Favored Location Research Articles

Revealing Disorder, Sorption Locations and a Sorption-Induced Single Crystal-Single Crystal Transformation in a Rare-Earth fcu-Type Metal-Organic Framework.

Rare-earth metal-organic frameworks (RE-MOFs) formed in the presence of fluoride donors are a group of complex and applicable MOFs. Determining structural complexity is crucial in applying such MOFs and has been achieved to uncover framework disorders in the important fcu framework topology MOF, Y-ndc-fcu-MOF (1). 1 is found to contain F- groups disordered over the μ3-face-capping sites in its secondary building unit (SBU) and framework distortions upon sorption of different guest molecules. The favored location of the guests is within the octahedral cage of 1 where they interact with the Y3+ centers. The size, shape, and interactions of the different guests lead to subtle distortions within the SBU and adoption of specific orientations of the naphthalene group of the 1,4-naphthalenedicarboxylate framework linkers. The sorption of DMF(l)/H2O(l) lowers the symmetry from cubic Fm3̅m (for MeOH(l), N2(g), CO2(gorl)) to cubic Pa3̅ (for DMF(l)/H2O(l)) symmetry with retention of the fcu topology, and conversion between the Pa3̅ and Fm3̅m structures is induced by solvent exchange. Such disorder and sorption locations and transformation are important considerations during the optimization and application of MOFs for sorption-based technologies.

Protopine and Allocryptopine Interactions with Plasma Proteins

A comprehensive study of the interactions of human serum albumin (HSA) and α-1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) with two isoquinoline alkaloids, i.e., allocryptopine (ACP) and protopine (PP), was performed. The UV-Vis spectroscopy, molecular docking, competitive binding assays, and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy were used for the investigations. The results showed that ACP and PP form spontaneous and stable complexes with HSA and AAG, with ACP displaying a stronger affinity towards both proteins. Molecular docking studies revealed the preferential binding of ACP and PP to specific sites within HSA, with site 2 (IIIA) being identified as the favored location for both alkaloids. This was supported by competitive binding assays using markers specific to HSA’s drug binding sites. Similarly, for AAG, a decrease in fluorescence intensity upon addition of the alkaloids to AAG/quinaldine red (QR) complexes indicated the replacement of the marker by the alkaloids, with ACP showing a greater extent of replacement than PP. CD spectroscopy showed that the proteins’ structures remained largely unchanged, suggesting that the formation of complexes did not significantly perturb the overall spatial configuration of these macromolecules. These findings are crucial for advancing the knowledge on the natural product–protein interactions and the future design of isoquinoline alkaloid-based therapeutics.

Can natural scenes cue attention to multiple locations? Evidence from eye-movements in contextual cueing

Humans find visual targets more quickly when the target appears at the same location in a repeated configuration of other stimuli. However, when the target alternates between two locations in the repeated configuration, the benefit for visual search is smaller. This reduction of benefits has been explained as the result of an averaging of a benefit for one location and a cost for the other location. In two experiments, we investigated this two-target-locations effect in real-world scenes using high-resolution eye-tracking. Experiment 1 adapted a study in which subjects searched for a small “T” or “L” superimposed on real-world photographs. Half of the trials showed repeated scenes with one possible target location each; half showed novel scenes. We replicated the pronounced contextual cueing effect in real-world scenes. In Experiment 2, two conditions were added. In one of them, targets appeared in repeated scenes alternating between two possible locations per scene. In the other condition, targets appeared in repeated scenes but at new locations, constrained to one side of the screen. Subjects were faster to search for and identify a target in repeated scenes than in novel scenes, including when the scene was paired with two alternating target locations and (after extensive training) even when the scene only predicted the hemifield. Separate analyses on the two possible target locations resulted in rejection of the suggestion of costs for the additional target location, since the contextual cueing effect was present in the second half of the experiment for both the favored and the less favored target location. The eye-tracking data demonstrated that contextual cueing influences searching fixations, characteristic of attentional guidance, rather than responding fixations, characteristic of facilitation of response processes. Further, these data revealed that adding another possible target location leads to less guidance, rather than impeding response processes. Thus, this study delivers evidence for a flexible and attentional guidance mechanism that is able to prioritize more than one location in natural contexts.

Ribosomal intergenic spacers are filled with transposon remnants.

Eukaryotic ribosomal DNA (rDNA) comprises tandem units of highly-conserved coding genes separated by rapidly-evolving spacer DNA. The spacers of all 12 species examined were filled with short direct repeats (DRs) and multiple long tandem repeats (TRs), completing the rDNA maps that previously contained unannotated and inadequately studied sequences. The external transcribed spacers also were filled with DRs and some contained TRs. We infer that the spacers arose from transposon insertion, followed by their imprecise excision, leaving short DRs characteristic of transposon visitation. The spacers provided a favored location for transposon insertion because they occupy loci containing hundreds to thousands of gene repeats. The spacers' primary cellular function may be to link one rRNA transcription unit to the next, whereas transposons flourish here because they have colonized the most frequently-used part of the genome.

Efficiency of C = Se as hydrogen bond acceptor in controlling regioselective amination of 5,7-dinitroquinazoline-4-selenone: Quantum mechanical, AIM and docking analysis by density functional method

Herein, we explored the theoretical aspect of reaction between 5,7-dinitroquinazoline-4-selenone and methylamine by employing density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The energetic parameters confirmed that the reaction progressed via. concerted mechanism with the single step process instead of two step process via intermediate formation. Further, role of Se = C bond as non-conventional H-bond acceptor is reported in reaction controlling factors that monitors the regioselectivity of the present proposed reaction. Despite of substantial steric hindrance at ortho-position of 5,7-dinitroquinazoline-4-selenones, the regioselective amination resulted into ortho-substituted product (P2) rather than para-substituted product (P1) attributed to non-conventional NH---Se = C intramolecular hydrogen bonding. The topological properties of the electron density distributions have been studied by using quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM). The presence of non-conventional hydrogen bond acceptor–donor interactions (NH---Se = C) in ortho-positioned amination is achieved by electron density ρ(r) and Laplacian of electron density ∇2ρ(r) in QTAIM analysis and supported the results of DFT studies hybrid with B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) basis set. Due to the lack of intramolecular hydrogen bonding interactions (NH---Se = C), the para-positioned amination on 5,7-dinitroquinazoline-4-selenone is founded to be less feasible. Further, the DFT technique has been used to investigate frontier molecular orbital (FMO) analysis and global reactive parameters using the aforesaid level of theory and basis set. HOMO-LUMO analysis revealed that ortho-substituted product (P2) has a wider energy gap (3.0684 eV) than para-substituted product (P1) (2.6402 eV) suggesting more stability of P2. The presence of hydrogen bonding interactions is further confirmed by the change in electrostatic potential regions in ortho-substituted product (P2) as compared to reactants in molecular electrostatic potential surface (MEPS) studies. Both para-substituted product (P1) and ortho-substituted product (P2) have been docked into the protein 5FCT's active site to predict favored binding location, activity and affinity by using docking studies.

『전경』에 기록된 사명당(四明堂)의 풍수 물형(物形) 연구

This study investigates if four propitious sites (四明堂, sa myeongdang) identified in Daesoon Jinrihoe’s The Canonical Scripture correspond with the orthodox descriptions of dragon, energy hub, sand, and water (龍穴砂水, yong hyeol sa su) which are held by Fengshui as conditions necessary for that specific designation. In this study, these conditions, based on the shape of the site-formations, were observed via through on-site surveys and the application of the theories presented by traditional books on Fengshui. First, the dragon veins (龍脈, yongmaek) of the energy hub of the Five Immortals Playing Baduk (五仙圍碁穴 oseonwigi-hyeol) on Mount Hoemun in Sunchang consists of solid soil, is like a spiderweb, rises and lays prone, winds in every direction, and looks almost disconnected while actually remaining connected. Second, the Fengshui characteristics of the energy hub of Worship Held by Buddhist Monks from Abroad (胡僧禮佛穴, hoseungyebul-hyeol) on Mount Seungdal in Muan is that the branching feet (枝脚 jigak) support the mountain range by forming a valley to the left and right of the dragon veins that stretch from the peak of Mount Seungdal. Also, the direction-changing helm (橈棹 yodo) supports the mountain range solidly can be said to be well-developed. It is likewise noted that there is an excellent change in dragon veins in that exhibit curvature that spans being high, low, rising, and lying. This makes it appear as though the dragon is wriggling back and forth. Third, the state of the energy hub of Celestial Maidens Weaving Silk (仙女織錦穴, seonnyojikgeum-hyeol) on Sonryong Ridge in Jangseong County demonstrates overall harmony between mountain and water as it is near Mount Ju and Mount An and has a solid water outlet to which it is tightly fastened such that its energy does not leak out. Meanwhile, the positioning of its blue dragon of the east, red phoenix of the south, white tiger of the west, and black tortoise of the north is so intimate that its long flow can be said to be spinning. The Songryong Ridge area where energy hub was formed between soil and bedrock is the right land for a great favored location as it corresponds with Fengshui logic in an exemplary manner. Fourth, the Fengshui characteristics of the energy hub of Subjects Receiving the Imperial Command (群臣奉詔穴, gunshinbongjo-hyeol) at Baerye-jeon Field in Taein can be described as embracing the village snuggly as it centers around Mount Wangja, and its blue dragon and white tiger respond to each other. Additionally, a clear distinction between host and guest is noticeable in the positions of Mount Ju and Mount An. The flowing body of water in front of the village wraps around that village as a Horizontal Water Formation (橫水局, hoengsuguk), and vigorous vapor from the earth draws breath as the yin-yang energy of the landscape courses through the earth. As dragon veins, the range of the mountain, are like the blood vessels within the human body and the dragon is compared to the limbs, the energy hub of Subjects Receiving the Imperial Command at Baerye-jeon Field in Taein can be identified as a favored location that was formed directly by the sky and earth.

Drug Rash with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms Syndrome Associated with Isoniazid

A 57-year-old man, admitted for inflammatory back pain lasting for 03 months before admission in the context of weight loss and night sweats. The images showed spondylodiscitis D6-D7 with a collection whose paravertebral, biopsy favored location tuberculosis. Patient was put under antibacillary, quadruple (rifampin, isoniazid, ethambutol and pyrasinamide). 15 days after starting treatment, erythematous lesions squamous (Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3) whole body with facial edema and jaundice.

Search with home returns provides advantage under high uncertainty

Many search processes are conducted in the vicinity of a favored location, i.e., a home, which is visited repeatedly. Foraging animals return to their dens and nests to rest, scouts return to their bases to resupply, and drones return to their docking stations to recharge or refuel. Yet, despite its prevalence, very little is known about search with home returns because its analysis is much more challenging than that of unconstrained, free-range search. Here, we develop a theoretical framework for search with home returns. This makes no assumptions on the underlying search process and is furthermore suited to treat generic return and home-stay strategies. We show that the solution to the home-return problem can then be given in terms of the solution to the corresponding free-range problem—which not only reduces overall complexity but also gives rise to a simple and universal phase-diagram for search. The latter reveals that search with home returns outperforms free-range search in conditions of high uncertainty. Thus, when living gets rough, a home will not only provide warmth and shelter but also allow one to locate food and other resources quickly and more efficiently than in its absence.Received 30 June 2020Accepted 8 October 2020DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.2.043174Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.Published by the American Physical SocietyPhysics Subject Headings (PhySH)Research AreasBrownian motionFluctuations & noiseRandom walksStochastic processesBiological PhysicsInterdisciplinary PhysicsStatistical Physics

Between belief and fear - Reinterpreting prone burials during the Middle Ages and early modern period in German-speaking Europe.

Prone burials are among the most distinctive deviant burials during the Middle Ages and early modern period. Despite their worldwide distribution, the meaning of this burial practice is still a matter of debate. So far, a comprehensive analysis of prone burials is lacking for Central Europe. By compiling evidence from Germany, Switzerland and Austria, this study investigates how these findings fit into the scope of medieval funerary practices. 95 prone burials from 60 archaeological sites were analyzed regarding geographical distribution, dating, burial features, body position, age-at-death and sex. We applied descriptive statistics accompanied by multiple correspondence analysis in order to highlight possible multivariate patterns in the dataset. Prone burials occur in funerary and non-funerary contexts, with a predominance of single churchyard burials, followed by favored and exterior location and settlements. In terms of grave features, the majority of churchyard burials do not differ from regular graves. Multivariate patterns appear to reflect diachronic changes in normative burial practices. We found a significant correlation between burial location and dating, due to a higher frequency of high medieval males in favored locations. In these cases, prone position is interpreted as a sign of humility, while similar evidences from late and post-medieval times are seen as an expression of deviancy. Apparent lack of care during burial reveals disrespect and possible social exclusion, with inhumations outside consecrated ground being the ultimate punishment. In some regions, apotropaic practices suggest that corpses should be prevented from returning, as attested in contemporaneous sources and folk beliefs. We hypothesize that the increase of prone burials towards the late and post-medieval period is linked to such practices triggered by epidemic diseases. The multiplicity of meanings that prone position might have in different contexts demands for careful interpretations within the same regional and chronological frame.

Urban Expansion and Erosion Processes in an Area of Environmental Protection in Nova Lima, Minas Gerais State, Brazil

The growth of the real estate market is considered one of the leading economic indicators of city development. The pressure for new sites for the construction of buildings and houses causes significant and severe socio-environmental impacts. The municipality of Nova Lima is conurbated with Belo Horizonte, the capital of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. In recent decades, the municipality of Nova Lima has been attracting real estate developers of luxury housing because of its favored location in a valley surrounded by mountain ranges with stunning landscapes. This study aimed to evaluate the emergence and evolution of erosive processes in a region of high real estate pressure in the municipality of Nova Lima, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The study site is considered an area of environmental protection, belonging to the “Cardoso” river basin, a tributary of the “das Velhas” river. The images of the area were obtained by an “unmanned aerial vehicle”, with flights performed in 2019. Orthomosaic, digital surface and elevation models were obtained from these images. Historical series of satellite imagery provided by Google Earth were also used, as well as a survey of secondary data on the use and soil occupation of the region. The intense expansion of the real estate sector in metropolitan areas put pressure on environmental preservation in peri-urban areas. In this study, erosion processes and gullies were observed as a result of the construction of luxury residences. Construction residues of the buildings were disposed on the floor of a valley, burying the source of the “Estrangulado” Stream. The appearance of gullies is attributed to a combination of factors such as the removal of vegetation cover, the irregular disposal of construction waste in an environmental protection area, an insufficient drainage system for rainwater, and the lack of water collection and treatment of domestic wastewater. Over the years, the dimensions of gullies have increased and can cause damage to the buildings there. Also, the soil and sediment washed away by the runoff will affect the volume and quality of water in a watershed that is essential for supplying the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Probe and Control of the Tiny Amounts of Dopants in BHJ Film Enable Higher Performance of Polymer Solar Cells.

To achieve efficient doping in polymer solar cells (PSCs), the dopant needs to be selectively located in the binary components of a bulk heterojunction (BHJ) film according to its polarity. The rarely studied n-type dopant is thoroughly examined in a simplified planar heterojunction (PHJ) device to address its favored location in the active layer. Results show that the n-dopant distribution in the acceptor layer or at the donor/acceptor interface produces enhanced device performance, whereas it harms the device when located in the donor layer. Based on the results, the benefit of n-type doping is then transferred to the highly efficient BHJ devices via a sequential coating procedure. The performance improvement is closely linked to the variations in the dopant's location in the BHJ film, which is carefully examined by the synchrotron techniques with delicate chemical sensitivity. More interestingly, the sequential coating procedure can be easily extended to the p-doped device only by changing the dopant's polarity in the middle layer. These findings pave the way for ambipolar doping in PSCs and enable performance improvement by molecular doping within the expectations.

Understanding Public Attitudes Towards Partial Restoration of the Ocklawaha River

The Ocklwaha River was dammed due to the partial construction of the Cross Florida Barge Canal. This dam, originally named the Rodman Dam but later renamed Kirkpatrick Dam, changed the historical ecosystem of the surrounding area. The damming resulted in negative impacts to certain fish and plant species within the reservoir and river, in addition to poor water quality upstream. However, it formed a large reservoir that became a favored location for centralized bass fishing. While the debate on the correct course of action in regards to the Kirkpatrick Dam has been ongoing for five decades, there are many skewed perceptions in comparison to what is scientifically true. In this paper, we analyze trends between the survey particpants demographics and their opinion on whether they are for or against breaching the Rodman Dam in order to partially restore the Ocklawaha River and the surrounding floodplain, and the reasoning behind their held opinion. While there are many individuals who hold perceptions on dam removal that are false, the most popular reasons that individuals support breaching the Rodman Dam are scientifically true. However, the popularity of individuals holding false perceptions on the Ocklawaha Rivers restoration highlights the need for more scientific education and outreach program to assist in reducing these misconceptions and to reduce residents’ uncertainty on the future of the Ocklawaha River.

Evaluating barriers to community CPR education

ObjectiveThe primary objective of this study is to better understand the preferences of the general public regarding cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) education as it relates to both format and the time and place of delivery. MethodsSurvey data were collected from a convenience sample at large public gatherings in Baltimore, Maryland, between May 23, 2015, and February 11, 2017. The survey was a 23-item single-page instrument administered at fairs and festivals. ResultsA total of 516 surveys were available for analysis. Twenty-four percent of the total population reported being very confident in performing CPR (scoring 8 to 10 on a Likert scale). Thirty-two percent of respondents who had previously taken a CPR class reported being very confident in performing CPR. A stepwise decline in reported confidence in performing CPR was observed as the time from last CPR class increased. Among all respondents the most favored instruction style was an instructor-led class. Least favorable was a local learning station at an event. The most favored location for instruction were libraries, while community festivals were least favored. ConclusionRespondent preferences regarding the location and style of the training differed little between socioeconomic groups. Instructor-led instruction at local libraries was the most preferred option. CPR education offered at local learning stations during events and at community festivals were least favored among respondents. This study’s findings can be used to more effectively structure CPR outreach and educational programs in an attempt to increase rates of bystander CPR.

Marketing strategies of Expo 2020 Dubai: a comprehensive study

Purpose The purpose of this study is to discuss the phases and kinds of marketing strategies being employed during the conduct of mega events such as expos. The study also aims to familiarize the reader with the detailed marketing strategies used by Dubai Expo 2020 and the marketing strategies adopted by tour operators in Dubai, alongside their most used digital channels of communication and marketing. Further, an attempt has been made to understand how the marketing methods for Expo 2020 can be integrated with the marketing of general travel products in Dubai. Design/methodology/approach Short, unstructured interviews with open-ended questions were conducted as part of the data-collection method over a period of two weeks. The interviewees are a core group of officials from the marketing and IT sections of Dubai Expo 2020. The data were recorded for later retrieval and analysis. Also, a survey of 150 tour operators and travel agents was conducted over a period of five weeks. This garnered a comprehensive set of data on the preferred marketing strategies to promote tourism products. Findings The marketing strategies used for Dubai Expo 2020 have been attractive, varied and innovative. Digital marketing is the most opted-for channel of communication for marketing purposes by both Expo 2020 officials and tour operators and travel agents in Dubai. Maximum popularity in terms of usage by tour operators and travel agents is reflected in social media channels of marketing, especially Facebook. There is a need to evolve a distinctly separate digital marketing strategy that will create more tailored marketing campaigns based on the characteristics affecting the consumer behavior of people engaged in Expo 2020. Research limitations/implications This study could have incorporated more varied data if other stakeholders, e.g. hoteliers, had been included. More varied data would certainly have been useful in arriving at well-founded observations about the ideal marketing strategies that could be adopted for an event of this magnitude. Another limitation is that interviews with a greater cross-section of the officials of Dubai Expo 2020 would have rendered a more detailed and finer description of the marketing methods used in promoting Dubai Expo 2020. Practical implications Dubai is being equipped as a world-class venue for large-scale conferences and conventions rivaling Las Vegas for meetings, incentives, conferences and exhibitions. Further, Dubai will be able to position itself as a favored location for hosting a wide array of events with global participation. Social implications Based on this study, it is reasonable to conclude that there is a need to rethink and innovate ways of marketing by customizing the marketing strategies according to the market structure and consumer behavior, without abandoning any particular marketing channel. Originality/value This research on the marketing strategies of Dubai Expo 2020 is of interest to industry, government agencies and other stakeholders. The observations drawn from this study on marketing strategies can be used by other nations hosting similar events in similar geographical areas to provide a basis to design or redesign their tourism and marketing strategies.

Interaction of gabaergic ketones with model membranes: A molecular dynamics and experimental approach

γ-Aminobutyric-acid receptor (GABAA-R), a membrane intrinsic protein, is activated by GABA and modulated by a wide variety of recognized drugs. GABAA-R is also target for several insecticides which act by recognition of a non-competitive blocking site. Mentha oil is rich in several ketones with established activity against various insects/pests. Considering that mint ketones are highly lipophilic, their action mechanism could involve, at least in part, a non-specific receptor modulation by interacting with the surrounding lipids. In the present work, we studied in detail the effect on membranes of five cyclic ketones present in mint plants, with demonstrated insecticide and gabaergic activity. Particularly, we have explored their effect on the organization and dynamics of the membrane, by using Molecular Dynamics (MD) Simulation studies in a bilayer model of DPPC. We performed free diffusion MD and obtained spatially resolved free energy profiles of ketones partition into bilayers based on umbrella sampling. The most favored location of ketones in the membrane corresponded to the lower region of the carbonyl groups. Both hydrocarbon chains were slightly affected by the presence of ketones, presenting an ordering effect for the methylene groups closer to the carbonyl. MD simulations results were also contrasted with experimental data from fluorescence anisotropy studies which evaluate changes in membrane fluidity. In agreement, these assays indicated that the presence of ketones between lipid molecules induced an enhancement of the intermolecular interaction, increasing the molecular order throughout the bilayer thickness.

Processive Degradation of Crystalline Cellulose by a Multimodular Endoglucanase via a Wirewalking Mode.

Processive hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose by cellulases is a critical step for lignocellulose deconstruction. The classic Trichoderma reesei exoglucanase TrCel7A, which has a closed active-site tunnel, starts each processive run by threading the tunnel with a cellulose chain. Loop regions are necessary for tunnel conformation, resulting in weak thermostability of fungal exoglucanases. However, endoglucanase CcCel9A, from the thermophilic bacterium Clostridium cellulosi, comprises a glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 9 module with an open cleft and five carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) and hydrolyzes crystalline cellulose processively. How CcCel9A and other similar GH9 enzymes bind to the smooth surface of crystalline cellulose to achieve processivity is still unknown. Our results demonstrate that the C-terminal CBM3b and three CBMX2s enhance productive adsorption to cellulose, while the CBM3c adjacent to the GH9 is tightly bound to 11 glucosyl units, thereby extending the catalytic cleft to 17 subsites, which facilitates decrystallization by forming a supramodular binding surface. In the open cleft, the strong interaction forces between substrate-binding subsites and glucosyl rings enable cleavage of the hydrogen bonds and extraction of a single cellulose chain. In addition, subsite -4 is capable of drawing the chain to its favored location. Cellotetraose is released from the open cleft as the initial product to achieve high processivity, which is further hydrolyzed to cellotriose, cellobiose and glucose by the catalytic cleft of the endoglucanase. On this basis, we propose a wirewalking mode for processive degradation of crystalline cellulose by an endoglucanase, which provides insights for rational design of industrial cellulases.

Fibrolipoma of the labial mucosa: An uncommon variant of a ubiquitous tumor

Lipoma, a benign tumor originating from the adipocytes, is commonly seen in many parts of the human body. Oral cavity is not a favored location for the occurrence of lipomas. Histopathologically, many variants have been described based on the presence of other components. Fibrolipoma is one such variant where the adipocytes are admixed with fibrous component. It appears as an asymptomatic growth anywhere on the oral mucosa in middle-aged individuals. A case of this variant in a 52-year-old male patient is being reported.

Elision of Oxytones and Non-oxytones in Aeschylus

Abstract Elided oxytones, in which the accent is shifted to the penultimate syllable of the elided word, are very rare in Aeschylus. There are only twenty-four occurrences in the extant plays, and ten of these occurrences have textual issues. Analysis of elisions in Agamemnon shows that nonoytone words with short final syllable are elided more than six times more frequently than oxytones. Neuter plural oxytones are elided more frequently than other oxytone word types. When oxytones are elided emphasis may be given to the elided word. There is no favored location for elision of oxytones in trimeters and no change in frequency of elided oxytones over Aeschylus’ career.

A four phase model for the macrosegregation and shrinkage cavity during solidification of steel ingot

A four-phase mixed columnar–equiaxed solidification model is introduced to calculate the formation of macrosegregation and shrinkage cavity during solidification of steel ingot. The four phases are the liquid melt, the solidifying solid with columnar morphology, the solidifying solid with equiaxed morphology, and the gas phase (or covering liquid slag). Multiphase/multiphysics transport phenomena (mass, momentum, species and enthalpy) are solved with a volume-average approach. Solidification induced mass and species transfers among metal phases are considered according to the thermodynamics and diffusion-governed crystal growth kinetics. The gas phase (or covering liquid slag) is only required to feed the shrinkage cavity and no mass/species exchange with other metal phases occurs. The following modeling results are obtained: the progress of columnar tip front and growth of columnar tree trunks, the nucleation and growth of equiaxed grains, the melt flow and equiaxed crystal sedimentation, the solute partitioning at the solid/liquid interface, the transport of the solute species and induced macrosegregation, the shrinkage cavity, the interaction or competition between growing columnar and equiaxed phases and the occurrence of columnar to equiaxed transition (CET). Those modeling capacities were verified by the calculation of a 10.5tons steel ingot. The experimentally determined profile of the shrinkage cavity, Sulfur print and chemical analysis of macrosegregation of the ingot in a vertical section were also available. Satisfactory agreement was obtained between the simulation and experimental result. Finally, a new hypothesis for the initialization of A-segregates is proposed: the motion of equiaxed phase and its interaction with the melt flow in the vicinity of growing columnar tip front lead to formation of an A-shape segregation band starting from the ingot corner just above the columnar-to-equiaxed transition area. This A-segregation band might provide a favored location for the initialization of A-segregates. Further dedicated experiment should be carried out to verify it.

Clinicopathological Study of Meningioma

Background: Meningiomas are tumours originating from meningothelial cells. They are commonly located at intracranial, intraspinal or occasionally ectopic site. They show histological diversity and are categorized into three grades by WHO 2007 Classification .This grading helps in predicting their behaviour and deciding treatment strategy. Objective: To study the frequency, clinical details, topographic distribution, histological typing and grading of 87 cases of meningioma. Diagnostic accuracy of radio-imaging and utility of squash cytology for their intraoperative diagnosis was also assessed. Methods: Total 87 histopathologically confirmed cases of meningioma were studied with above mentioned aims and objectives. Analysis of histological features, typing and grading of all cases was done according to WHO 2007 classification of meningioma. Result: Meningioma constituted 15.60% of all CNS neoplasms. It was the most common extra-axial tumour and contributed to 37.09% all extra- axial intracranial neoplasms. 90.8% of the meningiomas were intracranial where convexity was the most favored location. 6 out of 8 spinal meningiomas were located at thoracic level. Headache was the most frequent presentation. Obvious female predominance was observed. The most common histological subtype was meningothelial followed by transitional. Majority 87.36% were benign grade I tumours .3.45% cases showed recurrence.In 74.41% cases radiological diagnosis matched exactly with histopathological diagnosis while squash cytology provided exact diagnosis in 91.15% cases. Conclusion: Meningiomas are slow growing extra-axial tumoursmajority being intracranial, benign grade I neoplasms occurring commonly in elderly females and squash cytology plays a great role in their intraoperative diagnosis.