The article addresses the problems of criminal law protection of intellectual property created with the use of artificial intelligence technologies. The purpose of the study is to identify criteria for distinguishing authorship in relation to such results and to assess the legislative mechanisms of liability for actors involved in AI technological chains. Based on an analysis of doctrinal approaches and the draft Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of State Regulation of the Application of Artificial Intelligence Technologies in the Russian Federation”, the paper substantiates the creative contribution criterion as a basis for recognising authorship and acquiring exclusive rights. It is shown that the liability model proposed in the draft law conflicts with the criminal law principles of fault and legality. The study formulates de lege ferenda proposals to clarify the regime of protection of intellectual property created with the use of AI.

Equity in U.S. Solid Organ Transplantation for People Living With HIV: An Integrative Review of Barriers, Policies, and Interventions.

The transformation of the normative content of public safety principles in the Russian legal system has been studied, and the ways of their systematization have been substantiated. The relevance of the research is due to the shift in the strategic paradigm enshrined in the 2021 National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation, based on the inseparable interconnection and interdependence of national security and sustainable socioeconomic development of the country, as well as the emergence of new challenges and threats that have not been adequately reflected in the current legislation. An attempt has been made to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the evolution of the regulatory enshrinement of public safety principles. Three sequential stages reflecting the logic of regulatory development have been identified: from the formation of a universal list of principles in the Federal Law “On Safety”, through their consolidation in a specialized strategic planning document, which has effectively lost its legal significance by now (the Concept of Public Security in the Russian Federation 2013), and up to the current stage, characterized by the absence of a clearly formulated list, despite the conceptual foundations being set by the current National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation 2021. This situation creates prerequisites for legal uncertainty and requires the development of new approaches to the systematization of public safety principles. The features of the normative consolidation of public safety principles in sectoral legislation (Federal Laws “On Police”, “On Countering Terrorism”, etc.) have been analyzed. It has been identified that a unified approach to defining and structuring principles in sectoral legislation has not been established; however, the unity of the subject of legal regulation objectively implies the existence of a common invariant core of public safety principles (the priority of human and civil rights and freedoms, legality, etc.). The content of three main directions of transformation of the normative content of principles has been revealed: the consolidation of the inseparable interconnection between public safety and sustainable development; the expansion of the range of challenges and threats taken into account; the change in the form of normative expression (from a formalized list of public safety principles to conceptual approaches). It has been established that the fundamental principles set forth by the Federal Law “On Safety” constitute the invariant foundation of the system, defining overarching guidelines for all areas of public security provision. The principles derived from the 2021 National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation do not replace these fundamental foundations but rather form an additional level that takes into account modern challenges, threats, and a new paradigm in which public security and sustainable development are viewed as an inseparable unity. The author’s definition of the principles of ensuring public safety, developed during the research, contributes to the improvement of the theoretical foundation of the public safety institution. Its provisions can be used in the development and updating of strategic planning documents in this area. As practical recommendations, a set of measures for the institutionalization of new principles of ensuring public safety has been proposed.

Federal law establishes American Indian and Alaska Native Tribes and Tribal Epidemiology Centers (TECs) as public health authorities with rights to state data to conduct public health activities. Tribal authorities, however, struggle to access public health data. To examine TECs' access and barriers to public health surveillance data, and using syphilis as a case study, to assess data availability and timeliness nationwide. In-depth qualitative interviews and a desk audit of syphilis data by states. All 12 TECs who collectively provide epidemiologic and public health support to 574 Tribes and 41 Urban Indian Centers nationwide. Sixteen interviewees from 7 TECs participated; their positions ranged from staff epidemiologists to center directors. Interviews explored access to sexually transmitted infections data, barriers, and improvement recommendations. Desk audit applied Google searches to locate state-published syphilis data. We extracted information on reporting detail, including time from reporting period end to publication, demographic and geographic variables, and syphilis-specific indicators (eg, type and risk factors). Participants reported considerable difficulties accessing timely, useful health data from states, instead relying on publicly facing data. The primary barrier was state health departments' lack of recognition of TECs' and Tribes' public health authority. Data gatekeeping affected public health functions from data access to Tribal health outcomes. Desk audit revealed 12 of 50 states reporting syphilis data within the past year; only 4 are among the top 10 states by American Indian and Alaska Native population share. Publicly facing data are generally not timely or detailed enough for public health monitoring response, underscoring need for TEC access to timely, state-held epidemiological data. TEC and Tribal public health authority must be reinforced through formal recognition by states, and enforced by federal agencies who can hold states accountable through funding agreements.

County by county estimation of possible deaths averted, infections averted, and cost savings of overdose prevention centers in the United States from July 2019-June 2025.

The rise in popularity of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) among adolescents in the United States during the past decade is concerning because of the device's novelty and potential long-term health effects. In response, a federal Tobacco 21 (T21) law was enacted in 2019 to raise the minimum age for purchasing tobacco products and e-cigarettes from 18 to 21 years. We examined changes in adolescent e-cigarette use after implementation of T21 during a period of broader federal tobacco control activity. We analyzed data from the 2019 and 2020 National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS) to assess changes in e-cigarette use among middle and high school students aged 9 to 19 years (most aged 13-17 y) following implementation of the federal T21 law. Weighted logistic regression models examined associations between policy implementation and current e-cigarette use, controlling for demographic characteristics and perceived harm and addictiveness. The prevalence of current e‑cigarette use declined from 16% (95% CI, 15%-18%) in 2019 to 11% (95% CI, 10%-13%) in 2020. After implementation of the federal T21 law in December 2019, adolescents were significantly less likely to use e‑cigarettes, with a 24% reduction in the odds of current use (odds ratio = 0.76; 95% CI, 0.64-0.91; P = .003). Federal legislation such as increasing the minimum age for purchasing tobacco and nicotine products may be an effective strategy in reducing and preventing e-cigarette use among adolescents. Future research should assess the sustainability of the effects of T21 legislation over time and examine how federal policies interact with other public health interventions to influence adolescent e-cigarette use.

In accordance with the Federal Law “On State Support for Entrepreneurial Activity in the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation”, a preferential regime has been established in the Arctic regions, making the Arctic Zone the largest special economic zone in Russia and the world. The preferential regime in the Arctic zone should promote economic development of the territories, stimulate investment and entrepreneurial activity. The aim of the study is to identify the features and problems that have arisen during the implementation of this project, based on an analysis of the practice of establishing and developing the preferential regime of the Arctic Zone, as well as the implementation of the set tasks for economic development and the revitalization of investment and entrepreneurial activity in the Arctic territories, and, on this basis, to formulate the author’s vision of the areas of activity on which efforts should be concentrated to successfully achieve the set objectives. The analysis showed that the predominant share of declared investments and jobs falls on the European part of the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation. However, many of the participants are at the initial stage of investment, and the actual amount invested is comparatively lower than declared. The reason for this may be the repeated change in the vision of the development of the Arctic zone, the underdevelopment of infrastructure and economic instability, which create high risks for investors and force them to adopt a cautious approach. Large-scale business continues to dominate in the Arctic regions. At the same time, the development of small and medium-sized enterprises in the Arctic zone is of great importance for the creation of new industries and production facilities, that is, for the restructuring of the economy and the comprehensive socio-economic development of the region. Proposals for the implementation of the tasks set in the law have been developed. In particular, it was proposed to use not only economic, but also social and environmental indicators when developing a methodology for assessing the effectiveness of the special economic zone of the Russian Arctic.

United States mandated reporters' perspectives on reporting child maltreatment: A systematic scoping review.

Federal law requires workplaces to provide appropriate space, time, and, when employees are not fully relieved of their duties during breaks, compensation to support pumping at work. The aim of this study was to assess the current landscape for lactating persons in neurology and to identify opportunities for improvement within the workplace. Respondents of a 53-question survey distributed to AAN members reported varying levels of awareness regarding institutional lactation policies. Although most lactating individuals indicated that they had adequate time and space to pump, most were not compensated during their breaks. One-third of respondents stopped pumping earlier than intended, although most did not change jobs because of lactation-related challenges and continued to recommend neurology as a career to students. Ensuring designated time, appropriate space, and compensation for lactation at both the institutional and individual levels is essential to support early-career neurologists.

Patients and clinicians broadly support medical cannabis, but acknowledge limited understanding of products, efficacy, and safety. Here, we review cannabis products, regulatory issues, microbial contamination of cannabis, and infections linked to cannabis. In the U.S., cannabis is regulated by a patchwork of federal and state laws. Three pharmaceutical-grade cannabinoids are U.S. FDA-approved, and non-FDA-approved medical cannabis products are legal in 40 states. There are no uniform standards for testing products for microbes or validated safety thresholds from state-to-state. Reports of cannabis-associated fungal and bacterial infections have been published. However, only a single case report used genome sequencing to conclusively link a disease-causing fungus (Cryptococcus neoformans) to cannabis consumed by the patient. Therefore, infections can clearly complicate cannabis use, but extent of risk and specific risk factors are unknown. There is urgent need for harmonized cannabis regulation, standardized product testing and safety criteria, and clinical and translational research on infectious risks.

Evaluate Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) interpreter access and utilization, unit-based interpreter policies and initiatives, staff awareness and confidence in understanding language-access laws, and perceptions of language-based inequities. An exploratory national survey of NICU staff was distributed via the National Association of Neonatal Nurses and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) (10/2024-4/2025). Descriptive statistics and qualitative analysis were used for survey results. The 189 respondents represented all ten AAP districts. Most were aware of NICU-based interpreter policies (76%). 81% were not aware of additional state laws/provisions and many lacked confidence understanding federal (43%) or state (63%) language-access laws. Many respondents disagreed that language-discordance resulted in worse quality of care (40%) and outcomes (59%) in their NICU. Results highlight the need for additional education on federal and state laws and provisions as well as the broad and systemic nature of language-based healthcare inequities across institutions.

IntroductionThere are approximately 8.6 million foreign-born older adults (aged 50 and older) in the United States. As immigrants age and transition from the labor force to retirement, maintaining their health and accessing to health care are major concerns. This study reports the extent to which older immigrants face barriers to care.MethodsThis study uses 2019-2023 data from the National Health Interview Survey to determine whether foreign-born older adults have poor health status and face greater barriers to health care than native-born older adults.ResultsWe find that older foreign-born adults who are not US citizens are more likely to face challenges accessing health care. While they are less likely to report that they in fair or poor health, they are more likely to have not seen a doctor within the past year, not have a usual source care, and are more worried about paying for care if they become ill.ConclusionThese problems will likely worsen under current legislation, such as the 2025 federal budget reconciliation law, which enacted more exclusions to health insurance eligibility for certain immigration statuses. We offer recommendations that could help maintain access to care in the current political climate.

Incarcerated pregnant and postpartum people experience poor mental health. Conditions of confinement (e.g., inadequate prenatal care, shackling, isolation, stigma) exacerbate distress, contributing to new or worsening psychological challenges. Although awareness of perinatal mental health needs is increasing, the extent to which federal and state laws address these needs remains unclear. To address this gap, we conducted a systematic search in WestLaw through July 2025, combining the terms pregnancy, postpartum, and incarceration. The search returned 545 statutes from 48 states and the federal government. Using a deductive codebook of maternal health topics, we extracted and analyzed legislative text related to mental health screening and treatment. Ten states had statutes addressing mental health care for incarcerated perinatal people. Nine mandated access to mental health treatment but varied in scope, screening, and conditions addressed. Five states referenced pregnant people only, three included both pregnant and postpartum people, and two focused exclusively on postpartum populations. Two states required specialized mental health training for carceral staff. Few states mandate availability of mental health care for incarcerated pregnant and postpartum people despite national clinical guidelines. Limited statutory guidance may hinder early identification and treatment, increasing the risk of adverse maternal outcomes, including postpartum depression, suicide, and recidivism.

Purpose of research of this article is to analyze the problem of maintaining a microclimate in religious buildings that is optimal for preserving church buildings and their interior decorative elements (wall paintings, iconostases, icons, etc.), and to identify ways to improve the energy efficiency of ventilation and air conditioning systems. Methods. A study of the moisture content of the enclosing structures of the Resurrection Church revealed significant excess of regulatory values in the basement and on the first floor, confirming the presence of persistent moisture zones that affect the durability of the masonry and decorative coatings. Scanning microscopy analysis of plaster samples revealed structural heterogeneity and varying degrees of degradation caused by localized fluctuations in humidity, temperature fluctuations, and exposure to soot. Results. The spatial distribution of damage allowed us to establish a relationship between the condition of the engineering systems and the deterioration of the decorative layer. Archaeological work in 2015 contributed to improved drainage conditions and partial stabilization of the humidity regime. Based on the data obtained, key risk areas were identified and recommendations for upgrading utility systems were developed. Particular attention was paid to the need to implement energy-efficient ventilation and air conditioning with heat recovery. Conclusions. The analysis showed that the existing microclimate of the Resurrection Church does not ensure the preservation of the structures and decorative elements, and the identified areas of high humidity create conditions for accelerated deterioration of materials. To stabilize the internal environment, a comprehensive modernization of utility systems is required, including the installation of energy-efficient supply and exhaust ventilation with heat recovery, proper air exchange, and the use of modern air conditioning systems. Compliance with the requirements of Code of Practice 60.13330.2020, State Standard 30494-2011, and the provisions of Federal Law No. 261 will reduce heat loss, lower operating costs, and ensure stable temperature and humidity conditions. Implementation of the proposed measures will create conditions for the long-term preservation of the architectural structure and its artistic content.

Climate-related urban risks are intensifying in Brazilian metropolitan areas, where socio-environmental inequalities and fragmented urbanisation shape uneven exposure and vulnerability. In Brazil, municipalities occupy a central place in responding to these risks within a federal legal framework that distributes responsibilities across multiple sectors and levels of government. This paper examines how key federal legal frameworks assign municipalities responsibilities related to the built environment and climate-risk governance, and what this implies for local implementation. The analysis combines a documentary review of federal laws with semi-structured interviews and documentary data from the Greater ABC (GABC), a metropolitan sub-region of São Paulo. The findings show that municipalities are assigned overlapping regulatory, operational and coordinating responsibilities across policies that converge in the same municipal territory, producing a municipal legal overload. The GABC case shows that persistent vulnerabilities in risk-prone areas challenge the translation of legal responsibilities into effective risk reduction even where institutional conditions are comparatively stronger than the national average. It is found that municipal centrality in climate-risk governance is not self-executing: the promotion of federal mandates without coordination mechanisms and support for local capacity is unlikely to produce structural changes in the unequal distribution of vulnerability across municipalities. POLICY RELEVANCE Brazil’s federal legal framework places municipalities at the centre of climate adaptation and urban disaster risk management. In practice, local governments are expected to regulate land use, organise core urban services, protect environmentally sensitive areas and act as first responders in situations of risk. However, these responsibilities are implemented under highly uneven institutional and technical conditions, and with limited routine support for intersectoral and intergovernmental coordination. In metropolitan contexts such as the GABC, this concentration of mandates places demands on local governments whose capacity to manage them varies substantially, making effective risk reduction dependent on coordination across sectors and jurisdictions. Policymakers should therefore focus not only on assigning responsibilities but also on creating the enabling conditions for implementation, including more stable support, stronger coordination mechanisms and greater sensitivity to territorial inequalities between municipalities.

In July 2025 after a long period of discussions the Federal Law No. 289 “On Certain Issues of Regulating the Platform Economy in the Russian Federation,” was adopted.This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the scope of regulation and conceptual framework of the new law, including the concepts of “intermediary digital platform partner,” “order acceptance and delivery point,” “logistical infrastructure of an intermediary digital platform operator,” etc., and the reaction of the professional community to the legislative changes and the possible conse-quences of their adoption for the Russian economy. The author concludes that a number of provisions of the new law need to be revised at the legislative level and at the level of subordinate legislation.

The active development of the e-commerce market necessitates the timely improvement of mechanisms for interaction between parties to distance transactions. Both business (in terms of increasing competitiveness) and the state (in terms of economic development) have a stake in this. One particularly sought-after direction for modernizing distance interaction systems is ensuring a transparent and convenient mechanism for online dispute resolution at both the national and international levels. The paper analyzes approaches adopted in the APEC Cooperation Framework for Online Dispute Resolution of Cross-Border Commercial Disputes and the Model Law on Electronic Transactions of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA). It also examines the reasons for the discontinuation of the online consumer dispute resolution platform that operated within the European Union. An assessment is provided of the draft federal law «On Amendments to the Law of the Russian Federation ‘On the Protection of Consumer Rights’ and the Federal Law ‘On Alternative Dispute Resolution Procedures Involving a Mediator (Mediation Procedure)’” regarding the creation of a legal basis for the development of alternative online dispute resolution mechanisms. As part of the analysis of the feasibility of introducing a state platform for online dispute resolution, the paper examines the operation of similar mechanisms in Brazil and Kazakhstan. The author concludes that the development of the relevant regulatory framework must be based on a logically sound concept that arises from the needs of public authorities, private individuals, business structures, and public institutions, while taking into account modern economic, technological, and other realities, as well as both positive and negative international and foreign experience.

This article examines the model of relations that arise between a digital platform operator and an implementing partner who is an individual, as set out in Federal Law No. 289-FZ dated 07/31/2025 «On Certain Issues of Regulating the Platform Economy in the Russian Federation» (hereinafter referred to as the Platform Economy Law). Despite the inclusion in the Law on the Platform Economy of an indication of the civil law nature of these relations, the author found a relationship between some provisions of the law in question and the provisions of labor legislation. The author argues for a position on the similarity of relations arising within the framework of platform employment and labor relations. In conclusion, the author draws conclusions about the possible extension of labor legislation to the relationship between the owner and (or) operator of a digital platform and an individual, which could be implemented by including a separate chapter in the Labor Code of the Russian Federation containing the specifics of labor regulation for platform employees (in terms of their working hours, rest time, labor protection, etc.).

The paper examines the specifics of legal regulation regarding the disclosure by an advocate of information received from a client without the client’s consent, including information constituting attorney-client privilege. The author demonstrates that in law enforcement practice the parties to the legal relations in question are guided by paragraph 4 of Article 6 of the Code of Professional Ethics of Lawyers, which permits the lawyer to perform the specified actions when considering a civil dispute between him and the client or for his own defense in disciplinary proceedings or a criminal case initiated against him. However, this provision contradicts subparagraph 5 of paragraph 4 of Article 6 of the Federal Law of 31.05.2002 No. 63-FZ «On Attorney Activities and Advocacy in the Russian Federation», which contains a prohibition on the disclosure of information received from the client without their consent. To eliminate this legal conflict, it is proposed to amend the Federal Law «On Attorney Activities and Advocacy in the Russian Federation» by establishing a provision identical in content to Part 4 of Article 6 of the Code of Professional Ethics of Advocates.

In connection with ensuring the country’s food security, there is presently a need to further develop the system of legal regulation governing the quality of food products in the domestic market; specifically, it is necessary to adjust regulatory practice in light of the actual scale and methods of food adulteration. The purpose of this study is to analyze and systematize the principles and directions of legal regulation of food quality in the food market. The situation in the nationwide food market and in the regional food market of the Middle Urals is examined. The necessity of strengthening both external and internal oversight of the quality of food production and distribution, amending and harmonizing existing legislation, is substantiated. A negative trend associated with the growing adulteration of food products, namely, the decline in the quality of products consumed, is identified. The need to enhance consumers’ economic and legal literacy and to develop measures for the protection of their rights is justified. The expediency of the prompt adoption of a federal law «On Environmental Culture» and an Environmental Code of the Russian Federation, with a clear definition of environmental standards applicable to the production and circulation of food products, is advanced. A more systematic study and utilization of accumulated international experience in legally counteracting the production and circulation of adulterated food products is proposed, particularly with respect to combating new technologies of food adulteration, addressing smuggling practices, mitigating the risks arising therefrom, and strengthening public and governmental oversight in the protection of the lawful rights of food consumers.