Feed Consumption Ratio Research Articles

PERFORMANCE OF BROILERS CHICKEN DUE TO THE ADMINISTRATION OF RAW PROPOLIS

The use of antibiotics as an Antimicrobial Growth Promoter (AGP) for livestock has been banned because antibiotic residues in livestock meat can trigger antibiotic resistance in consumers. Propolis is a natural source that has benefits like antioxidants, antiviral, antifungal, and antibiotic. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the addition of feed from the optimal composition of raw propolis to increasing broiler chickens' body weight of broiler chickens. This study used broiler chickens as experimental animals. The chicken were grouped into six groups consisting of two control groups and four treatment groups with different level concentrations of propolis (2, 4, 6, and 8 g/kg feed). After treatment for four weeks, supplementation of raw propolis in the feed had not been able to provide a positive effect on growth performance and protein levels that were not significantly different from controls. Group chickens with propolis additions 6 g/kg feed showed the best results compared to other treatment groups. The group had final weight values, food conversion ratio (FCR), and carcass weight in 1970.67 gram, 1.52, and 1349.83 gram, respectively. The highest percentage of the carcass was shown by group chicken with propolis additions 2 g/kg feed, which is equal to 74.46%. Raw propolis can reduce feed consumption but increase feed conversion ratio.

INFLUENCE OF DIETARY THREONINE AND TRYPTOPHAN SUPPLEMENTATIONS ON BROILER PRODUCTIVITY TRAITS UNDER EGYPTIAN SUMMER CONDITIONS

A study was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding different levels of threonine and tryptophan on growth performance, some serum parameters and carcass traits of broiler chicks under Egyptian summer conditions. Three hundred and sixty Ross 308, one-day-old broiler chicks were randomly allocated into nine treatments with 4 replicates of 10 chicks each. Three levels of threonine (100, 150 or 200 %) and three levels of tryptophan (100, 150 or 200%) according to dietary requirements for Ross 308 chick's guidebook were used in a factorial design arrangement to obtain nine experimental treatments. Two periodical diets were used (starter phase 1-21 days and finisher phase 22-35 days). Growth performance traits including live body weight (LBW), Body weight gain (BWG), feed consumption (FC) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were recorded at the end of each week. Carcasses were manually eviscerated and weighed. Components of total protein, albumin, cholesterol, and triglycerides were analyzed by using commercial kits. The results showed that chicks fed diet containing 200 % threonine had an improvement in live body weight, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio. The performance index increased with the addition of threonine and tryptophan in the broiler diets. Serum total protein and globulin concentrations were affected by supplemental threonine and tryptophan. Dietary threonine, tryptophan did not affect serum albumin and triglycerides. Total cholesterol was increased with supplementation of threonine, tryptophan and interaction between them. Chicks fed 100% dietary threonine had the significantly better results in terms of the relative weights of carcass, edible parts and bursa compared to the chicks fed other dietary threonine levels, although tryptophan amino acid had not any significant effect on the above-mentioned traits. Giblets, liver, and heart weights percentage increase with increasing tryptophan level in the broiler diets. The relative weight of gizzard reduced with increasing level of both amino acids in the diets.In this study, it concluded that supplementation of threonine and tryptophan improves productive performance and health status of broiler chicks without imposing any toxicity as all blood components were in normal range.

β-glucan administration improves growth performance and gut health in New Zealand White and APRI rabbits with different breed responses.

This study investigated the effects of oral administration of β-glucan 1,3 (pharmaceutical grade 10%) on growth performance and carcass traits in two breeds of weanling rabbits adapted to survive in Egypt, New Zealand White (NZW) and Animal Production Research Institute (APRI) rabbits, with special attention to relative mRNA expression of interleukins and antioxidant enzyme genes, biochemical, and histological alterations. Oral administration of β-glucan with doses 0.25 and 0.5 ml per one-liter of drinking water significantly accelerated body weight gain (BWG) in both rabbits’ breeds, reduced total feed consumption (FC), and reduced feed conversion ratio (FCR), especially the 0.5 ml per one-liter dose in both rabbit breeds. There are remarkable differences in all the growth performance traits due to breed effect. The interaction effect between β-glucan and breed significantly improved BWG, FC, and FCR. There were non-significant differences in all carcass traits studied due to oral administration of β-glucan with both doses, except in dressing percentages. The highest of the dressing percentages were observed at doses 0.25 ml per one-liter (51%) and 0.5 ml per one-liter (52%) compared with control (50%). Our findings show significant variations in the final BW, total daily gain, feed consumption, and total feed conversion ratio between NZW and APRI rabbits. Absence of significant differences in the hot carcass weight and dressing percentage between the genetic groups had been reported in this study. Supplementing NZW and APRI rabbits with β-glucan increased blood total protein and globulin. The duodenal villi dimensions, splenic lymphoid diameter, muscular fiber diameter, and muscular glycogen areas were significantly increased by β-glucan administration. Expression of intestinal interleukin-18 (IL-18) in NZW rabbits treated with 0.25 and 0.5 doses of β-glucan was significantly upregulated and enhanced the immune response. β-glucan upregulated the expression of intestinal occludin mRNA particularly at dose 0.5 β-glucan as well as upregulated intestinal superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1), which modulates anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. In conclusion, oral administration of β-glucan at a dose of 0.25 or 0.5 ml per one-liter drinking water provided beneficial effects in the growth performance and health status of rabbits.

The effect of sodium bentonite on growth performance and some blood parameters in post-weaning Tuj breed lambs

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of sodium bentonite supplementation on fattening performance and some blood parameters in Tuj lambs. In the study, 18 male lambs were divided into 3 groups. While the control group was fed with basal ration, the experimental groups were fed with sodium bentonite supplementation 1% and 2% dose in addition to the basal ration. On the 0th, 15th, and 30th days of the study, there was no statistically significant difference between groups in terms of mean live weights, live weight gain, daily live weight gain, daily feed consumption and feed conversion ratio (P>0.05). On the 45th day of the study, the difference between the groups in terms of live weight gain, daily live weight gain and feed conversion ratio were statistically found significant (P<0.05). The difference between glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione (GSH), ceruloplasmin, albumin, total protein and globulin values of Tuj breed lambs were not statistically significant (P>0.05).The use of sodium bentonite in Tuj breed lambs was statistically found significant in terms of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase enzyme activities (CAT) (P <0.05). In conclusion, the use of sodium bentonite in Tuj lambs positively affected fattening performance. When the blood antioxidant parameters were examined, increase in SOD and CAT values was protective against oxidative damage in lambs used sodium bentonite. However, the increase in MDA value has doubted the safety sodium bentonite use in lambs.

Supplementation of alpha lipoic acid on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, mineral availability and lipid peroxidation level in broiler chicken fed with animal fat

The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of alpha lipoic acid supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, mineral availability and lipid peroxidation level in broilers fed diet with animal fat. The trial was conducted using eighty day-old VenCobb commercial broiler chicks which were randomly assigned into two dietary treatment groups with four replicates of ten chicks each. The birds in both the control (T1) and treatment group (T2) were fed with diet containing 5% animal fat, while T2 was supplemented with 100 mg of Alpha lipoic acid. The birds were fed with standard broiler starter ration up to 4 weeks of age and finisher ration up to 6 weeks of age as per BIS (1992) specifications. Alpha lipoic acid supplementation did not have any effect on body weight (g), Feed consumption (g) and feed conversion ratio (%), availability of nutrients and minerals, however, decreased the serum MDA concentration, which is one of the most common indicators of lipid peroxidation. In conclusion, the present study revealed that supplementation of alpha lipoic acid has no effect on growth performance, nutrient and mineral utilisation, but reduces the lipid peroxidation level, thereby improves the quality of meat.

Microbiological profile of different sources of drinking water offered to commercial broiler chicken during monsoon season

A study was carried out to investigate the effect of water from five different sources on the microbiological parameters of broiler chicken. Among the different sources, the total bacterial load was higher in pond water. However, after treatment, microbiological qualities (total viable count, total E. coli count and total coliform count) of all the sources of water under study were found to be reduced. The rain water was free from E. coli. The average total water consumption (l/bird) of broiler chicken offered untreated pond water was lowest (12.055) and it was highest for bore well water (14.560). However, after treatment of water the total water consumption per bird increased numerically for all the groups. The overall water/ feed consumption ratio of broiler chicken offered different sources of water ranged from 3.67-4.07 wherein, it was lowest for untreated pond water (3.67) and highest for untreated rain water (4.07).

Sütten Kesilmiş Oğlaklarda Yeme Maya Destekli Bakteriyel Probiyotik İlavesinin Performans Üzerine Etkileri

Bu araştırmanın amacı, sütten kesimden sonra oğlakların beslenmesinde konsantre yeme maya destekli bakteriyel probiyotik ilavesinin canlı ağırlık, canlı ağırlık artışı, yem tüketimi ve yemden yararlanma üzerine etkilerinin belirlenmesidir. Araştırmada ortalama canlı ağırlığı 19.19±1.00 kg olan 2.5-3 aylık yaşlı karışık cinsiyette 18 baş Akkeçi oğlağı kullanılmıştır. Oğlaklar sütten kesimden sonra tesadüfi olarak kontrol ve muamele olarak 2 gruba ayrılmıştır. Kontrol grubunda bulunan oğlaklar, büyütme yemine su püskürtülerek (plasebo) hazırlanan konsantre yemler ile, muamele grubunda bulunan oğlaklar ise maya destekli bakteriyel probiyotik(sıvı) ilaveli konsantre yemler ile beslenmişlerdir. Püskürtme yöntemi ile yeme günlük olarak ilave edilen probiyotik karışımı, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Pediococcus, Bacillus bakterileri ile birlikte Saccharomyces cerevisiae mayasını da içeren ticari bir preparattır. Deneme süresince oğlaklara büyütme yemi (pelet formda) ve su ad-libitum olarak verilmiş, kuru yonca otu tüketim miktarları ise canlı ağırlığın % 1’i olacak şekilde düzenlenmiştir. Araştırma, yeme alıştırma dönemi ile (15 gün) birlikte 75 gün sürdürülmüştür. Araştırmada oğlakların canlı ağırlıkları haftalık yapılan tartımlarla sabah yemlemesinden önce belirlenmiştir. Oğlakların konsantre yem ve kuru yonca otu tüketimleri günlük olarak tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma sonunda canlı ağırlık ve canlı ağırlık artışı bakımından probiyotik ilavesinin etkisi bulunmamıştır (P>0.05). Cinsiyetin etkisi önemli bulunmuş, 2.haftadan itibaren erkekler dişilere göre daha fazla canlı ağırlık artışı sağlamışlardır (P

Performance of Bounty Fresh Broiler Chicken Fed Diet Supplemented with Oregano (Plectranthus amboinicus L.) Leaf Meal

A total of (120) day old Bounty Fresh colored broiler chickens were carried out in a completely randomized design to evaluate the effect of different levels of oregano leaf meal (OLM) on the growth performance at a dietary levels of 0, 3 ,6 and 9% respectively. Results showed significant in terms of cumulative feed consumption, gain weight and feed conversion ratio. Broilers given 6% of level of oregano (T3) had the heaviest body weight on the seven week of age with a mean 1955.25 grams while the lightest was those broilers without the supplementation of oregano leaf meal (T1) with a mean of 1743.75 grams. The inclusion of OLM as fed diet were the most efficient feed converter and therefore, has the potential to increase rapid growth and improve vitality and livability of colored broiler chicken. Insignificant result was obtained in terms of the percentage rate of growth, dressing percentage with and without giblets and feed conversion ratio as revealed by the analysis of variance. However, in terms of the income over feed and chick costs, Colored broiler chicken fed with 6% oregano leaf meal had the highest return of Php 88.89 and the lowest return was those broilers without oregano with a return of Php 50.47.The results suggest that OLM at 6% level can be safely used as feed ingredients to the broilers without any deleterious effect.

Response of Broilers to Dietary Incorporation of Different Sorghum Varieties Fortified with Phytase

Dietary inclusion of local varieties of sorghum in poultry nutrition can greatly lower the cost of production in Sudan. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of dietary incorporation of different sorghum varieties fortified with phytase enzyme supplementation on broiler performance. A (2 x 5) factorial arrangement was used in a completely randomized design to study the effect of dietary incorporation of different levels sorghum variety Mogod (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) replacing the variety Feterita fortified with two levels of phytase supplementation (0 and 0.05%) on broiler performance. A total of 10 treatments were employed and each treatment was replicated three times with ten birds each. Weight gain (WG), Feed consumption (FC) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were recorded. Carcass weights and tibial phosphorus content were measured. Blood samples were collected for blood parameters. The results showed that, FC was not affected by dietary inclusion of Mogod and phytase supplementation. There were significant (p≤0.01) effects of Mogod and phytase on weight gain. The greatest weight gain values were recorded with birds fed on diets contained 100% Feterita (p<0.01). Supplementation of phytase improved WG and FCR (p<0.01). The largest carcass weights were reported with birds fed on diets containing 50 and 100% Mogod (p<0.05). Carcass weight values were increased with phytase supplementation. Tibial phosphorus content was improved by phytase supplementation. Total blood protein, cholesterol, calcium and phosphorus were not affected by phytase treatment. The study concluded that Mogod variety could be used as alternative energy source in broiler diets replacing Feterita variety. Moreover, phytase supplementation improved the broiler performance.

Using of synbiotic and garlic powder as alternatives to antibiotic on growth performance and carcass criteria of Japanese quails

This experiment was designed to evaluate the effects of synbiotic and garlic powder as alternatives to antibiotic on growth performance and carcass criteria of Japanese quails until 42 days of age. In a complete randomized block experimental design, a total number of 156 unsexed one-day-old Japanese quails were allocated randomly distributed into three equal groups; treatment group consisted of four replicates of 13 each. All birds were kept under the same managerial conditions. The first group (C) was fed the basal diet with antibiotic (Amoxicillin) 1g/kg diet and served as control, while the second (T1) and the third (T2) groups were fed the basal diets supplemented with synbiotic (PoultryStar® sol) and garlic powder (Allium sativum) at the level of 1g and 20g/kg diet, respectively. The results indicated that birds fed diet supplemented with 1g synbiotic/kg diet had significant (P≤0.05) higher body weight, daily body weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio as compared with T2 and C groups. Group T1 had no mortalities. Carcass, liver, gizzard and giblets percentages were significantly (P<0.05) higher in T1 group compared with other groups, while, the highest value (P≤0.05) of abdominal fat% was obtained in control one. From these results, it could be concluded that the supplementation of 0.1% synbiotic as an alternative to antibiotic in Japanese quails diets were highly recommended to obtain higher growth performance and carcass criteria.

Research Note: Effect of synbiotic supplementation on caecal Clostridium perfringens load in broiler chickens with different necrotic enteritis challenge models

Studies were conducted to determine the efficacy of synbiotic applications to combat the negative effects of necrotic enteritis (NE). An in vitro study was conducted to test the effect of probiotics species supernatants to decrease Clostridium perfringens (CP) proliferation. Lactobacillus reuteri, Enterococcus faecium, Bifidobacterium animalis, and Pediococcus acidilactici culture supernatants decreased the proliferation of CP at 1:1 supernatant-to-pathogen dilution in vitro. Two in vivo studies were conducted to determine the in vivo response of synbiotic supplementation containing the aforementioned probiotic strains on broiler production performance and caecal CP load in broilers induced with NE infection. In experiment 1, 75 broiler chicks were randomly allotted to 3 treatment groups, control (basal diet), ionophore (Salinomycin), and synbiotic (PoultryStar me), from day of hatch, and NE was induced in all birds. There were no significant treatment effects on BW, feed consumption, and feed gain ratio. However, at 35 D, ionophore or synbiotic supplementation increased (P < 0.05) villi height and decreased interleukin (IL)-1 mRNA abundance, while synbiotic supplementation increased (P < 0.05) IL-10 mRNA abundance compared with the control group, respectively. In experiment 2, 360 broiler chicks were randomly allotted to 3 treatments, an unchallenged negative control (control; basal diet), challenged positive control (NE; basal diet), or NE + synbiotic group (synbiotic). At both 21 and 42 D of age, NE birds had decreased (P < 0.05) BW, feed conversion, and jejunal villi height compared with control, while NE + synbiotic birds were not different from control groups. At 42 D of age, NE birds had 2.2 log/g increased CP in the ceca contents compared with control, while synbiotic birds had CP load that was not different than that of the control group. NE + synbiotic birds had significantly greater amounts of bile anti-CP IgA than the control and NE groups. It can be concluded that synbiotic supplementation decreased CP proliferation in vitro and caecal CP load in vivo while improving production parameters during an NE infection in broilers.

Effect of Production System and Age on the Growth Performance and Carcass Traits of Pheasants (Phasianus colchicus)

Abstract A total of 211 pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) were reared using two different production systems (free range and intensive) to determine the effect of production system and slaughter age on growth performance and carcass traits. Birds were slaughtered at 14, 16, and 18 weeks of age. Production system did not significantly affect body weight until 18 weeks; at this age, pheasants reared in free range exhibited a higher average weight (1149 g vs. 1012 g). Total feed consumption and feed conversion ratios did not differ among production systems. The most in-demand portions of the carcass (breast and leg) were not affected by differences in production system. The leg and breast proportions which were the most edible parts of the carcass were around 26% and 35%, respectively, in both free-range and intensive systems.

Effects of Lovastatin Suplemented Diet on Laying Performance, Egg Quality, Yolk Lipid Profile and Some Serum Parameters in Laying Hens

This study was carried out to determine the effects of lovastatin supplementation on laying performance, egg quality, yolk lipid profile and some serum parameters in Lohmann LS white commercial laying hens reared in poultry houses of Food and Livestock Application and Research Center of Ataturk University. In this experiment, Lohmann layers (n=48, 46 wks of age) were randomly divided into two groups such as control (C) fed with basal diet and treatment (L) group fed with diet including 0,0059 % of lovastatin. After one week of the adaptation period, experiment lasted for five weeks. During the experimental period, hens were fed as ad-libitum and water through nipples was available for all the times. Lovastatin supplementation increased feed consumption (FC) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Except for yolk color, other egg quality traits were not affected by diet including 0,0059 % of lovastatin. Hens fed with treatment diet had greater triglyceride and phosphatidyl serine values than hens fed with basal diet. Differences between the groups in terms of the levels of egg yolk and serum cholesterol were not significant in present study. These differences could be attributed to short experimental period and low lovastatin added to basal diet of hens. In conclusion, further studies should be conducted to clarify the effects of lovastatin supplementation on laying performance, egg quality, yolk lipid profile and some serum parameters in laying hens fed with diets including lovastatin at different levels during long feeding period.

Effect of Adding Lycium barbarum L. Extract to Drinking Water on Some Productive Traits of Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica)

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of adding Lycium barbarum extract to drinking water on some productive traits of Japanese quail. A total of 270 one-week-old Japanese quails were used in this study. The birds were divided into six treatments (45 for each). Each litre of drinking water (RO) was treated with 400 mg of L. barbarum extract add from (leaves, fruits, stems, and roots) for T2, T3, T4, and T5 respectively. 400 mg of mixed extract from leaves, stems, fruits and roots of L. barbarum were added to drinking water (T6). The control treatment (T1) was free of L. barbarum drinking water. The results showed no significant differences in the body weight, body weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio. A significant decrease in the age of sexual puberty and sexual maturity for males and females were recorded in the second and third treatments compared to the other treatments. On the other hand, the results showed no significant differences between the experimental treatments for the weight at sexual puberty and maturity for males and females. It can be concluded that the leaves and fruits of L. barbarum extract decreased the sexual puberty age for males and females of Japanese quail. On the other hand, it has no effect on body weight, body weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion ratios.

Effect of a direct-fed microbial and prebiotic on performance and intestinal histomorophology of turkey poults challenged with Salmonella and Campylobacter

Salmonella and Campylobacter are leading human foodborne pathogens commonly associated with poultry and poultry products, and several methods to control these pathogens have been applied to poultry production. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of CALSPORIN, (CSP), a direct-fed microbial (DFM), and yeast cell wall (Saccharomyces cervisiae, IMW50, a mannanoligosaccharide (MOS)-based prebiotic, on performance, levels of Salmonella and Campylobacter in the feces, and intestinal histomorphometry in turkey poults. A 21-day battery cage study was conducted using 4 dietary treatments, including: an unsupplemented basal diet (corn and soybean-based) as negative control (NC); basal diet supplemented with 0.05% DFM; basal diet supplemented with 0.05% MOS; and basal diet supplemented with 0.05% mixture of DFM and MOS at equal proportions. Female Large White turkey poults (n = 336) were randomly distributed in 6 electrically-heated battery cages with 4 treatments and 12 replicates per treatment (7 poults per replicate pen). The first 16 pens were not inoculated with bacteria, while poults in pens 17 to 32 were orally challenged at day 7 with 105 CFU Salmonella Heidelberg and the poults in pens 33 to 48 were orally challenged at day 7 with 105 CFU Campylobacter jejuni. Feed consumption, body weight, and feed conversion ratio were measured weekly and at the end of the experiment. At day 21, fresh fecal samples from each pen were collected for Salmonella and Campylobacter enumeration and ileal tissue samples were collected from 1 bird per pen for histomorphology examination. DFM and MOS supplementation was accompanied with reduced levels of Salmonella shed by the treated birds compared to the control group, and with increased body weight (P ≤ 0.05). The surface area of villi increased in the MOS-supplemented group compared to the control group (P ≤ 0.05). There was a significant difference in V:C ratio between supplemented groups and control group (P ≤ 0.05). Based on these results, there is potential for CALSPORIN and IMW50 to reduce Salmonella shedding in feces, enhance ileal mucosal health, and improve growth performance of turkey poults.

Effect of formic acid, Saccharomyces cerevisiae or their combination on the growth performance and serum indices of the Indonesian indigenous crossbred chickens

The current study aimed to investigate the effect of formic acid, S. cerevisiae or the combination of both on the growth performance and serum indices of the Indonesian indigenous crossbred chicken (IICC). Two hundred of the IICC were allotted to four groups including CONT (basal diet exempted from additive), FORMIC (basal diet administrated with 0.2% formic acid), SACCH (basal diet with 0.3% S. cerevisiae) and FORSAC (basal diet with the blends of 0.2% formic acid and 0.3% S. cerevisiae). Body weight, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were recorded weekly. At week 8, the chicks were blood sampled and slaughtered. Our results showed that feeding formic acid, S. cerevisiae or the combination of both resulted in increased (P < 0.05) live body weight, accumulative feed intake and income over feed cost of the IICC. The dietary treatments also decreased (P < 0.05) proventriculus relative weight of the IICC. The blends of formic acid and S. cerevisiae increased (P < 0.05) concentration of serum uric acid and decreased (P < 0.05) proportion of wings of the IICC. In conclusion, dietary administration with the blends of formic acid and S. cerevisiae improved growth performance and feed efficiency of the IICC.

Effects of Methionine-Cysteine Amino Acid Supplementations in the Aflatoxin B1 Contaminated Diet on Broiler Production Performance

This research aimed to observe the interaction of methionine-cysteine amino acid supplementation to decrease the effect of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on diet against production performance of broiler chicken. A number of 240 mixed sex broiler chickens were treated in 9 treatments by factorial design 3 x 3 with methionine-cysteine amino acid (M+C) (75,100, dan 125%) factors and AFB1 levels (0, 200, dan 400 ppb). Variables observed were: Weight gain, feed consumption, and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The results showed that increased AFB1 content in diet from 0 to 400 ppb increased chicken body weight (P &lt;0.05) in each age group. The high body weight was balanced with high feed consumption along with increased nutrient needs, mainly sulfuric amino acid (M+C) as the precursor of glutathione to eliminate toxic through conjugation reactions. The interaction effect was firstly occurred between M + C and AFB1 treatment (P &lt;0.05). Meanwhile increased supplementation of M + C from 75 to 125% caused decreased feed consumption in each age group of chickens, but increased AFB1 levels further increased feed consumption (P&lt;0.05). The interaction effect between the level of M + C and AFB1 contamination in diets on feed consumption were seen in 21-day-old chickens (P&lt;0.05). FCR was also increased (P &lt;0.05) with the reduction of M + C content in diet at 7 days old. The effect of AFB1 on diet and interaction between M + C and AFB1 on chicken FCR in this study was not significant in all age groups. It can be concluded from the current study that supplying methionine-cystine amino acid with 75, 100 and 125% in AFB1 contaminated diet of 0, 200 and 400 ppb improves the performance of broiler chicken production.

EFFECT OF DIETARY BEE HONEY AND BEE POLLEN AS ALTERNATIVE OF ANTIBIOTIC ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, TIBIA CHARACTERISTICS AND SOME BLOOD PLASMA PARAMETERS OF BROILERS

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects feeding broiler chicks on corn soybean meal diets supplemented with bee honey (BH), bee pollen (BP) or both as alternative to antibiotics erythromycin (ER) on growth performance, tibia characteristics and some blood plasma parameters. A total of number 150 one - day old chicks of (Cobb) strain were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments (5 treatments x 3 replicate groups x 10 chicks in each group). The treatments were: control without supplementation; T1 (ER) 0.0275%; T2 (BH) 0.10%; T3, (BP) 0.05% and T4 (BH, 0.10% + BP 0.05). The main results showed significant effect on body weight, body weight gain and performance index. On contrary there were no significant effect on feed consumption and feed conversion ratio within treatments. The results showed no significant effect on tibia measurements tibia weight (wet and dry), tibia (width and length) and tibia seeder index while there was significant effect on tibia breaking strength, As most of measured parameters there were no significant effect on tibia chemical composition (ASH and P) except (Ca) between treatments.

EFFECTS OF CALCIUM, AVAILABLE PHOSPHORUS AND SODIUM DI-FORMATE LEVELS: 1- PERFORMANCE AND TIBIA MEASUREMENTS OF BROILER CHICKS

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of adding different sodium di-format (NDF) levels in the presence of low levels calcium and available phosphorus diets on broiler productive performance and tibia measurements. A total number of 140 one day old Hubbard broiler chicks were classified into 7 equal groups, each was subdivided into 4 replicates with 5 chicks. The control group was fed standard (starter and grower) diets formulated ensuring sufficient supply of nutrients suggested by the guidebook of Hubbard broilers that contain 100% (Ca and AP) requirements without (NDF) and a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement with 3 different levels of Ca & AP being (50%, 40% and 30%) from requirements and 2 levels of dietary NDF (1.5 and 2.25 kg/ ton). Feed and water were supplied ad-libitum throughout the whole experiment which lasted till 35 days of age. The results indicated that: Under the condition of the present study, broiler chicks fed control diets or diets containing 50%, Ca & AP with 2.25 kg/ton (T4) improved productive performance (live body weight, body weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio) comparable or better than other treatments. Similar trends were observed regarding the effect of previous dietary treatments on tibia bone measurements (Tibia; length and width) and tibia chemical composition (tibia Ca & P) percentages. However, broiler chicks fed (T4) diets during experimental period (35 days) reflected the lowest significant tibia breaking strength and ash% compared with those fed control diets It is obvious that, the best performance was seen when 50% Ca & AP 2.25 kg/ton (NDF) were applied in broiler diets without any adverse effect on productive performance and most of tibia measurements and chemical composition.

POTENSI BAKTERI Lactococcus lactis DAN Lactobacillus casei TERHADAP PERFORMA PRODUKSI AYAM PETELUR YANG DIINFEKSI Escherichia colii

The purpose of this study was to find the effect combination probiotic Lactococccus lactis and Lactobacillus casei on the laying hens infected with bacteria Escherichia coli on feed consumption and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The materials used in this experiment were 120 laying hens aged 25 weeks. Feeds were used commercial concentrate produced by PT. New Hope East Java, type 7183A. In this study were added of six treatments that is (a0b0) chicken without infection and without treatment, (a0b1) chicken without infection plus Antibiotic Growth Promoter (AGP), (a0b2) chicken without infection plus probiotic, (a1b0) chicken infection without treatment, (a1b1) chicken infection plus AGP. (a1b2) chicken infection plus probiotic. Each treatment was repeated four times. The variables measured were are feed consumption (g/bird/day) and feed conversion ratio (%). Data were analyzed statistically using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), if between treatment showed significant effect were analysed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The result of this research shows that the use of probiotic Lactococccus lactis and Lactobacillus casei on the laying hens infected with bacteria Escherichia coli give a real distinction ( P&lt;0,05) towards feed consumption and showed a real distinction (P &lt;0.05) towards feed conversion ratio. Based on the results of this research, it can be concluded that the addition of probiotic Lactococccus lactis and Lactobacillus casei on the laying hens infected with bacteria Escherichia coli can improve feed consumption, feed conversion ratio (FCR) of laying hens, hen day production (HDP) and egg weight.