Fat-soluble Nutrients Research Articles

An analysis of vitamin K status in Chinese healthy children aged 0–18 years

BackgroundVitamin K (VK), an essential fat-soluble nutrient, exists in two primary forms, vitamin K1 (VK1), and vitamin K2 (VK2). VK1 plays an essential role in blood coagulation, while VK2 plays a crucial role in managing bone calcification, supporting bone strength and health. However, comprehensive epidemiological data on VK remains sparse, particularly in children. This study aims to evaluate the levels and characteristics of VK in children of Wenzhou area, China.MethodsA total of 3,342 children undergoing routine physical examinations in the outpatient department from December 2020 to August 2022 were recruited. The levels of VK (including VK1 and menaquinones (MK-4), a major form of VK2) and 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) in fasting serum samples from these children were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The study analyzed the levels and distribution of VK and 25(OH)D across different sex, age, and weight groups, and explored their potential related factors.ResultsThe median serum levels of MK-4 and VK1 were 0.12 (0.07, 0.21) ng/ml and 0.33 (0.18, 0.57) ng/ml, respectively. The reference ranges of MK-4 and VK1 were 0.01–0.58 ng/ml and 0.03–1.48 ng/ml, respectively. The median serum 25(OH)D level was 21.26 (17.30, 25.35) ng/ml. Moreover, there were no significant variations in the levels of MK-4 and VK1 across different age and sex groups. The level of MK-4 in the underweight group was significantly higher than that in the normal weight group. MK-4 level reached its peak in summer, while the VK1 concentration was at its lowest. Furthermore, a very weak positive correlation was revealed between MK-4 and VK1 levels.ConclusionIn this study, we defined the median values and reference ranges of MK-4 and VK1 in a sample of Chinese children aged 0–18 years. MK-4 levels were higher in underweight children. Both MK-4 and VK1 levels exhibited seasonal variations. Further research is needed to explore the factors affecting MK-4 and VK1 levels.

Construction and Properties of Oil-Loaded Soybean Protein Isolate/Polysaccharide-Based Meat Analog Fibers.

Rationally designing the fibrous structure of artificial meat is a challenge in enriching the organoleptic quality of meat analogs. High-quality meat analog fibers have been obtained by wet-spinning technique in our previous study, whereas introducing oil droplets will further achieve their fine design from the insight of microstructure. Herein, in this current work, oil was introduced to the soybean protein isolate/polysaccharide-based meat analog fibers by regulating the oil droplets' size and content, which, importantly, controlled the spinning solution characterization as well as structure-related properties of the meat analog fiber. Results showed that the oil dispersed in the matrix as small droplets with regular shapes, which grew in size as the oil content increased. Considering the effect of oil droplets' size and content on the spinnability of the spinning solution, the mechanical stirring treatment was chosen as the suitable treatment method. Importantly, increasing the oil content has the potential to enhance the juiciness of meat analog fibers through improvements in water-holding capacity and alterations in water mobility. Overall, the successful preparation of oil-loaded plant-based fiber not only mimicked animal muscle fiber more realistically but also provided a general platform for adding fat-soluble nutrients and flavor substances.

Construction of emulsion gel based on the interaction of anionic polysaccharide and soy protein isolate: Focusing on structural, emulsification and functional properties

In this study, the effects on the structures and emulsion gels of carrageenan (CA) and gum arabic (GA) with soybean protein isolate (SPI) were investigated. The results showed that CA and GA exposed hydrophobic groups to SPI, and formed complexes through non-covalent interactions to improve the stability of the complexes. Furthermore, the emulsion gels based on the emulsions exhibited that CA formed emulsion-filled gels with higher elasticity, stronger gel strength, and thermal reversibility, whereas GA formed emulsion-aggregated gels with higher viscosity, and a weak-gel network. The results of digestion showed that, CA was more helpful to slow down the release of free fatty acids and protect vitamin E during digestion. Compared with SPI-GA emulsion gel, SPI-CA emulsion gel had better physicochemical properties and stronger network structure. The results of this study may be useful in the development of anionic polysaccharides that interact with SPI, and they may provide new insights on the preparation of emulsion gels that slowly release fat-soluble nutrients.

Differences in Plasma Fatty Acid Composition Related to Chronic Pancreatitis: A Pilot Study.

Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is an inflammatory disease affecting the absorption of fat-soluble nutrients. Signaling in pancreatic cells that lead to inflammation may be influenced by fatty acids (FAs) through diet and de novo lipogenesis. Here, we investigated the relationship between plasma FA composition in CP with heterogeneity of etiology and complications of CP. Blood and clinical parameters were collected from subjects with CP (n = 47) and controls (n = 22). Plasma was analyzed for FA composition using gas chromatography and compared between controls and CP and within CP. Palmitic acid increased, and linoleic acid decreased in CP compared with controls. Correlations between age or body mass index and FAs are altered in CP compared with controls. Diabetes, pancreatic calcifications, and substance usage, but not exocrine pancreatic dysfunction, were associated with differences in oleic acid and linoleic acid relative abundance in CP. De novo lipogenesis index was increased in the plasma of subjects with CP compared with controls and in calcific CP compared with noncalcific CP. Fatty acids that are markers of de novo lipogenesis and linoleic acid are dysregulated in CP depending on the etiology or complication. These results enhance our understanding of CP and highlight potential pathways targeting FAs for treating CP.

Role of pectin in the delivery of β-carotene embedded in interpenetrating emulsion-filled gels made with soy protein isolate

This study investigated the effects of different matrices on gel properties, lipid digestibility, β-carotene bioaccessibility, released free amino acids and gel network degradation. Microstructure studies have proven that sugar beet pectin/soy protein isolate-based emulsion-filled gel (SBP/SPI-E) with interpenetrating networks was formed. SBP/SPI-E exhibited higher hardness (2.67 N, p < 0.05) and released lesser free amino acids (269.48-μmol/g SPI) than soy protein isolate-based emulsion-filled gel (SPI-E) in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF); however, both had similar free amino acids contents in simulated colonic fluid. SBP has the potential to delay gel network degradation in SIF, as evidenced by the sugar stain strips of SDS-PAGE and microstructure observation. Furthermore, SBP/SPI-E and SPI-E exhibited similar β-carotene bioaccessibility in SIF, suggesting that SBP from composite gel could not affect the aforementioned bioaccessibility. The study provides useful information for the design of functional gels in the application of fat-soluble nutrient delivery.

Liposomes delivery systems of functional substances for precision nutrition.

Natural bioactive compounds with antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, and other biological activities are vital for maintaining the body's physiological functions and enhancing immunity. These compounds have great potential as nutritional therapeutic agents, but they can be limited due to their poor flavor, color, unstable nature, and poor water solubility, and degradation by gastrointestinal enzymes. Liposomes, as ideal carriers, can encapsulate both water-soluble and fat-soluble nutrients, enhance the bioavailability of functional substances, promote the biological activity of functional substances, and control the release of nutrients. Despite their potential, liposomes still face obstacles in nutrient delivery. Therefore, the design of liposomes for special needs, optimization of the liposome preparation process, enhancement of liposome encapsulation efficiency, and industrial production are key issues that must be addressed in order to develop food-grade liposomes. Moreover, the research on surface-targeted modification and surface functionalization of liposomes is valuable for expanding the scope of application of liposomes and achieving the release of functional substances from liposomes at the appropriate time and site. The establishment of in vivo and in vitro digestion models of nutrient-loaded liposomes, in-depth study of gastrointestinal digestive behavior after liposome ingestion, targeted nutrient release, and deciphering the nutritional intervention of human diseases and positive health promotion are promising fields with broad development prospects.

The Application and Potential of Oleogels in the Food Industry

This article explores the utilization and potential of oleogels in various food applications, with a specific focus on their incorporation in bread making, meat products, dairy products, and their role in delivering fat-soluble nutrients. In the context of bread production, oleogels successfully alter the properties of the gluten network without impairing its formation, prolonging bread's shelf life and lowering its saturated fatty acid (SFA) content. However, further research is still needed, especially concerning potential changes in texture and flavor. The integration of oleogels in dairy products holds the potential for reformulation to decrease saturated fatty acid content while maintaining the desired texture and nutritional value. Additionally, oleogels are anticipated to revolutionize the delivery of fat-soluble nutrients by enhancing their bioavailability through added protective capabilities. Nevertheless, the full commercialization of oleogels has yet to be realized due to potential alterations in texture, mouthfeel, and flavor, which may impact consumer acceptance. Despite these obstacles, oleogels are widely used, have the ability to lower SFA in food items, and have the capacity to offer critical nutrients. This suggests that integrating oleogels into a variety of food applications is very practical. Continued research is essential to unlock the full potential of oleogels and drive a new era of health-conscious food production.

THE INFLUENCE OF NUTRIENTS AND LACTULOSE PREBIOTIC ON THE FERMENTATION PROCESSES IN THE TECHNOLOGY OF RECEIVING A FUNCTIONAL FOOD PRODUCT WITH AN INCREASED TITER OF VIABLE LACTIC ACID BACTERIA

A study of the influence of biologically active substances (fat-soluble vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin D, as well as water-soluble vitamin C), prebiotic lactulose on the titer of viable cells of lactic acid bacteria was carried out for the further use of the obtained research results in the biotechnology of functional food products, obtained thanks to the successful course fermentation processes. Experiments have proven the expediency of using biologically active substances as stimulators of the growth of lactic acid bacteria, which contribute to the increase of biomass and support of their vital activity for 192 hours. Research has established that at the end of the experiment (192 hours), the highest titer of lactic acid bacteria was recorded in samples 1, 2, 3, 4, to which the prebiotic lactulose was added in the amount of 1, 3, 5 and 7 %, respectively. This is due to the fact that the prebiotic acts as a specific substrate that is used by the symbiosis of pure cultures of lactic acid bacteria for a long time, unlike milk sugar. Analyzing the obtained data, it is indicated that thanks to the addition of fat-soluble nutrients omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin D, as well as water-soluble vitamin C, there is a significant increase in the titer of viable cells of probiotic cultures at 6 and 24 hours of the experiment, although at the end of the experiment (by 192 hour) in these samples, an insignificant decrease of this indicator was recorded — from 10 to 8.9 log cells/ml. In the control sample (without the addition of biologically active substances and lactulose prebiotic), a significant decrease in the titer of viable cells of lactic acid bacteria was noted, compared to the test samples to which nutrients were added. The titer of lactic acid bacteria cells in the control sample was reduced by 192 hours from 8.5 to 5.5 log cells/ml. It is recommended to use the studied nutrients in the indicated concentrations to stimulate the growth and maintain the viability of lactic acid bacteria cultures in the technology of production of functional food products.

Characteristics of Cephalotaxus fortunei kernel oil and its digestion behaviors.

Cephalotaxus fortunei, a potential underutilized oil resource, contains various active ingredients that exert positive effects on human health. In the present study, characteristics of C. fortunei kernel oil and its digestion properties were systematically investigated. Results indicated that C. fortunei kernels contained high oil content (64.59%), of which over 90% was triacylglycerols (TAGs). The kernel oil was rich in oleic acid (C18:1n-9, 42.88%), linoleic acid (C18:2n-6, 31.05%), and sciadonic acid (C20:3n-6, 10.78%). The kernel oil also contained some beneficial fat-soluble nutrients, such as tocopherols (143mg/kg) and phytosterols (1474mg/kg). Thirty-five kinds of TAGs were identified, among which O-O-L (17.96%), O-O-O (12.12%), L-L-O (11.79%), O-L-Et (8.59%), and O-O-Et (8.76%) were the most abundant. In vitro digestion experiments showed that after 120min of small intestine digestion, the maximum FFAs release level of the kernel oil was 75.02%, which was lower than that of soybean oil (89.63%).

Метаболические изменения в организме кур-несушек при применении антибиотика и фитобиотика

Abstract. The use of medicinal plant extracts in animal production has recently increased due to the discovery of previously unreported side effects of antibiotics, including the cumulation of their toxic metabolites in food, as well as the increased occurrence of antibiotic resistance of microorganisms. Non-therapeutic use of antimicrobials is also associated with the spread of multiple drug resistance, including resistance to antimicrobials that have never been used in animal agriculture. It has long been known that components of plant substances have the ability to inhibit bacterial growth. It is becoming common practice to use plant essential oils to improve feed utilization by ruminants, and essential oils have long been known for their antimicrobial properties. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the metabolic effects of phytobiotic and joint use with antibiotic in controlling microbial load. According to the results obtained, it is clear that phytobiotic in addition to antimicrobial effects has other positive effects expressed in membrane stabilizing and antioxidant properties, but there are some negative effects associated with difficulty of digestion and absorption of lipid nutrients. At the same time, the combined use of phytobiotic and antibiotic showed itself as optimal, due to the good antimicrobial effect, while mitigating or eliminating the negative effects identified when using phytobiotic and enrofloxacin separately, namely, eliminating immunosuppressive and depressive effects, as well as the absence of manifestations of impaired digestion and absorption of fat-soluble nutrients. Scientific novelty. The data obtained will expand the range of antimicrobial agents used in poultry farming, as well as allow the use of more flexible schemes to control the microbial load on the body of birds.

INFLUENCE OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES AND LACTULOSE PREBIOTICS ON THE FERMENTATION PROCESSES WITH THE PARTICIPATION OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA

A study of the influence of biologically active substances (fat-soluble vitamins, omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin D, as well as water-soluble vitamin C), prebiotic lactulose on the titer of viable cells of lactic acid bacteria was carried out for the further use of the obtained research results in the biotechnology of functional food products, obtained thanks to the successful course fermentation processes. Experiments have proven the expediency of using biologically active substances as stimulators of the growth of lactic acid bacteria, which contribute to the increase of biomass and support of their vital activity for 192 hours. Research has established that at the end of the experiment (192 hours), the highest titer of lactic acid bacteria was recorded in samples 1, 2, 3, 4, to which the prebiotic lactulose was added in the amount of 1, 3, 5 and 7 %, respectively. This is due to the fact that the prebiotic acts as a specific substrate that is used by the symbiosis of pure cultures of lactic acid bacteria for a long time, unlike milk sugar. Analyzing the obtained data, it is indicated that thanks to the addition of fat-soluble nutrients omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin D, as well as water-soluble vitamin C, there is a significant increase in the titer of viable cells of probiotic cultures at 6 and 24 hours of the experiment, although at the end of the experiment (by 192 hour) in these samples, an insignificant decrease of this indicator was recorded — from 10 to 8.9 log cells/ml. In the control sample (without the addition of biologically active substances and lactulose prebiotic), a significant decrease in the titer of viable cells of lactic acid bacteria was noted, compared to the test samples to which nutrients were added. The titer of lactic acid bacteria cells in the control sample was reduced by 192 hours from 8.5 to 5.5 log cells/ml. It is recommended to use the studied nutrients in the indicated concentrations to stimulate the growth and maintain the viability of lactic acid bacteria cultures in the technology of production of functional food products.

The preparation of plant-based milk substitutes with antioxidant properties using soybean protein isolate and curcumin composite nanoparticles

This study produced a nanoemulsion with antioxidant properties using soybean protein isolate-curcumin nanoparticles (SPI-Cur-NPs) as a plant-based milk substitute. The relevant properties of the nanoemulsions were investigated by characterizing the particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), ζ-potential, and loading capacity. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and transmission electron microscopy verified that the emulsion was the O/W type and that the droplet size was approximately 70 nm. After treatment with 63 °C, pH (2.0, 4.5, 9.0), and various concentrations of NaCl at 0, 200, and 500 mM, the nanoemulsions containing 4% SPI-Cur-NPs were stable and homogeneous. Due to the presence of curcumin, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances were maintained at a level approximately 3.2-fold lower than the control during the 14-day accelerated oxidation experiment, while the peroxide value of this nanoemulsion was maintained at approximately 0.0184 μmol/L during the 30-day storage experiment. Experiments on in vitro digestion revealed that the lipid release rate in the nanoemulsion exceeded 80%, significantly greater than the free state of 27.8%. Hence, nanoemulsions stabilized by SPI-Cur-NPs can be considered a potential plant-based milk substitute that can supplement fat-soluble nutrients and has excellent stability.

Analysis of Fat-Soluble Nutrients (Tocopherol, Retinol, β-Carotene, Cholesterol, and Fatty Acids) in Seafood Restaurant Foods Commonly Consumed in Korea

Analysis of Fat-Soluble Nutrients (Tocopherol, Retinol, β-Carotene, Cholesterol, and Fatty Acids) in Seafood Restaurant Foods Commonly Consumed in Korea

The One-Hundred-Year Anniversary of the Discovery of the Sunshine Vitamin D3: Historical, Personal Experience and Evidence-Based Perspectives.

The discovery of a fat-soluble nutrient that had antirachitic activity and no vitamin A activity by McCollum has had far reaching health benefits for children and adults. He named this nutrient vitamin D. The goal of this review and personal experiences is to give the reader a broad perspective almost from the beginning of time for how vitamin D evolved to became intimately involved in the evolution of land vertebrates. It was the deficiency of sunlight causing the devastating skeletal disease known as English disease and rickets that provided the first insight as to the relationship of sunlight and the cutaneous production of vitamin D3. The initial appreciation that vitamin D could be obtained from ultraviolet exposure of ergosterol in yeast to produce vitamin D2 resulted in the fortification of foods with vitamin D2 and the eradication of rickets. Vitamin D3 and vitamin D2 (represented as D) are equally effective in humans. They undergo sequential metabolism to produce the active form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. It is now also recognized that essentially every tissue and cell in the body not only has a vitamin D receptor but can produce 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. This could explain why vitamin D deficiency has now been related to many acute and chronic illnesses, including COVID-19.

Liver Fatty Acid, Mineral, and Fat-Soluble Nutrients in Wild and Captive Greater Prairie-Chickens

Abstract We measured fatty acids, minerals, and fat-soluble nutrients in liver tissues from greater prairie-chickens Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus as an ecological dietary surrogate for endangered Attwater's prairie-chickens T. c. attwateri and investigated differences associated with captive (nonreleased captive raised; n = 4), wild (n = 12), and combination (released captive raised; n = 5) diets. In general, we found more variability across all fatty acids in samples from released captive-raised birds than in samples from either nonreleased captive-raised or wild birds. Polyunsaturated fatty acids were lowest in captive-raised birds. Regarding minerals, liver sodium values were uniquely lower in released captive-raised birds, and copper and manganese concentrations were lower for both released and nonreleased captive-raised birds. Of the carotenoids that we evaluated, β-carotene was lower in livers from captive-raised birds than in livers from wild prairie-chickens. Zeaxanthin was lowest in livers from birds that were captive raised but nonreleased. Differences in hepatic nutrient concentration among the three study groups may be directly correlated with dietary ingredients. Our results suggest possible management actions for improved nutrition of prairie-chickens in future release programs, such as further refinement of trace mineral and β-carotene content of captive commercial diets, the addition of supplemental feeds in release protocols that include an elevated polyunsaturated fatty acid profile, green plant materials that elevate β-carotene content, provision of trace mineralized salt sources at release sites, and timing releases to coincide with periods of high natural resource availability to better duplicate nutrient diversity.

Contribution of Tocopherols in Commonly Consumed Foods to Estimated Tocopherol Intake in the Chinese Diet.

Vitamin E is an essential fat-soluble nutrient mainly found in vegetable oils, nuts, and other foods. In this study, we evaluated the contribution of commonly consumed foods to the vitamin E dietary intake of the population in relation to their consumption practices. In addition, the vitamin E intakes of Chinese residents were compared in different regions of China and in different years. The results showed that vegetable oil was the main source of vitamin E dietary intake for Chinese residents, accounting for 46.76% of total dietary intake of vitamin E, followed by cereals, vegetables, meat, aquatic products, eggs, legumes, nuts, fruits and dairy products. Among all vegetable oils, rapeseed oil was the highest contributor of vitamin E, accounting for 10.73% of all foods. Due to dietary habits and regional differences, vitamin E intake also varies greatly among residents in different regions of China and has increased yearly from 1982 to 2020. This study provides with scientific evidence for reasonable VE supplementation.

Comparison of Vitamin E Isoforms Among Plasma, Breast Milk, and Dietary Intake Measure of Mother-Infant Dyads

ObjectivesVitamin E is a fat-soluble nutrient with four isoforms: α-, β-, δ-, and γ-tocopherol. These isoforms differentially modulate inflammation and are related to important perinatal outcomes such as preterm delivery and Apgar scores. Understanding the dietary consumption of these isoforms and their respective prevalence in biological samples is an important component to optimize nutritional recommendations. The purpose of this study is to compare tocopherol isoform proportions among maternal, cord, and neonatal plasma; maternal breast milk; and maternal dietary intake.MethodsSamples of maternal breast milk and maternal, cord, and neonatal plasma were obtained within 1 month following delivery for maternal-infant dyads (N = 17) from the neonatal intensive care unit. Maternal dietary intake was assessed using the Harvard Willett Food Frequency Questionnaire. Relative proportions of α-, δ-, and γ-tocopherol in each sample type were measured and median tocopherol concentrations were compared using Kruskal-Wallis tests. A p-value < 0.05 was statistically significant.ResultsTotal tocopherol concentrations were significantly different across sample groups (P < 0.001). Concentrations were highest in maternal serum, followed by neonatal serum, maternal breast milk, and umbilical cord serum. In all samples, α-tocopherol had the highest relative proportion, followed by γ- and δ-tocopherol, respectively. Compared to all biological samples, the dietary intake proportion of γ-tocopherol was significantly higher (P < 0.001), while the proportion of α-tocopherol was significantly lower (p = 0.04).ConclusionsWe observed significant differences in tocopherol concentrations across related biological samples, with maternal plasma containing the highest concentration and umbilical cord plasma the lowest. Mothers also consumed significantly higher percentages of γ-tocopherol than those found in both their plasma and breast milk. This suggests that proportions of individual tocopherol isoforms are influenced by factors other than dietary intake. Additional research should explore these associations in a larger cohort and analyze the effects of supplementation on tocopherol concentrations.Funding SourcesUNMC Pediatrics Department; Child Health Research Institute.

Potential low-calorie model that inhibits free fatty acid release and helps curcumin deliver in vitro: Ca2+-induced emulsion gels from low methyl-esterified pectin with the presence of erythritol

Our previous study showed that pectin de-esterified by high hydrostatic pressure assisted enzymatic method (HHP-pectin) had better Ca2+-induced gel performance and more stable emulsion than those from conventional enzymatic and alkaline methods. In this study, Ca2+-induced emulsion gels were further prepared by HHP-pectin in the presence of erythritol, and their texture properties, moisture distribution, the release of free fatty acids (FFAs) and curcumin were investigated. Results showed that gel strength, gel elasticity, and water cut-off capacity of the prepared emulsion gels significantly increased with Ca2+ concentration increasing. Compared with emulsions, HHP-pectin emulsion gels can significantly decrease FFAs and curcumin release in vitro digestion, especially for samples with better texture properties (higher Ca2+ concentration). This study indicated that Ca2+-induced HHP-pectin emulsion gels prepared with erythritol may provide a new choice for low-calorie foods preparing, and may become a potential alternative model that inhibiting FFAs release and helping fat-soluble nutrients (curcumin) deliver.

The Benevolent Bile: Bile Acids as Stimulants of Liver Regeneration

The Benevolent Bile: Bile Acids as Stimulants of Liver Regeneration

Plasma Proteomics Characteristics of Subclinical Vitamin E Deficiency of Dairy Cows During Early Lactation.

Vitamin E (VE) is an essential fat-soluble nutrient for dairy cows. Vitamin E deficiency leads to immune suppression and oxidative stress and increases the susceptibility of cows to reproductive disorders in the early post-partum period. However, studies on plasma proteomics of VE deficiency have not been reported so far. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to understand the changes of blood protein profile in cows with subclinical VE deficiency in the early post-partum period. In this study, plasma protein levels of 14 healthy cows (>4 μg/ml α-tocopherol) and 13 subclinical VE-deficient cows (2–3 μg/ml α-tocopherol) were analyzed by tandem mass tag (TMT). The results showed that there were 26 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the plasma of cows with subclinical VE deficiency compared with healthy controls. Twenty-one kinds of proteins were downregulated, and five kinds were upregulated, among which eight proteins in protein–protein interactions (PPI) network had direct interaction. These proteins are mainly involved in the MAPK signaling pathway, pantothenic acid and coenzyme A (CoA) biosynthesis, PPAR signaling pathway, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor biosynthesis. The top four DEPs in PPI (APOC3, APOC4, SAA4, PHLD) and one important protein (VNN1) by literature review were further verified by ELISA and Western blot. The expression levels of APOC3, VNN1, and SAA4 were significantly lower than those of healthy controls by ELISA. VNN1 was significantly lower than those of healthy controls by Western blot. VNN1 is closely related to dairy cow subclinical VE deficiency and can be a potential biomarker. It lays a foundation for further research on the lack of pathological mechanism and antioxidative stress of VE.