Features Of Geological Structure Research Articles

Geological structure, ore-metasomatic and mineralogical geochemical zoning of Au-Mo-Cu porphyry Kyzyk-Chadr deposit, Tyva republic

Major geological structure features, ore and metasomatic composition, ore-metasomatic and isotope-geochemical zoning are considered for Kyzyk-Chadr deposit within the namesake ore cluster of Ozhinsky ore district, Altai-Sayany mineragenic province. A set of geological and prospecting evidence (elements of the deposit geological and prospecting model) was defined; it can be used to improve the efficiency of further exploration within Sayany-Altai region prospects.

Research on geological structure characteristics of Lubanshan mine field

Mine geological structure is an important geological factor that affects coal mine safety production. Based on detailed underground geological observations and surface geological survey data, starting with the study of structural traces and structural stress field, the Lubanshan mine field’s geological structural characteristics and structural stress field distribution are analyzed. The research results show that the structural profile of the Lubanshan mine field is mainly controlled by the NE-directed Xunsi anticline. The geological structure at the edge of the minefield is more complicated and the internal geological structure is relatively simple. The development of small faults and layer-slip faults, often in groups of coal seams or coal seam roof and floor, has become one of the biggest obstacles restricting coal mine safety production.

Study of Rock Mass Rating (RMR) and Geological Strength Index (GSI) Correlations in Granite, Siltstone, Sandstone and Quartzite Rock Masses

A comprehensive understanding of geological, structural geological, hydrogeological and geotechnical features of the host rock are essential for the design and performance evaluation of surface and underground excavations. The Hungarian National Radioactive Waste Repository (NRWR) at Bátaapáti is constructed in a fractured granitic formation, and Telfer Gold Mine in Australia is excavated in stratified siltstones, sandstones and quartzites. This study highlights relationships between GSI chart ratings and calculated GSI values based on RMR rock mass classification data. The paper presents linear equations for estimating GSI from measured RMR89 values. Correlations between a and b constants were analyzed for different rock types, at surface and subsurface settings.

Geological Features of Volcanic Rocks of the Lower Taiga Ore Area (Russia, Primorsky Krai)

This article is about features of geological structure and composition of volcanic and sedimentary rocks of the Low Taiga area (Russia, Primorsky region). This area is a part of the east Sihote-Alin volcanoplutonic belt, is located in the area of transit from the continent to the ocean. Studings of geological and chemical composition, structure and patterns of placement of the Low Taiga Area’s volcanic sedimentary rocks allow us to complete information about geological and geochemical features of Mesozoic-Cenozoic stage of the formation of the said structure. Unever igneous formations are distributed within this area, classified to Primorsky (turonian senonian), Samarga (maastrichtian), Bogopolsky (Paleocene) and Kizinsky (Miocene) volcanic complexes. Matching volcanic rocks complex’s chemical composition with published data testifies to significant similarity with petrotypes of ternei volcano structure. Besides it was found that the Low Taiga Area’s complexes contain high potassium varieties and vary in contents of rare and rare earth elements. Distribution of incoherent elements of primorsky complex’s volcanics are characterized by increased concentrations of tungsten, zinc, plumbum, thorium, lanthanum, cerium, by low content of niobium, strontium, zirconium and titanium. Samarga complex is characterized by low content of titanium and strontium, by low content of neodymium. Bogopolsky and Kizinsky complexes in the distribution of rare and trace elements have a similar trend appearance with petrotypes, but differ in the level of their concentration.

Application of Methods of Increasing Oil Extraction Coefficients and Intensification of Oil Production at the Fields of Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Area

The methods of impact on productive oil-saturated formations are intended to increase well productivity and increase oil recovery. In order to complete oil recovery from the formation, a coordinated application of methods of increasing oil recovery and intensification of production is required. Method of impact on formation is selected taking into account features of geological structure, filtration - capacities properties, composition of formation rocks and fluids that saturate them. This article considers various promising methods of increasing oil recovery and intensification used at the fields of Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Area of the Tyumen region.

Studying the Depth Structure of the Kyrgyz Tien Shan by Using the Seismic Tomography and Magnetotelluric Sounding Methods

This paper presents new results of detailed seismic tomography (ST) on the deep structure beneath the Middle Tien Shan to a depth of 60 km. For a better understanding of the detected heterogeneities, the obtained velocity models were compared with the results of magnetotelluric sounding (MTS) along the Kekemeren and Naryn profiles, running parallel to the 74 and 76 meridians, respectively. We found that in the study region the velocity characteristics and geoelectric properties correlate with each other. The high-velocity high-resistivity anomalies correspond to the parts of the Tarim and Kazakhstan-Junggar plates submerged under the Tien Shan. We revealed that the structure of the Middle Tien Shan crust is conditioned by the presence of the Central Tien Shan microcontinent. It manifests itself as two anomalies lying one below the other: the lower low-velocity low-resistivity anomaly, and the upper high-velocity high-resistivity anomaly. The fault zones, limiting the Central Tien Shan microcontinent, appear as low-velocity low-resistivity anomalies. The obtained features indicate the fluid saturation of the fault zones. According to the revealed features of the Central Tien Shan geological structure, it is assumed that the lower-crustal low-velocity layer can play a significant role in the delamination of the mantle part of the submerged plates.

Application of remote sensing in mapping hydrothermally altered zones in a highly vegetative area - A case study of Lolgorien, Narok County, Kenya

Objective: To map areas of possible hydrothermal alteration using remote sensing technology; To map geological structures controlling mineralisation using remote sensing; To carryout field mapping to ground truth the features identified by remote sensed data. Methods: Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) remote sensed images were downloaded from USGS website. Landsat images were processed using band ratios, band composites, principal component analysis techniques in ArcGIS to map areas of possible hydrothermal alteration. SRTM image was analysed using hillshade analysis technique in ArcGIS to map geological structural features controlling mineralisation. Findings: The study found that in several areas especially Southern, South Eastern, Central and North Western part of Lolgorien, there is a possibility of hydrothermal alteration as spectral signatures associated with iron oxide and clay minerals were identified. It was also found that areas with possibility of hydrothermal alteration are also associated with relatively large number of lineaments. It was also found that Southern and South-Eastern part of Lolgorien are also associated with numerous artisanal mines proving the fact that indeed gold mineralisation may be found in these places. However, due to thick vegetation cover, mapping of different types of lithological units found in Lolgorien was not possible. Novelty/Application: The application of remote sensed technology helped in identification of new areas of possible mineralisation such as Central and North-Western parts of Lolgorien which despite having similar geological properties (in terms of lineament density and hydrothermal alteration) have never been exploited for gold or other minerals. Keywords: Hydrothermal alteration; Landsat 8 (OLI); SRTM; Iron oxide; clay minerals; remote sensing

Large landslides in the Alpine valleys of the Giudicarie and Schio-Vicenza tectonic domains (NE Italy)

ABSTRACT A comprehensive geomorphological and structural mapping of the largest landslides in the central-eastern Southern Alps (NE Italy) is presented. Their occurrence in this Alpine sector is discussed in relation with structural geological features (bedding and faults), which are largely conditioned by the Giudicarie and Schio-Vicenza regional fault systems. Tectonic rock damaging here coexists with high relief stored energy and active deformation, which is testified by present seismicity and cumulative earthquake moment release. Based on updated rock failure ages, slope activity is concentrated at 5-3 and 1 ka, as primarily enhanced by climatic and seismic controls. The analysis of predisposing and driving factors poses the question of present and future landslide hazards for these densely inhabited Alpine valleys.

Spatial correlation between groundwater seepage faces and fault zone in high bedrock channel: method and application

The groundwater may recharge the surface water bodies through seepage faces and springs. The spatial correlation between the fault zones and the groundwater seepage faces results in deep understanding of the hydrogeologic regime, especially where there is no monitoring boreholes. Locating these recharging zones by conventional methods is a challenging task; particularly in areas where (1) there is no hydrogeologic monitoring boreholes or reliable data, (2) private pumps withdraw the stream, and (3) intense canopy limits the use of drones and satellite images. This paper aims to study the relationship between the fault zones and occurrence of the groundwater seepage faces by using the high resolution handheld thermal imaging cameras as a tool to locate the seepage faces along a small river in the Damavand County, north of Iran. The correlation between the structural geology features and occurrence of the groundwater seepage faces revealed that the stream in the study area is being recharged by the groundwater at extensive fault zones. Additionally, this study suggests that the handheld thermal imaging cameras are a useful robust tools to evaluate the surface-groundwater interaction. However, it is essential to use the field structural geologic and hydrogeologic observations to interpret the thermal images.

Porphyry-Related Metamorphosed Au-Ag and Cu-Mo Deposits in the Precambrian of the Fennoscandian Shield

The Pellapahk Cu-Mo and Oleninskoe Au-Ag deposits in the western segment of the Russian Arctic in the Kolmozero–Voronya greenstone belt are considered two parts of an Archean (2.83–2.82 Ga) porphyry-epithermal system, probably the oldest one defined in the Fennoscandian Shield. Formation of the Oleninskoe Au-Ag deposit at the epithermal stage of the system is indicated by the spatial and genetic relationships with the sills of granite porphyry, the geochemical association of ore elements (Au, Ag, Cu, Pb, Sb, As), an Au/Ag ratio of <0.2, and the multiplicity of silver mineralization with different Ag, Cu, Pb, Sb sulfosalts. The geological–structural characteristics of the Oleninskoe and the Pellapahk, i.e., their location in a shear zone, the morphology and size of ore bodies, the scale of the deposits, and the intensity and zoning of rock alteration, do not oppose this model. Mineralized rocks of the Pellapahk Cu-Mo and Oleninskoe Au-Ag deposits were amphibolite metamorphosed in the Neoarchean and again in the Paleoproterozoic. Structures of sulfide melt crystallization formed in the ores during metamorphism, those are fine intergrowths of galena, argentotetrahedrite, pyrargyrite, pyrrhotite, ullmannite, stutzite, and other mineral phases of low-melting-point metals such as Ag, Cu, Pb, Sb, As, Bi.

Destruction process and restoration countermeasures of the ecological environment of a comprehensive geological structure

Aiming at the destruction of the ecological environment of the comprehensive geological structure, the traditional restoration countermeasures have the problems of high input cost and low economic benefits. For this reason, the ecological environment destruction process and restoration countermeasures of the comprehensive geological structure were proposed. The common geological structure characteristics and the impact of activities on the ecological environment in the mining area were analyzed. Based on the analysis results, an evaluation system for the degree of damage to the ecological environment by mining activities was constructed. According to the expert scoring method, a rating standard was developed to measure the degree of damage to the ecological environment. Depending on the degree of damage, appropriate recovery measures were formulated. The experimental results show that compared with the traditional restoration countermeasures, considering the destruction of the ecological environment during the mining process of comprehensive geological structures, the proposed restoration countermeasures have the advantages of low cost and high economic benefits.

Effect of layered geological structures on borehole heat transfer

Borehole heat exchangers, especially deep ones, are usually drilled through different geological layers having varying properties. Homogeneous and layered models can be used for borehole performance predictions. The homogeneous model considers all layers as a single layer having effective properties while the layered model considers all layers separately and gives better accuracy, although it is more complicated and time consuming to calculate. In this study, by considering real geological structures, thermal performance predictions of a deep borehole are made using both homogeneous and layered models and the results are compared to examine how predictions differ from each other depending on the statistical characteristics of geological structures. An analytical expression is derived for the relation between statistical characteristics and deviations from the predictions of the homogeneous model. The magnitudes of deviations are very small and essentially depend on the variance of the difference for the thermal properties of the layers and a time decaying function. The results help to understand how horizontally layered geological structures influence borehole performance and when we need a layered model.

Features of Geological Structure, Magmatism and Ore Formation of Bakyrchik ore Field Deposits

Features of Geological Structure, Magmatism and Ore Formation of Bakyrchik ore Field Deposits

New evaluation and prediction method to determine the risk of water inrush from mining coal seam floor

The aim of this study is to remedy the existing problems in the prediction methods of water inrush from the mining coal seam floor. This paper analyzes a large number of water inrush cases and proposes that there are four main factors, namely water pressure and water abundance of the confined karst aquifer in the mine floor, the lithological thickness and characteristics of different structures of aquiclude in the mine floor, the geotectonic characteristics of the aquifer and aquiclude, and mining ground pressure, which affect water inrush from the mining coal seam floor. Based on structural and damage mechanics, a mechanical model of homogeneously fractured weak rock stratum is established for the water-impermeable layer of the floor, 354 points of water inrush are used to investigate and analyze, critical curve equation of P vs. M of mine floor is determined and the primary factor that affects water inrush from the mine floor is obtained. Combined with the geological structure characteristics, the three-grade evaluation and prediction model is established for water inrush from mining coal seam floor. The results can be used toward a new evaluation and prediction method of water inrush from the mine floor.

Morphometric and structural diagnosis of fault reactivation in the Cenozoic: a case study of the Blumenau-Soledade Lineament in southern Brazil

Abstract The hypothesis that geomorphometric parameters and structural-geological features are diagnostic of reactivation of the Blumenau-Soledade Lineament in central-western Santa Catarina, Brazil was tested by confronting data on asymmetry, elongation, morphological markers, drainage patterns, and river anomalies of the Pelotinhas catchment and structural data for the Serra Geral Group (Parana Basin). The results indicate reactivation of the lineament as a dextral strike-slip fault, as the cause of an associated morphostructure characterized by an escarpment along the left bank of the river as well as being responsible for catchment asymmetry and morphometric anomalies. Although fault data indicate paleostress correlatable to regional tectonic events described in the literature, we propose that the earliest paleostress pulse possibly was active during the Paleocene-Eocene transition, with σ1 oriented NE-SW and σ3 NW-SE. In the early Paleogene, the stress system evolved as an extensional pulse. During the Paleogene and early Neogene, the paleostress field rotated with reorientation of the σ1 axis between NNW and NNE. The current tectonic regime was established between the Late Pleistocene and Holocene, with compressional stress σ1 oriented approximately WNW-ESE and σ3 NNE-SSW, as it generally occurs in the South American Plate.

Ризики та загрози господарській діяльності під час засвоєння ресурсів у береговій зоні морів

The article discusses and systematizes the most important risks associated with the economic assimilation of natural resources of the coastal zone of the seas. This is necessary to strengthen the fight against negative natural and artificial processes that negatively affect the state of the coastal zone and the high quality of the coastal environment. This question has always been relevant, but there is not a single special work on this topic in Coastal Studies. To achieve the goal of this work, the following tasks were solved: a) adopt the basic concepts and definitions in the text of the article; B) identify risks in the coastal zone, as opposed to risks on land; C) type risks in the coastal zone of the seas; d) analyze each of the risks. We have reviewed and analyzed the 10 most important risks and indicated ways and means to overcome them. Each differs from all the others within a particular sea in origin, geological structure, sediment balance, biogenic and hydrochemical features, morphology and dynamics. Therefore, anthropogenic impact and natural hazards create different types of risks and threats to the nature of the coastal zone, on the one hand, and on the other — for economic objects and buildings. A critical review of research materials in the coastal zone of the Black and Azov seas (examples on other seas are taken for comparison) showed the ability to identify the ten most important risks in the process of assimilation of Natural Resources in the coastal zone and perform an appropriate natural justification. Their analysis showed that the most important and dangerous risks are associated with a violation of the balance of sediments, with the lack of data on the long-term dynamics of the abrasive and accumulative Coast, underestimation of the interaction processes of the surface and underwater parts of the coastal zone, with the unsuccessful use of hydraulic structures that do not harmonize with the coastal environment of a particular lithodynamic cell. It was most effective to take into account a certain set of risks and threats, within different lithodynamic systems, with different physical and geographical conditions, with different goals and objectives for the natural justification of a particular design in the coastal zone of the sea. In this aggregate, each type of risk (threat).

Pseudo 3D seismic using kriging interpolation

Seismic method is one of geophysical method that is used to determine subsurface condition of the earth. There are two types of seismic data, 2D seismic and 3D seismic. The advantages of using 3D seismic data is it has less uncertainty for imaging the earth subsurface. However, the cost to acquire 3D data is higher than producing 2D data, thus some company needs to invest more money to be able to get a better data quality. One of the ways to have 3D seismic data without having to spend a lot of money is by creating a 3D pseudo seismic data from 2D seismic data. The purpose of this research is to create a 3D pseudo seismic data by using a geostatistical method. The geostatistical method that is used in this research is Kriging interpolation. By the help of Petrel software, kriging interpolation is done to create the 3D seismic. The pseudo 3D seismic results show a good image such as difference in amplitude, also structural geology features of subsurface. In conclusion, the use of kriging interpolation in pseudo 3D seismic still needs more work and development so the results will be good for the next interpretation steps.

Geological structure of the northern part of the Kara Shelf near the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago according to recent studies

Until recently, the North of the Kara Shelf was completely unexplored by seismic methods. Seismic and seismo-acoustic data that have appeared in recent years have made it possible to decipher features of the regional geological structure. This study solves the urgent problem of determining the prospects for the oil and gas potential of the North Kara sedimentary basin. The relevance of the research is associated with determining the prospects of the oil and gas potential of the North Kara sedimentary basin. The aim of the study is to clarify the age of the reflecting horizons using data on the geology of the island, as well as to determine the tectonic position of the sedimentary cover and basement structures in the north of the Kara shelf. The sedimentary cover is divided into three structural levels: Cambrian-Devonian, Middle Carboniferous-Cretaceous, Miocene-Quarter. The Cambrian-Devonian complex fills the deep troughs of the North Kara shelf. The most noticeable discontinuity is the base of Carboniferous-Permian rocks, lying on the eroded surface of folded Silurian-Devonian seismic complexes. The blanket-like plate part of the cover is composed of thin Carbon-Quarter complexes. The authors came to the conclusion that the fold structures of the Taimyr-Severozemelskiy fold belt gradually degenerate towards the Kara sedimentary basin and towards the continental slope of the Eurasian basin of the Arctic Ocean. A chain of narrow uplifts within the seabed relief, which correspond to narrow anticlines is traced to the West of the Severnaya Zemlya islands. Paleozoic rocks have subhorizontal bedding further to the West, within the Kara shelf. Mesozoic folding in the North of the Kara Sea is expressed exclusively in a weak activation of movements along faults. At the neotectonic stage, the shelf near Severnaya Zemlya was raised and the Mesozoic complexes were eroded. The modern seismic activity of the North Zemlya shelf is associated with the ongoing formation of the continental margin.

Multi-Phase Tectonic Movements and Their Controls on Coalbed Methane: A Case Study of No. 9 Coal Seam from Eastern Yunnan, SW China

Multi-phase tectonic movements and complex geological structures limit the exploration and hotspot prediction of coalbed methane (CBM) in structurally complex areas. This scientific problem is still not fully understood, particularly in the Bumu region, Southwest China. The present paper analyses the occurrence characteristics and distribution of CBM based on the comprehensive analysis of CBM data. In combination with the analysis of the regional tectonics setting, geological structure features and tectonic evolution. The control action of multi-phase tectonic movements on CBM occurrence are further discussed. Results show that the Indosinian local deformation, Yanshanian intense deformation, and Himalayan secondary derived deformation formed the current tectonic framework of Enhong synclinorium. The intense tectonic compression and dextral shear action in the Yanshanian and Himalayan movements caused the complex geological structures in Bumu region, composed of the Enhong syncline, associated reverse faults and late derived normal fault. The CBM distribution is complex, which has the central and western NNE-trending high gas content zones along the syncline hinge zone and the reverse faults. The geological structure controls on CBM enrichment are definite and important. Based on geological structure features and responses of gas content, methane concentration, and gas content gradient, the gas controlling patterns of geological structure are determined and can be classified into five types: the reverse fault sealing, syncline sealing, monoclinal enrichment, normal fault dispersion, and buried floor fault dispersion types. The structural compression above the neutral surface plays an important role in the syncline sealing process, which is indicated by an increase in gas content gradient. The EW-trending tectonic intense compression and dextral shear action in the Himalayan movement avoided the negative inversion of NNE-trending Yanshanian compressive structure and its destruction of CBM reservoir. However, the chronic uplift and derived normal fault during Himalayan period caused the constant dissipation of CBM.

Geological justification for increasing the efficiency of development of deposits of hard-to-recover oil reserves in the collectors of the Tyumen arch of the Surgut (Western Siberia)

The article deals with the results of studies of the geological structure features of the US2 oil-bearing stratum in the upper part of Tyumen suite (a case study of the Surgut arch fields). Object US2 is represented by low-permeability reservoirs with complex facies variability and an uneven distribution of reservoir properties over area and section, characterized by a thin-layered structure. In this regard, the oil reserves of the US2 structure are naturally classified as hard-torecover, requiring additional work to further study its structure and features for effective development of oil reserves. The facies of river channels, riverbank shoals and sands of floodplain spills were identified, based on the analysis of geological and geophysical materials: 3D seismic survey, core studies, well testing data, sampling and dynamics of wells operation in the area of the deposits in the upper part of the US2 horizon. Based on the analysis of the detailed correlation, three types of section of the US2/1 formation were identified, differing in the nature of the reservoir spread. Based on the 3D seismic survey data, in order to clarify the structure of the US2 formation, a dynamic analysis of the attributes of the seismic record was carried out. Significant coefficients of cross-correlation between the dynamic characteristics and production parameters of the US2/1 formation were not obtained. It is necessary to develop optimal methods for exploration and clarification of the features of the geological structure and forecasting the distribution of reservoir properties, rational methods and approaches to the development of hard-to-recover reserves of Tyumen suite objects with a complex distribution of reservoir properties and variability of productive thicknesses.