deviation, surface temperatures and the surface quality of the borehole wall were used as evaluation criteria to compare both processes. It was demonstrated that the formation of built-up edges and material adhesions is avoided by vibration-assisted deep hole drilling. This results in a better surface quality of the borehole wall, what indicates less friction within the borehole due to the generation of small and separated instead of long chips. Since heat generation in vibration-assisted drilling is much lower than in conventional deep hole drilling, boreholes close to the workpiece surface were realized.

Dynamic rotating-tool turning of micro lens arrays

Diamond micro milling of high-quality micro lens arrays suffers from low machining efficiency, due to the inevitable milling marks along tangential feed direction and the slow spiral tool path interpolated by multiple linear axes. In this article, an advanced cutting process is proposed, namely dynamic rotating-tool (DRT) turning, in which a U-axis attachment on a rotary stage is developed to enable synchronous cutter rotation and radial feed motions of a diamond turning tool. This method is experimentally verified and compared with milling, with significantly enhanced surface quality and machining efficiency, thus bringing a new perspective into ultra-precision machining.

Adaptive Sliding Mode Contouring Control Design Based on Reference Adjustment and Uncertainty Compensation for Feed Drive Systems

Industrial feed drive systems, particularly, ball-screw and lead-screw feed drives are among the dominating motion components in production and manufacturing industries. They operate around the clock at high speeds for coping with the rising production demands. Adversely, high-speed motions cause mechanical vibrations, high-energy consumption, and insufficient accuracy. Although there are many control strategies in the literature, such as sliding mode and model predictive controls, further research is necessary for precision enhancement and energy saving. This study focused on design of an adaptive sliding mode contouring control based on reference adjustment and uncertainty compensation for feed drive systems. A combined reference adjustment and uncertainty compensator for precision motion of industrial feed drive systems were designed. For feasibility of the approach, simulation using matlab was conducted, and results are compared with those of an adaptive nonlinear sliding model contouring controller. The addition of uncertainty compensator showed a substantial improvement in performance by reducing the average contour error by 85.71% and the maximum contouring error by 78.64% under low speed compared to the adaptive sliding mode contouring controller with reference adjustment. Under high speed, the addition of uncertainty compensator reduced the average and absolute maximum contour errors by 4.48% and 10.13%, respectively. The experimental verification will be done in future.
 Keywords: Machine tools, Feed drive systems, contouring control, Uncertainty dynamics, Sliding mode control.

An interpolation method based on adaptive smooth feedrate scheduling and parameter increment compensation for NURBS curve

Compared with the traditional line/circle interpolation, non-uniform rational B-splines (NURBS) interpolation has more efficient and high-quality advantages in free-form curve/surface modeling. In order to obtain high efficiency and stable interpolation feed motion, a NURBS interpolation method with adaptive smoothing federate scheduling and parameter increment compensation is studied. Firstly, according to the curvature constraint, the adaptive feedrate is obtained and the segmentation of the NURBS curve is completed. Then, in order to avoid the problem of feeding speed overrun, the improved S-shape acceleration/deceleration control is adopted to adjust the jerk. The adjacent segments meeting the combined planning conditions are treated comprehensively. Secondly, aiming at the problem of velocity error in interpolation point parameter calculation, an interpolation parameter calculation method based on parameter increment compensation is proposed to reduce the velocity fluctuation and improve the interpolation point parameter calculation accuracy. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by simulation and experiment. The results show that the algorithm is effective.

Feeding behaviour and functional morphology of the neck in the long-snouted aquatic fossil reptile Champsosaurus (Reptilia: Diapsida) in comparison with the modern crocodilian Gavialis gangeticus.

The extinct freshwater choristoderan reptiles Champsosaurus and Simoedosaurus are characterised by large body size and an elongated snout. They have often been considered as eco-analogues of crocodilians based on superficial similarities. The slender-snouted Champsosaurus has been described as a 'gavial-like reptile', which implies it feeds underwater with a lateral swipe of the head and neck, as in the living slender-snouted crocodilians such as Gavialis gangeticus. In contrast, the short-snouted Simoedosaurus is often compared with short-snouted living crocodilians and is considered to take single prey items. However, the neck mobility and flexibility needed for feeding movements are poorly understood even in extant crocodilians. This study explores the relationship between cervical morphology and neck flexion, focusing particularly on lateral and dorsal movements in G. gangeticus by comparison with shorter-snouted crocodilians. The paper also describes a method to estimate the maximum angle of neck dorsiflexion in choristoderes based on the cervical morphology of extant crocodilian species. Three indices were used in this study, of which Index 3 is newly proposed, to compare cervical morphology and intervertebral joint flexibility: (1) Enclosed zygapophyseal angles (EZA) as an index of dorsoventral/ bilateral flexibility, (2) moment arm (M) of dorsiflexor muscles as an Index of resistance against ventroflexion and (3) the orientations of zygapophysial facets for a maximum angle of dorsiflexion. These Indices were validated using µCT scanning of fresh specimens of G. gangeticus and Caiman latirostris in lateral and dorsal flexion. A unique mechanism of lateral flexion was identified in G. gangeticus that uses a combination of the following features: (1) lateral flexion mainly restricted to the anterior cervical vertebrae (v2/v3: high EZA, with more horizontal zygapophyses) and (2) high degree of dorsiflexion at the v3/v4 and v4/v5 joints with potential for dorsal flexibility through the middle-posterior neck, which is used in inertial feeding. In contrast, Champsosaurus and Simoedosaurus possess relatively short cervical vertebrae, as in short-snouted crocodilians. The middle-posterior cervical vertebrae of Champsosaurus are specialised for lateral flexion (high EZA), and there is only limited capacity for dorsiflexion throughout the neck. Like G. gangeticus, therefore, Champsosaurus may have used its slender snout to grab fish from shoals using lateral sweeping motions of the head and neck, but the movement is through the neck, not the craniocervical joint. However, inertial feeding is less likely to have occurred in this genus, and the aligned palatal dentition may have aided the lingual transport of prey into the mouth. Simoedosaurus, on the other hand, appears to have been less specialised, with a neck that combined lateral and dorsolateral flexion, a move that could have been effective in catching both terrestrial and aquatic prey. Where these two choristoderan genera occurred in the same place, they may have divided their niche by prey types.

High-Precision Adjustment of Welding Depth during Laser Micro Welding of Copper Using Superpositioned Spatial and Temporal Power Modulation

For joining metallic materials for battery applications such as copper and stainless steel, laser beam micro welding with beam sources in the near-infrared range has become established in recent years. In laser beam micro welding, spatial power modulation describes the superposition of the linear feed motion with an oscillating motion. This modulation method serves to widen the cross-section of the weld seam as well as to increase the process stability. Temporal power modulation refers to the controlled modulation of the laser power over time during the welding process. In this paper, the superposition of both temporal and spatial power modulation methods is presented, which enables a variable control of the weld penetration depth. Three weld geometries transverse to the feed direction are part of this investigation: the compensation of the weld penetration depth due to the asymmetric path movement during spatial power modulation only, a W-shaped weld profile, and a V-shaped. The weld geometries are investigated by the bed on plate weld tests with CuSn6. Furthermore, the use of combined power modulation for welding tests in butt joint configuration between CuSn6 and stainless steel 1.4301 with different material properties is investigated. The study shows the possibility of precise control of the welding depth by this methodology. Depending on the material combination, the desired regions with maximum and minimum welding depth can be achieved by the control of local and temporal power modulation on the material surface.

Accuracy of genomic selection for reducing susceptibility to pendulous crop in turkey (Meleagris gallopavo)

Pendulous crop (PC) in the turkey occurs when the crop distends from its normal position, thereby preventing the movement of feed and water from the crop down into the digestive system. This condition negatively impacts the turkey industry at both production and welfare levels. In this study, we estimated the genetic parameters for PC incidence and its genetic correlation with 5 production traits. Additionally, we evaluated the prediction accuracy and bias of breeding values for the selection candidates using pedigree (BLUP) or pedigree-genomic (ssGBLUP) relationships among the animals. A total of 245,783 turkey records were made available by Hybrid Turkeys, Kitchener, Canada. Of these, 6,545 were affected with PC. In addition, the data included 9,634 records for breast meat yield (BMY); 5,592 records for feed conversion ratio (FCR) and residual feed intake (RFI) in males; 170,844 records for body weight (BW) and walking score (WS) between 18 and 20 wk of age for males (71,012) and females (99,832), respectively. Among this population, 36,830 were genotyped using a 65K SNP Illumina Inc. chip. While all animals passed the quality control criteria, only 53,455 SNP markers were retained for subsequent analysis. Heritability for PC was estimated at 0.16 ± 0.00 and 0.17 ± 0.00 using BLUP and ssGBLUP, respectively. The incidence of PC was not genetically correlated with WS or FCR. Low unfavourable genetic correlations with BW (0.12 and 0.14), BMY (0.24 and 0.24) and RFI (−0.33 and −0.28) were obtained using BLUP and ssGBLUP, respectively. Using ssGBLUP showed higher prediction accuracy (0.51) for the breeding values for the selection candidates than the pedigree-based model (0.35). Whereas the bias of the prediction was slightly reduced with ssGBLUP (0.33 ± 0.05) than BLUP (0.30 ± 0.08), both models showed a regression coefficient lower than one, indicating inflation in the predictions. The results of this study suggest that PC is a heritable trait and selection for lower PC incidence rates is feasible. Although further investigation is necessary, selection for BW, BMY, and RFI may increase PC incidence. Incorporating genomic information would lead to higher accuracy in predicting the genetic merit for selection candidates.

SEMI-ANALYTICAL PERIOD-DOUBLING CHATTER ANALYSIS IN THIN WALL MILLING

During thin-walled part milling, a dominant flexible direction perpendicular to the feed motion is most likely to exist, which allows to formulate the stability problem in the frequency domain in a very simple form. By these means, the existence of optimal engagements under up-milling strategy for achieving a theoretical infinite Hopf stability have already been demonstrated. However, period-doubling chatter can also pose a limit to the productivity in thin wall milling, but the knowledge on optimal engagements that can cancel this kind of chatter is inexistent. This paper discusses the effect of the radial engagement and number of flutes on flip stability in a dimensionless way and independent on the system dynamics. Up- and down- milling strategies are compared: a larger period-doubling prevalence is identified in the former, although in terms of absolute critical depth of cut, up-milling outperforms down-milling for most of the practical cases. It is also demonstrated that even though it is possible to find optimal engagements that minimise the flip likelihood, it is impossible to totally cancel the period-doubling chatter by simply tuning the radial engagement, which leaves the cutter helix tuning as the only way to completely eliminate flip chatter. Finally, the obtained results are validated through semidiscretisation simulations.

Analysis of Titanium Grade 2 Surface Roughness on Turning Process

Titanium Grade 2 is a type of material that is often used in industry, especially in materials for biomedical implants. Titanium Grade 2 has a good stiffness to weight ratio, is corrosion resistant and has good biocompatibility in the body. However, it has a low thermal conductivity, so it is necessary to choose the right machining parameter to produce a good surface roughness value. This study aims to determine the characteristics of Titanium Grade 2, namely the surface roughness of the results of lathe machining. The research design used the Taguchi L9 method, with 2 factors and 3 levels. The machining parameters used are spindle rotation 500; 700; 900 rpm and feed speed 25; 50; 75mm/min. The response variable studied was surface roughness. The milling process is carried out using a Maximat V13 lathe. Surface roughness was measured using a Mitutoyo surface roughess tester. Data analysis used ANOVA analysis. The results showed that there was an effect of variations in machining parameters on the surface roughness response. The spindle rotation variable has a p-value of 0.039 and the feeding motion variable has a p-value of 0.025. This shows that the two independent variables have a significant effect on the surface roughness response. The lowest surface roughness can be achieved by setting the spindle rotation at 700 rpm and the feed speed at 25 mm/min.

Chatter in milling with robots with structural nonlinearity

Stiffness and damping nonlinearities are often negligible in machine tool vibrations, but they are shown to be prominent in industrial robots that are used for milling, mainly due to the several nonlinear phenomenon that occur in the robot’s revolute joints. In this paper, a 2DOF nonlinear vibratory model is presented to study regenerative chatter in robotic milling. The presented model includes cubic stiffness and damping terms to account for the robot’s structural nonlinearities. The machining forces are represented by a combination of periodic forces and delayed vibration terms; the former is generated by the feed motion of the tool and the later by chip regeneration. Furthermore, the machining force model is non-smooth due to (a) periodic entrance and exit of the cutting edges to and from the cutting region, and (b) loss-of-contact at high-amplitude oscillations. The dynamics in the presented model is therefore described by a set of nonlinear Delay Differential Equations with periodic coefficients and non-smooth forces. Numerical continuation with smoothing techniques is used to determine the combinations of spindle speed and axial depth of cut at which the forced periodic vibrations go through secondary Hopf or period doubling bifurcations, causing chatter in the milling process. A KUKA robotic arm with milling end-effector is used as a case study. The presented analysis shows that feedrate, which has no effect on chatter in machine tools with linear dynamics, alters the stability of vibrations in milling systems with nonlinear structural dynamics. Nonlinear systems’ stiffness and damping depend on vibration amplitude. Since feedrate directly influences the amplitude of forced vibrations, the nonlinear system’s damping and stiffness and consequently its chatter stability changes by feedrate.

Head-mounted accelerometry accurately detects prey capture in California sea lions

Detecting when and where animals feed is key to understanding their ecophysiology, but our ability to collect these data in marine mammals remains limited. Here, we test a tag-based accelerometry method to detect prey capture in California sea lions. From synchronized underwater video and acceleration data of two trained sea lions, we isolated a combined acceleration and Jerk pattern that reliably indicated prey capture in training datasets. We observed a stereotyped feeding motion in underwater video that included (1) mouth opening while approaching prey; (2) head deceleration to allow initial suction or prey engulfment, and (3) jaw closure. This motion (1–3) was repeated if a prey item was not initially engulfed. This stereotyped feeding motion informed a signal pattern phrase that accurately detected feeding in a training dataset. This phrase required (1) an initial heave-axis Jerk signal surpassing a threshold based on sampling rate; (2) an estimated dynamic surge-axis deceleration signal surpassing −0.7 g beginning within 0.2 s of the initial Jerk signal; and (3) an estimated dynamic surge-axis acceleration signal surpassing 1.0 g within 0.5 s of the beginning of the prior deceleration signal. We built an automated detector in MATLAB to identify and quantify these patterns. Blind tests of this detector on non-training datasets found high true-positive detection rates (91%–100%) with acceleration sampled at 50–333 Hz and low false-positive detection rates (0%–4.8%) at all sampling rates (16–333 Hz). At 32 Hz and below, true-positive detection rates decreased due to attenuation of signal detail. A detector optimized for an adult female was also accurate at 32–100 Hz when tested on an adult male’s data, suggesting the potential future use of a generalized detector in wild subjects. When tested on the same data, a published triaxial Jerk method produced high true-positive detection rates (91–100%) and low-to-moderate false-positive detection rates (15–43%) at ≥ 32 Hz. Using our detector, larger prey elicited longer prey capture duration in both animals at almost all sampling rates 32 Hz or faster. We conclude that this method can accurately detect feeding and estimate relative prey length in California sea lions.

Milling angular references and process parameters on fiber reinforced plastics

Machining of fiber-reinforced composites produces delamination in the workpiece. In bidirectional long fiber fabric reinforced composites, delamination depends on different parameters. In this work, two parameters are studied: fiber orientation angle respect to machining direction and the distance of the warp yarn from the trimmed edge until the next dip below the crossing fill. This work defines angles relating fiber orientation with cutting and feed movements and their relations in a robust way, being applied to edge trimming and grooving operations. On the other hand, for Type II delamination, three different kinds of delamination (constant, uniform pattern variation and random) are studied taking into account fiber orientation, wick size and the fiber orientation angle respect to machining direction.

Subregional Process Method With Variable Parameters Based on a Potential Field in Slow Tool Servo Machining for a Complex Curved Surface

Abstract Precision turning with slow tool servo (STS) plays an increasingly important role in advanced manufacturing nowadays. However, it is difficult to promote machining quality for surfaces with local complex geometric features by the conventional global machining method. Hence, a subregional processing method in STS is proposed. First, the continuous equipotential line is taken to express the local geometric feature. Thus, a potential field is built, where the surface could be divided into subregions. Then, a subregional toolpath with variable feed rates is generated by the field and stitched to ensure the feeding motion stability of X-axis. Finally, the surface is subdivided for variable spindle speed planning, considering the feeding motion stability of Z-axis. It is found that the profile arithmetic average error reduces by 31.58% with the proposed method compared with that with the conventional method and the machining time is shortened by 41.00%. Thus, it is proved that the new processing method effectively promotes machining quality and efficiency.

Automatic Monitoring of Relevant Behaviors for Crustacean Production in Aquaculture: A Review.

Simple SummaryAutomatic behavior monitoring, also called automated analytics or automated reporting, is the ability of an analytics platform to auto-detect relevant insights—anomalies, trends, patterns—and deliver them to users in real time, without users having to manually explore their data to find the answers they need. An analytics platform with automated behavior monitoring uses algorithms to auto-analyze datasets to search for notable changes in data. It then generates alerts at fixed intervals or triggers (thresholds), and delivers the findings to each user, ready-made. In-aquaculture scoring of behavioral indicators of aquatic animal welfare is challenging, but the increasing availability of low-cost technology now makes the automated monitoring of behavior feasible.Crustacean farming is a fast-growing sector and has contributed to improving incomes. Many studies have focused on how to improve crustacean production. Information about crustacean behavior is important in this respect. Manual methods of detecting crustacean behavior are usually infectible, time-consuming, and imprecise. Therefore, automatic growth situation monitoring according to changes in behavior has gained more attention, including acoustic technology, machine vision, and sensors. This article reviews the development of these automatic behavior monitoring methods over the past three decades and summarizes their domains of application, as well as their advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, the challenges of individual sensitivity and aquaculture environment for future research on the behavior of crustaceans are also highlighted. Studies show that feeding behavior, movement rhythms, and reproduction behavior are the three most important behaviors of crustaceans, and the applications of information technology such as advanced machine vision technology have great significance to accelerate the development of new means and techniques for more effective automatic monitoring. However, the accuracy and intelligence still need to be improved to meet intensive aquaculture requirements. Our purpose is to provide researchers and practitioners with a better understanding of the state of the art of automatic monitoring of crustacean behaviors, pursuant of supporting the implementation of smart crustacean farming applications.

Systemology of objects and processes in digitalization of the life cycle of engineering products

The main methods of classification and coding in mechanical engineering are studied from the systemic point of view, their main characteristics are considered. When analyzing the systemology of classification of machines of various functional purposes, the absence of a unified methodological approach in constructing the classification and in coding the products is shown. In the existing classifications, products are considered constructively only as objects of operation, and the other stages of their life cycle are not affected. As a result of the system analysis, a unified methodological approach is proposed for constructing classifications, coding and unification of products for various functional purposes, reflecting the features of all stages of their life cycle. For the production stages of the life cycle, a system of classifications using various coding methods is considered: a description of structural and technological elements formed by the tool edges, a sequence of numbers, taking into account signs; a description of the surfaces formed by tool movements, in numbers, indicating the directions of feed movements; and to describe complex-profile surfaces and a combination of long-range elements, their combination is used. The expediency of using each of the classifications in real production conditions is determined by the statistics of use of structural and technological elements and surfaces, as well as of tools that form them.

OPTIMASI MATERIAL REMOVAL RATE (MRR) BAJA ST 42 PADA PROSES CNC TURNING DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE TAGUCHI

Abstract High MRR is a goal to be achieved in the workpiece machining process using CNC turning. But the slow process will affect the processing time of the product, and will increase production costs. To overcome this, it is necessary to set appropriate process parameters to produce the most influential contribution to MRR and also to produce optimum parameter values. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of parameters (cutting speed, spindle speed and depth of cut) on MRR and to determine the correct process parameter settings in order to produce optimal MRR on ST 42 steel. The study was conducted using ST 42 steel and using carbide chisels on CNC turning process. The process parameters that will be varied are spindle speed, feeding motion, and infeed depth. The experimental design used was orthogonal matrix L9(33). The repetition is done twice. Furthermore, the optimization of multi-response characteristics is carried out using the S / N Ratio method. From the research results, it was found that in order to reduce the variance of the response simultaneously, the infeed depth had the largest percentage contribution value, which was 46.642%, the spindle speed had a percentage contribution value of 14.362%, and then the feeding motion with a percentage contribution value of -7.548 And to obtain the optimal MRR of the workpiece, the spindle speed is set at 1500 rpm, the feeding motion is set at 0.5 mm / put, and the infeed depth is set at 1 mm. Keywords: Carbide, CNC Turning, Taguchi, S/N Ratio, MRR

The risk and mitigation of foot-and-mouth disease virus infection of pigs through consumption of contaminated feed.

Transboundary movement of animal feed and feed ingredients has been identified as a route for pathogen incursions. While imports of animals and animal-derived products are highly regulated for the purpose of infectious disease prevention, there has been less consideration of the viability of infectious agents in inanimate products, such as feed. This study investigated the ability of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) to remain infectious as a contaminant of commercial whole pig feed and select pig feed ingredients, and to establish the minimum infectious dose (MIDF ) required to cause foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in pigs that consumed contaminated feed. FMDV viability in vitro varied depending on virus strain, feed product, and storage temperature, with increased duration of infectivity in soybean meal compared to pelleted whole feed. Specifically, both strains of FMDV evaluated remained viable through to the end of the 37day observation period in experimentally contaminated soybean meal stored at 4 or 20°C . The MIDF for pigs consuming contaminated feed varied across virus strains and exposure duration in the range of 106.2 to 107 TCID50 . The ability of FMDV to cause infection in exposed pigs was mitigated by pre-treatment of feed with two commercially available feed additives, based on either formaldehyde (SalCURB®) or lactic acid (Guardian™). Our findings demonstrate that FMDV may remain infectious in pig feed ingredients for durations compatible with transoceanic transport. Although the observed MIDF was relatively high, variations in feeding conditions and biophysical characteristics of different virus strains may alter the probability of infection. These findings may be used to parameterize modelling of the risk of FMDV incursions and to regulate feed importation to minimize the risk of inadvertent importation.