Fatty Acid Patterns Of Phospholipids Research Articles

Altered fatty acid pattern of phospholipids and triglycerides in the submandibular gland of ω3‐depleted rats

Alteration of the phospholipid (PL) and triglyceride (TG) fatty acid pattern was recently documented in several organs of rats depleted in long-chain polyunsaturated omega3 fatty acid (omega3 rats). This study extends such a knowledge to the submandibular gland. The total PL and TG content of the salivary gland was not different in control and omega3 rats. The sole omega3 fatty acids found in omega3 rats (C22:5omega3 and C22:6omega3) were present at levels 3-12 times lower than in control rats. The C22:5omega3/C22:6omega3 ratio was increased threefold in omega3 rats. The PL and TG C16:0/C16:1omega7 and C18:0/C18:1omega9 ratios were decreased in omega3 rats. The conversion of C18:2omega6 to C20:4omega6 and C22:4omega6 appeared facilitated in the omega3 rats. Some of these rats were injected intravenously, 60-120 min before killing, with either a medium-chain triglyceride:fish oil emulsion or a control medium-chain triglyceride:olive oil emulsion. The former emulsion increased the PL C22:5omega3 and C22:6omega3 content and prevented the age-related decrease in C16:0/C16:1omega7 and C18:0/C18:1omega9 ratios otherwise also recorded in PL. In conclusion, these findings document an increased activity of Delta9-desaturase, a more efficient conversion of C18:2omega6 to its metabolites, and an impaired generation of C22:6omega3 from C22:5omega3 in omega3 rats.

Einfluss der genetischen Herkunft auf die Mast- und Schlachtleistung, die Fleisch- und Fettqualität sowie das Fettsäurenmuster der Phospholipide von Mastschweinen

Abstract. Title of the paper: Influence of different genetic origins on fattening and carcass performance, on quality of meet and fat as well as fatty acid pattern of phospholipids from pigs For the purpose of comparing the fattening and carcass performance as well as the meat and fat quality of pigs the different genetic origins German Landrace (DL), Piétrain (Pi) and Duroc (Du) as well as the crossbreeds DL×Du, Pi×(DL×Du) and (Pi×Ha)×(DL×Du) were fattened from 30 to 105 kg liveweight. The pigs of three-breed cross indicate a higher fattening performance. The Piétrains fall of at fattening performance, however they shows highest lean content (MFA). The meat condition marks Piétrains as PSE suspected connected with the lowest content of intramuscular fat (IMF). Duroc pigs are ahead in every meat quality criteria. A exceptional position hold the three-breed cross pigs with strong marbling, however a insufficient conductivity. Fatty acid composition turn out to be unfriendly in Piétrains and cross breeding pigs with high MFA in due to high contents of polyenoic. Contrary to it Durocs achieve with lowest MFA the clearest marbling and with highest content on saturated fatty acids the best fat quality over all. The straight breed shows at phospholipids the highest content of polyunsaturated fatty acids. For economical valuation of the genetic origins three index models were shown. By restriction on feed consumption and MFA, the Piétrains and the crossbreeds are clear ahead. The rank changes after adding the parameters of meat quality (IMF, LF24) for the benefit of German Landrace and Duroc, bond up with considerable devaluation of Piétrains. The additional consideration of fat quality (polyenoic) indicates no further variation in the gradation of the genetic origins.

Fatty acid patterns of phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides in the characterisation of microbial communities in soil: a review

This review discusses the analysis of whole-community phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles and the composition of lipopolysaccharides in order to assess the microbial biomass and the community structure in soils. For the determination of soil microbial biomass a good correlation was obtained between the total amount of PLFAs and the microbial biomass measured with methods commonly used for determinations such as total adenylate content and substrate-induced respiration. Generally, after the application of multivariate statistical analyses, whole-community fatty acid profiles indicate which communities are similar or different. However, in most cases, the organisms accounting for similarity or difference cannot be determined, and therefore artefacts could not be excluded. The fatty acids used to determine the biomass vary from those which determine the community structure. Specific attention has to be paid when choosing extraction methods in order to avoid the liberation of fatty acids from non-living organic material and deposits, and to exclude the non-target selection of lipids from living organisms, as well. By excluding the fatty acids which were presumed to be common and widespread prior to multivariate statistical analysis, estimates were improved considerably. Results from principal component analysis showed that determining the levels of fatty acids present in both low and high concentrations is essential in order to correctly identify microorganisms and accurately classify them into taxonomically defined groups. The PLFA technique has been used to elucidate different strategies employed by microorganisms to adapt to changed environmental conditions under wide ranges of soil types, management practices, climatic origins and different perturbations. It has been proposed that the classification of PLFAs into a number of chemically different subgroups should simplify the evaluating procedure and improve the assessment of soil microbial communities, since then only the subgroups assumed to be involved in key processes would be investigated.

Blood antioxidant status and urinary levels of catecholamine metabolites in β-thalassemia

It has been reported that iron overload in β-thalassemia leads to an enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species and to oxidative stress. We have studied the oxidant/antioxidant imbalance in the blood of 48 transfusion-dependent β-thalassemic patients (TLP) (17 males, 31 females, 11–22 year), under chelation therapy, and in 40 sex and age matched healthy controls (CTR). Plasma and lymphocyte levels of vitamin E (Vit E), ubiquinol (CoQ10H2), ubiquinone (CoQ10), plasma concentrations of vitamin A (Vit A), β-carotene, lycopene, vitamin C (Vit C), total thiols, fatty acid patterns of phospholipids (PL-FA), and plasma and urinary markers of lipoperoxidation (TBA-RM, conjugated dienes, and azelaic acid (AZA), as well as the urinary levels of catecholamine and serotonin metabolites, were evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), HPLC and spectrophotometry. Routine laboratory blood analyses were performed on the same samples; 39/48 TLP were HCV positive. Blood samples were collected just before transfusion, the 24 h urine samples the day before. Our results clearly showed that a severe oxidative stress occurs in the plasma of TLP in comparison with CTR. In fact, the levels of lipophilic antioxidants and ascorbate were severely depleted: CoQ10H2 (-62.5%), total CoQ10 (-35.1%), Vit E (-43.8%, β-carotene (-31.1%), lycopene (-63.7%), Vit A (-35.9%), Vit C (-23.1%). The impairment of the antioxidant status was associated with elevated plasma levels of by-products of lipoperoxidation and urinary concentrations of catecholamine metabolites and of AZA, indicating a high degree of both neurological stress and lipoperoxidation. A significant positive correlation was found between vitamin E and non-transferrin-bound iron (NTBI) (r = -0.81; p < 0.001), while no correlation was found between antioxidant depletion and ferritin serum levels, average blood consumption, or the presence of clinical complications. The administration of selective antioxidants along with an appropriate diet might represent a promising way of counteracting oxidative damage and its deleterious effects on the progression of the disease.

Fatty acid Content in Whole-cell Hydrolysates and Phospholipid and Phospholipid Fractions of Pseudomonads: a Taxonomic Evaluation

Summary In a comparative taxonomic study, fatty acid contents of whole-cell hydrolysates and phospholipid fractions of strains belonging to the pseudomonads were analyzed. Major fatty acids in all taxa were 16:0 and various isomers of 16:1 and 18:1. Fatty acid patterns of phospholipids were easily differentiated from whole-cell profiles by their absence of hydroxylated fatty acids. The latter constituents proved to be diagnostic markers for differentiation of the main phylogenetic lineages within the pseudomonads (rRNA groups). Based on the presence or absence of three 3-hydroxy fatty acids, 10:0 30H, 12:0 30H, and 14:0 30H, the majority of the strains could be allocated to one of the four rRNA groups (I-IV) studied. In general, rRNA group I organisms were characterized by the presence of 10:0 30H and 12:0 30H, rRNA group II strains contained 14:0 30H, group III strains contained 10:0 30H and group IV strains 12:0 30H. A numerical analysis of the whole-cell fatty acid data yielded separate entities for all four rRNA groups. When using the fatty acid contents of phospholipids, no clear differentiation between rRNA group II and III taxa and rRNA group I organisms was obtained. Both approaches, however, yielded an analogous subgrouping of rRNA group I organisms which reflected their phylogenetic relationships.

Effective lovastatin therapy in elderly hypercholesterolemic patients - an antioxidative impact?

The effect of 3 months lovastatin therapy on serum lipids, apolipoproteins, alpha-tocopherol and red cell membrane fatty acid pattern was assessed in twelve elderly ambulatory patients (mean age 70.9+/-8.0 years) with hypercholesterolemia type IIa according to Fredrickson. After a run-in period of 4 weeks without drug therapy, the patients were given a daily dose of 20 mg lovastatin. The treatment resulted in statistically significant decreases in mean serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-CH, -34%), in the atherogenic index LDL-CH/HDL-CH (-35%) and in the concentration of apolipoprotein B (-26%). No change in the vitamin E status, as related to plasma total lipids, was observed during the 3 months of therapy. The fatty acid pattern of phospholipids from red cell membranes showed an increase in linoleic acid metabolites and a decrease in the precursor linoleic acid, indicating an induction of fatty acid desaturases by lovastatin. In addition, an increase in the plasmalogen portion of erythrocyte membrane phospholipids was exhibited by increases in the proportion of fatty aldehyde dimethyl acetals (DMA) in the fatty acid pattern. The plasmalogens increase may counteract the slow but consistent decrease in their concentration in red cell membranes and human aortas with increasing donor age and in arteriosclerosis. Since plasmalogens may function as physiological antioxidants, the observed increase in DMA concentration might reflect a previously unrecognized antioxidative principle of a lovastatin therapy.

Fatty acid patterns of phospholipids and lipopolysaccharids in environmental samples

Fatty acid patterns of phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides were quantitatively determined in six typical environmental samples in order to characterise their microbial community structures. The grassland soil displayed elevated α and mid-chain hydroxy fatty acids, and contained a great numbers of methyl branched saturated fatty acids on C2 and C4. The aggregated soil lacked mainly mid-chain hydroxy, dicarboxylic and ω-hydroxy fatty acids, the latter two are indicators of eukaryotes, therefore exhibited enhanced ratio of βOH fatty acids which symbolise Gram-negative bacteria. The salt marsh lacked Bacillus species, fungi and plants, but contained enhanced proportion of indicators for Desulfovibrio strains and Gram-negative bacteria by its fatty acid composition. The forest layers showed high percentages of indicators of fungi and extremely low proportions of fatty acids contributed by Gram-negative bacteria. The branched chain saturated fatty acids, indicators for actinomycetes and Gram-positive bacteria increased proportionally with the depth of forest layers.

Environmental temperature shift induced adaptive changes of carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.) erythrocyte plasma membrane in vivo

1. 1. The dorsal aorta of carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.) was cannulated and fish were kept in thermostated aquaria at 5°C for 1 week, after that the water temperature was gradually increased to 25°C at the rate of 0.5°C/hr. 2. 2. Blood was withdrawn at each 5°C interval after fish were acclimated for 3 days to determine the changes in the lipid peroxidation, fatty acid patterns of phospholipids and Na +-K +-ATPase activity. 3. 3. Fluidity of erythrocytes plasma membrane sensitively followed the changes in water/body temperature in such a way that it decreased with wanning and increased with cooling. 4. 4. The level of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids composition in phospholipids (PLs), was much higher in the cold adapted fish than in warm adapted ones. 5. 5. Phospholipids of the warm adapted fish were characterized by a higher level of saturated fatty acids especially palmitic and stearic acids than those of cold adapted fish. Lipid peroxidation, was significantly increased in cold adapted rather than in the warm adapted fishes. 6. 6. Correlating the acyl chain indexes of phospholipids with lipid peroxidation provided a non marked interrelationship, except for the 20: 3(n-9): 20: 5(n-3) ratio, which showed an inverse linear correlation to the rate of lipid peroxidation. 7. 7. Na +-K +-ATPase: in cold water the carp started to preserve the elevated ATPase activity while higher temperature caused a decrease in the enzyme activity.

Interrelationships of bile acid and phospholipid fatty acid species with cholesterol saturation of duodenal bile in health and gallstone disease.

The relative amount of cholesterol and the fatty acid composition of phosphatidylcholines in bile can be influenced by the bile acid species secreted. To search for a contribution of secondary bile acids and of phosphatidylcholines to supersaturation of bile in gallstone disease, we compared the relative amount of cholesterol and the biliary composition of bile acids and of phospholipid fatty acids in cholecystokinin-stimulated duodenal bile of 22 female gallstone patients and 16 healthy controls and analyzed the interrelationships of these bile constituents. Gallstone patients had higher molar percentages of cholesterol than did controls (10.2 +/- 3.2 vs. 6 +/- 1.5 mol%; p less than 0.001) and demonstrated a trend toward larger fractions of deoxycholic and lithocholic acids. By linear models, variation of cholesterol saturation could be predicted (p less than 0.001) up to 53% by the bile acid pattern and up to 81% by the fatty acid pattern of phospholipids. Linear path analysis (goodness-of-fit index = 0.973) confirmed the tight relationship between phospholipid fatty acids (positive: oleic, arachidonic; negative: linoleic, palmitoleic) and the relative amount of cholesterol; more than half the influence of cholic, deoxycholic and lithocholic acids on the relative amount of cholesterol could be explained indirectly by their influence on the phospholipid fatty acid pattern. We conclude that the relationships examined by path analysis support the working hypothesis that secondary bile acids contribute to supersaturation of bile mainly by changing the fatty acid pattern of the secreted phospholipids (presumably the pattern of phosphatidylcholines), which increases the molar ratio of cholesterol/phospholipids in bile.

Effect of life weight, sex, feed intensity and meat ripening on the fatty acid pattern of phospholipids in bovine tissues

Es wurden Untersuchungen zum Einflus von Lebendgewicht, Geschlecht, Futterungsintensitat und Fleischreifung auf die Fettsaurezusammensetzung der Phospholipide vorgenommen. Hierzu wurde uber einen Zeitraum von zwei Jahren ein Versuch mit 54 Bullen, Ochsen und Farsen der Rasse Deutsches Fleckvieh mit Lebendgewichtsabstufungen von 200, 350, 425, 500, 575 und 650 kg durchgefuhrt. Untersucht wurde das intramuskulare Gewebe desMusculus longissimus dorsi. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, das die Fleischreifung unter den gewahlten Bedingungen keinen Einflus auf die Zusammensetzung der Phospholipidfettsauren hat. Auch eine Abspaltung von Fettsauren (Lipolyse) aus Phospholipiden findet wahrend der Reifung nicht statt. Die Futterungsintensitat hat ebenfalls keinen signifikanten Einflus. Der Gehalt an 18∶3ω3- und 20∶5ω3-Fettsauren nimmt bei allen untersuchten Gruppen zu Beginn der Mast stark ab und bleibt fur den Rest der Mastperiode konstant. Der Gehalt an 22∶4ω6-Fettsaure ist bei den Mastendstufen je nach Geschlecht signifikant unterschiedlich.

Fatty acid composition of muscle, heart and liver lipids in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, at extremely low environmental temperature

In February 1988 the seawater temperature in Hvalfjördur, W. Iceland, gradually dropped to its freezing point, −1.8°C. In a group of 2-year-old Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, reared in seawater cages mortality started at −1.4°C. Three-year-old salmon reared under the same conditions survived at −1.7°C. During netting in this supercooled state, instantaneous freezing took place. The influence of cold acclimatization on fatty acid composition of phospholipids (PL) in muscle, heart and liver of 2-year-old Atlantic salmon was examined. The fatty acid composition of muscle and heart PL was slightly influenced by environmental temperature changes from +6.5°C to −1.4°C and the fatty acid composition of liver PL was not affected. The fatty acid pattern of PL from hearts and livers of 3-year-old salmon reared in seawater cages was studied. The samples were collected at −1.7°C. 18:1 n9 levels in liver PL were significantly higher and 22:6 n3 levels were significantly lower in the 3-year-old salmon than in the 2-year-old salmon. The salmon were fed two types of highly polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-rich diets (moist or dry pellets). The dry pellets contained significantly higher levels of n3 PUFA (20:5 n3 and 22:6 n3) than the moist pellets. In muscle the fatty acid composition of PL was markedly influenced by the fatty acids profile of the dietary lipids. Salmon fed dry pellets contained significantly lower percentage levels of 18:1 n9 and higher levels of 22:6 n3 in muscle PL than salmon fed moist pellets. The 20:5 n3 level in muscle PL was significantly lower in salmon fed dry pellets than in those fed moist pellets. No influence of dietary lipids was observed on fatty acid composition in heart and liver PL.

Changes of fatty acid composition of phospholipids in liver mitochondria and microsomes of the rat during growth.

The fatty acid patterns of rat liver mitochondrial and microsomal phospholipids were analyzed from term fetuses, 1 and 4 days old, and adult rats. The main fatty acids of phosphatidylethanolamine and -choline were stearic and palmitic acids, although the patterns differed slightly. The fatty acid composition of corresponding phospholipids in mitochondria and microsomes was similar. The fatty acid pattern of cardiolipin was dominated by linoleic acid. The most consistent feature of the developmental changes in the fatty acid patterns of all phospholipids studied was a decrease in the relative amount of monounsaturated fatty acids. The percentages of saturated fatty acids in phosphatidylethanolamine and -choline increased during neonatal development. It is suggested that the high levels of fetal monounsaturated fatty acids were due to low availability of polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Essential fatty acid deficiency in malnourished children

Fatty acid patterns of major classes of lipids of serum were measured in forty Argentine children ages 2 to 24 months admitted to the hospital with chronic malnutrition. A normal control group of 48 children from the same population was also examined. Serum lipids were extracted and separated into phospholipids, cholesteryl esters, triglycerides, and free fatty acids. These were converted to methyl esters which were analyzed by gas chromatography. In chronic malnutrition, the fatty acid patterns of phospholipids and cholesteryl esters indicated changes characteristic of essential fatty acid deficiency of moderate degree. The total omega 6 acids were found to be highly significantly diminished from normal, and the ratio of 20:3 omega 9/20:4 omega 6 was highly significantly increased. Decreased proportions of omega 6 metabolites suggested impaired desaturase activity, and elevated ratios of 22:4 omega 6/20:4 omega 6 and 20:2 omega 6/18:2 omega 6 suggested increased chain elongation in chronic malnutrition.

Regulation of the Fatty Acid Pattern of Phospholipids in Rabbit Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Regulation of the Fatty Acid Pattern of Phospholipids in Rabbit Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Studies on lipid metabolism in Tetrahymena pyriformis: Properties of acyltransferase systems

Membrane preparations from Tetrahymena pyriformis catalyzed the acylations of glycerophosphate, isomeric monoacylglycerophosphate, and 1-acylglycerylphosphoryl-choline. Under the optimal conditions, glycerophosphate acyltransferase and 1-acylgly-cerophosphate acyltransferase used saturated and unsaturated acyl-CoA at comparable rates. The specificities of these acyltransferase systems for various acyl-CoAs as compared with the respective maximal velocities do not directly explain the fatty acid distribution in glycerophospholipids. However, the acylation of 2-acylglycerophosphate was highly selective for palmitate when the incubations were carried out in the presence of palmitoyl-CoA, oleoyl-CoA, 1-acylglycerophosphate, and 2-acylglycerophosphate. The 1-acylglycerylphosphorylcholine acyltransferase system showed relatively higher specificity for unsaturated acyl-CoA, which is consistent with the fatty acid pattern of phospholipids. Significant amounts of diglyceride and triglyceride were formed together with phosphatidic acid from acyl-CoA and glycerophosphate, indicating that the enzymes involved in triglyceride synthesis are closely associated with acyltransferase systems involved in phosphatidate synthesis in microsomes. These acyltransferase activities were found mainly in microsomes, and to a lesser extent, in pellicles, too. No significant difference was observed in the properties of acyltransferase systems in microsomes and pellicles.

Lipid and fatty acid composition of myelin purified from normal and MS brains.

The concentrations of phospholipids and galactolipids and their fatty acid compositions were determined in purified myelin from apparently normal white matter of 11 multiple sclerosis (MS) and 11 control brains. Myelin from MS brains showed a significant decrease in serine phosphatide and a slight decrease in the ethanolamine phosphatide fraction when compared with normal myelin; increases were found in the lysocholine and lysoethanolamine phosphoglycerides. In the galactolipids, lower figures were obtained for sulfatides, resulting in a higher cerebroside/sulfatide ratio for MS myelin. Analysis of the fatty acid pattern of phospholipids in MS brains revealed lower values for 18:1 and, except for the lyso compounds, slightly higher amounts for 20:4 and 22:6. Lower levels for the sum of 18:3 and 20:1 fatty acids were found for the EPG and IPG fractions.