There is a lack of empirical research that test theories regarding Black male mental health treatment disparities. The present study evaluates a theory that explains Black men’s beliefs, perceptions of specific structural racism, and cultural barriers to mental health (CBMH) treatment. Structural equation modeling ( N = 240) was used to estimate and compare primary and competing structural models. Maximum likelihood estimation with Satorra-Bentler (SB) standard errors were used. A model showing tripartite police fear (TPF) was positively correlated to Black men’s perceptions of CBMH treatment demonstrated the best fit with the data. After adding one theoretically relevant correlated error, the model was no longer significantly different than the optimal saturated model. Policy and cognitive-behavioral practice implications of the study are discussed.

Pre-implementation findings on the barriers and potential solutions to initiate same-day antiretroviral therapy among people who inject drugs in Malaysia.

ABSTRACT Research on platform delivery has paid little attention to riders’ health conditions. However, what are the consequences of pedaling for hours or waiting for an order that does not arrive, carrying heavy loads, moving around the city in adverse weather conditions, the fear of police stops, or the anxiety when failing the facial recognition system of delivery apps? Based on ethnographic research in the city of Zaragoza, Spain, our article traces how the constant and fragmented im/mobilities of digital food delivery impact riders’ bodies. Drawing from Migration and Mobility Studies on the one hand, and from the field of Dis/Ability Studies on the other, this original perspective enables to unveil how platform delivery labor entails deep and differentiated levels of wear-and-tear. Our notion of “delivery depletion” points to the embodied result of im/mobilities induced by capitalist forms of platform delivery upon a series of populations formally excluded from standard employment.

This hate crimes study uses a structural violence framework and Cox proportional hazards regression to examine time to arrest for perpetrators. The analysis focuses on incidents that occurred between 2019 and 2024 in New York City. Data were retrieved from the NYC Open Data portal and represent police-reported hate crimes. Results reveal that arrests take longer for felonies, assaults, and cases involving Asian and Jewish victims, while cases involving Muslim and White victims tend to be resolved more quickly. Borough-level differences were less predictive than offense type or victim identity. The study highlights disparities in law enforcement response, suggesting that systemic biases may shape justice outcomes. Additionally, the lower number of hate crimes reported by Hispanics could suggest fear of police. These findings have significant implications for public health, equity, and trust in institutions tasked with addressing hate violence.

Abstract Research SummaryOn January 31, 2023, British Columbia (BC) launched a 3‐year pilot initiative decriminalizing the possession of up to 2.5 g of select illegal drugs. The policy aims to reduce stigma, address racial disparities in drug law enforcement, and improve police relations with people who use drugs (PWUD). As part of a national evaluation, we conducted qualitative interviews with 100 PWUD who reported using drugs at least three times a week across BC between October 2023 and February 2024. Participants, diverse in sociodemographics, drug use patterns, and police interaction histories, largely reported an adversarial relationship with police, marked by historical mistreatment and the targeting of individuals based on aspects of their social identity, such as ethnicity, housing status, and other visible markers. Despite police generally adhering to the policy, some participants reported unlawful drug seizures, reinforcing mistrust. Although some noted reduced fear of police, most felt their negative perceptions persisted post‐decriminalization, highlighting a need for further police education and training to address stigma and inconsistent enforcement.Policy ImplicationsOur findings underscore the need for improved police education and training through better standardization, with an emphasis on promoting consistency and increased transparency, particularly in the use of discretion. Training should also address the impact of systemic racism and discriminatory policing practices to foster equitable interactions with PWUD. Further consideration of alternative nonpunitive legal approaches, alongside expanded harm reduction services, treatment options, social supports (such as housing), and community‐based initiatives, could be highly beneficial. Continued monitoring and evaluation of the policy's impact on PWUD is essential.

Weaving together relational approaches to collective action as well as the concepts of platform architecture and social media affordances, this qualitative study examines the manifestation and contestation of worker solidarity in the platform-mediated gig economy. Based on semi-structured interviews with 30 participants—including riders and labor rights group members involved in the 2021–2022 Foodpanda delivery rider strikes—this article offers a relational and processual view of how worker solidarity was formed, consolidated, and contested throughout the strikes in Hong Kong’s post-union era. The analysis reveals that riders’ grievances against Foodpanda emerged in response to the evolving platform architecture, while non-workplace factors such as the sociopolitical context further shaped riders’ repertoires of action. Riders strategically utilized interpersonal communication networks and various social media affordances to mobilize and strengthen solidarity. Worker solidarity, however, was contested due to internal conflicts among riders and the fear of police. Algorithmic control also serves as a repressive tool to demobilize workers. Thus, solidarity was fragmented and transient. This study theorizes the platform architecture as part of the dynamic process through which worker solidarity is mobilized and contested. It contributes to understanding the varieties of platform labor unrest by examining the relational dynamics of worker solidarity in the changing political context where labor power is likely to be weakened. As such, platform labor unrest is deeply embedded within a wider platform ecology and socio-political context, where workers mobilize among themselves and interact with their opponents, alliances, and other social actors.

The rise of Trump ignited smoldering xenophobia throughout the U.S. As a result of Trump’s election, punitive and restrictive immigration policies were passed and have not been lifted. Consequently, punitive enforcement of immigrant populations has increased nationwide specifically in Texas. For instance, a significant increase in deportation, arrest, and detainment of immigrants, the reduction of humanitarian protection, random punitive immigration enforcement, and fewer opportunities for legal immigration have occurred since Trump’s presidency. Although research has observed that first-generation immigrants are more trustful and have more positive perceptions of police when compared to later generations, previous research has observed various factors influence immigrant perceptions of police. Investigation into immigrant perceptions of police during Trump’s first year in office, combined with the analysis of unexplored constructs (e.g., “the talk”) would improve our understanding of factors influencing perceptions across generations. The current study will investigate: (1) Does immigrant generation status influence fear of police during Trump’s first year in office; (2) Is the fear of police mediated through receiving “the talk”? Mediation analysis will be conducted to investigate the research questions.

Background This study aimed to determine factors influencing help-seeking, accessing treatment and sustaining recovery among Filipino PWUDs during the country’s war against drugs. Methods Purposive sampling was used with respondents recommended by program managers or community facilitators of community-based drug rehabilitation programs. In-depth interviews with clients and their families were conducted in 17 local government units across 8 regions in the Philippines. Transcripts were analyzed using Nvivo 12. Results The results highlight barriers to help-seeking, including the PWUDs’ belief that they don’t need help, fear of police and incarceration, stigma and discrimination. Enablers to help seeking and treatment adherence were motivation to change, accessible treatment options and family support. Community acceptance, quality of care of service providers, and support of community leaders enabled both help-seeking and recovery. Conclusion The findings suggest the impact of a punitive approach and the need to reframe drug use as a health issue. Results also suggest the need to reduce stigma and discrimination and promote positive messaging to enable help-seeking, adherence, and recovery.

Unaccompanied children who do not or cannot access the child protection system in Türkiye often become engaged in child labor and find themselves living in precarity. This paper highlights narratives of survival within their culturally-assumed transition to manhood based on empirical research on the life experiences of 12 unaccompanied, male Afghan youth who came to Türkiye as unaccompanied children. These narratives reflect patriarchal culture, particularly the Taliban’s extreme manifestations of patriarchy, both in a context of war and violence. Unaccompanied Afghan children migrate for survival and, after dangerous journeys, live as irregular migrants. Their daily life is marked by (1) fear of police and deportation, (2) child labor, (3) long and challenging work routines, (4) lack of leisure time, schooling, adult protection or support and (5) lack of social security. As a result, they develop survival strategies to manage their precarious lives. Their narratives share commonalities focusing on the conditionalities of constructing manhood.

PurposeAn identification card facilitates access to municipal services for migrants with precarious status (MPS) in Montreal. The purpose of this study was to explore from MPS’ perspective the utility of the identity (ID) card and its influence on social inclusion for MPS.Design/methodology/approachA sequential explanatory mixed methods design was used. First, a descriptive phone survey was administered (n = 119). Associations between ID card use and levels of social inclusion were assessed using ordinal logistic regression. Second, semi-structured interviews (n = 12) were done with purposely selected participants. Results were mixed using a statistics-by-theme approach.FindingsResults showed that ID card users compared to nonusers reported higher levels of participation in society and more control/independence in daily life. No statistical associations were found between card use and sense of belonging nor sense of safety. Interviews highlighted that the ID card enabled participation in socio-recreational activities and perceived empowerment. A heightened sense of belonging was also found. Interview participants expressed fear of police despite owning the ID card.Practical implicationsOverall, although the municipal ID card promoted social inclusion for MPS, there is a need to render the ID card official to fully achieve this goal. Findings can inform the creation of public policies that foster inclusion and health of MPS in cities around the world.Originality/valueEvaluation from MPS’ perspectives of the first ID card program of its kind in Canada.

ABSTRACT Psychometric research is necessary to facilitate reliable and valid measurement of Black men’s perceptions of cultural trauma. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the factor structure and internal consistency of the Cultural Trauma Scale (CuTS), using a more parsimonious factor model. The study used a community-engaged framework and was approved by an Institutional Review Board for research with human participants. A principal component analysis with equamax rotation (N = 240) was conducted. The CuTS factors were replicated and measured constructs of Tripartite Police Fear (Cronbach’s alpha = .83), Beliefs about America and It’s Justice System (Cronbach’s alpha = .84), Black Injustice Emotions (Cronbach’s alpha = .74), Cognitive-Behavioral Coping (Cronbach’s alpha = .75), Willingness to Seek Cultural Trauma Treatment (Cronbach’s alpha = .74), and Resilience (Cronbach’s alpha = .64). The pattern/structure coefficients within these subscales ranged from .50 to .87. With a slight variation, the results of the present study replicated the initial CuTS factor structure using a more parsimonious measurement model. The factorial validity and internal consistency of the CuTS will advance the reliable and valid measure of Black-oriented constructs among Black men.

Issues of systemic racism, mass incarceration, and cultural trauma (CT) are linked to emotional sequelae sufficient for treatment. However, attempts to explain the psychosocial reactions of Black American (BA) men to racial injustice and treat CT must be considered in the context of the current and past structural environments in which they live. The purpose of the present study was to obtain in-depth, thick description of two related factors: BA males' perceptions of injustice during the racial pandemic and the consequent psychosocial implications for theory and treatment. An interview guide addressing racial injustice, CT, and coping was used to conduct individual and focus groups' interviews with 20 BA men. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The qualitative analysis found five themes that collectively fulfilled the study's aims: (1) A violation of the social contract for Black American men, (2) Black American male distrust for police, (3) tripartite Black American male, police fear and heterogeneous emotions, (4) spiritual, technological, appraisal, and relational Black American male coping for racial injustice, and (5) Black American male resilience despite permanence of the racial status quo. As it pertains to BA male racial injustice and the residual CT, the qualitative data suggested multidimensional interventions that are cognitive-behavioral and structural in nature may be worthy of further empirical investigation. From a CT intervention perspective, the five emerging themes can be directly translated into cognitive-behavioral principles regarding therapeutic rapport, cultural adaptation, emphasis on positivity, and collaborative empiricism when working with BA men. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

ABSTRACT This paper addresses the effects and consequences of police checks in Swiss cities. In our participatory and collaborative research, we focus on the perspectives of those for whom racial profiling is part of everyday life. Using a theoretical perspective of subjectivation, we draw on thirty qualitative interviews with members of racialized minorities. We analyse not only the immediate effects of stop and searches such as feelings of humiliation, powerlessness and self-accusation but also long-term consequences such as the restriction of one’s own movement in public spaces, fear of police, social withdrawal and loss of trust in state authorities. Ultimately, we examine the tactics and forms of resistance comprising elements of specific subjectivities that individuals use to deal with racial profiling.

Abstract Victimization of police officers when discharging their duties is not a new phenomenon. In challenging those who seek to undermine legislative provision, there is a clear motive for some sections of society to articulate an anti-police sentiment. Such resistance may be a commonplace among those who see the role of police as agitating and disrupting criminal enterprise. This article explores the concept of anti-police sentiment and fear of victimization among police officers while also exploring the mediating effect of officers’ perception of organizational support. Using survey data from the UK, an assessment is made of the lived experience of law enforcement personnel, in respect of how they perceive the threats to which they are subjected and the influence of perceived organizational support (POS) of their employer. Findings show that increased perception of anti-police sentiment is associated with increased fear of victimization among UK police officers, but that effect is mediated by POS.

Supervised injection facilities (SIFs) are medically supervised facilities designed to provide a hygienic environment in which drug users can consume illicit drugs intravenously. SIFs can be cost saving, help to reduce transmission of disease, and decrease drug overdoses. There are no SIFs in the United States. In this study we used a multiple case study design to understand the stigma surrounding the use of a SIF and the feasibility of implementing the drug prevention strategy in Baltimore City by comparing experiences with opening a SIF in Sydney, Australia. We interviewed one healthcare worker at the Sydney SIF and ten community stakeholders in Baltimore City. Interviewees were asked about community stigma of SIFs, drug use, and feasibility of opening a SIF in Baltimore City. Six overarching themes were established including lack of trust, lack of public education, fear of police, concern about efficacy of harm reduction programs, drug user stigma, and concerns about implementation. Findings suggest that stigma surrounding drug use and drug users is the most important aspect in shaping the participant's varied perceptions of SIFs. Participants believed that for any change to occur, there must be multi-tiered collaboration at the level of government, healthcare, community, and law enforcement.

Since the 1970s, the state response to intimate partner violence (IPV) has increasingly become one of criminalization-particularly police intervention. Little is known, however, about marginalized women's experiences with the police within a context of intimate partner violence in Canada. Drawing on interviews with 90 battered immigrant women, this study examines which women contact the police, why some do not, and what characterizes their experiences when the police are involved in an IPV incident. This study demonstrates that while the women who called the police were demographically similar to those who did not call, the women who called reported much greater levels of physical abuse. Findings indicate that general fear of the police and fear of police being racist or culturally insensitive continue to be important reasons why women do not call the police. Notably, the majority of women who had contact with the police reported the encounter as positive.

Drug-law enforcement constitutes a structural determinant of health among people who inject drugs (PWID). Street encounters between police and PWID (e.g., syringe confiscation, physical assault) have been associated with health harms, but these relationships have not been systematically assessed. We conducted a systematic literature review to evaluate the contribution of policing to risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among PWID. We screened MEDLINE, sociological databases, and gray literature for studies published from 1981 to November 2018 that included estimates of HIV infection/risk behaviors and street policing encounters. We extracted and summarized quantitative findings from all eligible studies. We screened 8,201 abstracts, reviewed 175 full-text articles, and included 27 eligible analyses from 9 countries (Canada, China, India, Malaysia, Mexico, Russia, Thailand, Ukraine, and the United States). Heterogeneity in variable and endpoint selection precluded meta-analyses. In 5 (19%) studies, HIV infection among PWID was significantly associated with syringe confiscation, reluctance to buy/carry syringes for fear of police, rushed injection due to a police presence, fear of arrest, being arrested for planted drugs, and physical abuse. Twenty-one (78%) studies identified policing practices to be associated with HIV risk behaviors related to injection drug use (e.g., syringe-sharing, using a "shooting gallery"). In 9 (33%) studies, policing was associated with PWID avoidance of harm reduction services, including syringe exchange, methadone maintenance, and safe consumption facilities. Evidence suggests that policing shapes HIV risk among PWID, but lower-income settings are underrepresented. Curbing injection-related HIV risk necessitates additional structural interventions. Methodological harmonization could facilitate knowledge generation on the role of police as a determinant of population health.

“It's like super structural” – Overdose experiences of youth who use drugs and police in three non-metropolitan cities across British Columbia

Respondent-driven sampling (RDS) has been widely used for recruiting hard-to-sample populations, particularly men who have sex with men and people who inject drugs from large urban centers. The aim of this article was to examine the feasibility of using RDS among nonmetropolitan youth who use drugs. Between May 2017 and June 2018, RDS was used to recruit youth who use drugs, ages 16–30, in three nonmetropolitan Canadian cities. All participants completed a 1-hr interviewer-administered survey. Youth received $25 for the interview, up to five coupons to recruit peers and $5 per coupon returned. Crude and RDS-weighted descriptive statistics were produced using RDS-II weights as were homophily (the tendency for people to be similar) and network size estimates. Statistically significant differences between seeds and recruits were identified using logistic regression. A subsample of recruits participated in qualitative interviews ( n = 38). Data from these interviews were inductively analyzed to identify barriers that could be used to explain the challenges with chain-referral recruitment among this population. In total, 449 youth were recruited. Due to unproductive chains, 57.2% ( n = 257) of the sample was comprised of seeds and 322 (72%) did not have a single coupon returned. Barriers to recruiting other youth included logistical challenges, fear of police, concerns about confidentiality, stigma of substance use, and poor financial incentive. Our study shows that RDS can be used to reach younger participants but also highlights the need for formative research and flexibility in recruitment to help mitigate unsuccessful RDS among nonmetropolitan youth who use drugs.

Background: Laws and their enforcement act as structural determinants of health. Among people who inject drugs (PWID) in numerous global settings, police encounters (e.g. syringe confiscation, physical assault) have been associated with health harms. However, these relationships have not yet been systematically assessed. We conducted a systematic literature review to quantify the contribution of policing to HIV risk among PWID. Methods: We screened MEDLINE, sociological databases and grey literature for studies conducted from 1981-November 2018 that included estimates of HIV infection/risk behaviors and policing practices adversely related to PWID health. Abstracts containing valid associations were selected for further review. We extracted and summarized quantitative findings from eligible studies. Findings: We screened 8,201 abstracts, reviewed 175 full-text articles and included 27 eligible analyses from nine countries (Russia, Mexico, USA, Canada, Ukraine, Thailand, Malaysia, China and India). Heterogeneity in variable and endpoint selection precluded meta-analyses. In 6 (22%)% studies, HIV infection among PWID was significantly associated with policing, including syringe confiscation, reluctance to buy or carry syringes for fear of police, rushed injection due to police presence, fear of arrest, being arrested for planted drugs, and physical abuse. Examining injection-related HIV risk behaviors as analytical endpoints, 16 (59)% studies identified policing practices to be independently associated with syringe sharing, shooting gallery utilization, and seeking informal injection assistance. In 9 (33%), policing was associated with PWID avoidance of harm reduction services, including syringe exchange, methadone maintenance, and safe consumption facilities. Most studies focused on high-income settings. Interpretation: Globally, evidence suggests that policing substantially shapes the HIV risk environment for PWID, but lower-income settings are underrepresented in research. Curbing injection-related HIV risk may necessitate additional structural interventions. Methodological harmonization could facilitate knowledge generation on the role of police as a determinant of population health. Funding: This work was supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse [grant numbers R01DA039073, K01DA043421(JC)] and the UCSD Center for AIDS Research (CFAR) [International Pilot Grant NIAID 5P30AI036214]. Declaration of Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. Ethics Approval Statement: The authors conducted a systematic literature review in accordance with PRISMA guidelines that has been registered with PROSPERO, the international prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO Registration #CRD42018105967).