Fat-soluble Dyes Research Articles

Determination of fat-soluble dyes influence on the oxidation induction period of their oil solutions

The object of the study is the period of induction of accelerated oxidation of oil solutions of fat-soluble dyes chlorophyll and beta-carotene. The effect of the content of fat-soluble dyes on the period of induction of accelerated oxidation of their solutions in refined sunflower oil was studied. The peculiarity of the work consists in establishing approximate graphic and mathematical dependences of the term of the induction period of accelerated oxidation of refined sunflower oil on the content of chlorophyll and beta-carotene separately and together. This is important for predicting the shelf life of oil solutions of fat-soluble dyes. It was determined that chlorophyll A practically does not show a pro-oxidant effect if its content is up to 0.05 g/l. The content of chlorophyll A at the level of 0.10 g/l leads to a reduction in the duration of the induction period by 14 %; 0.20 g/l – by 36 %; 0.30 g/l – by 48 %. The content of beta-carotene at the level of 0.10 g/l leads to an increase in the duration of the induction period by 35 %; 0.20 g/l – by 47 %; 0.30 g/l – by 54 %. The content in the oil system of 0.10 g/l of beta-carotene and 0.05 g/l of chlorophyll A leads to a reduction in the period of induction of accelerated oxidation by 8.4 % compared to the oil solution of 0.10 g/l of beta-carotene without chlorophyll A. The obtained data are explained by the fact that there is a compensatory effect of the antioxidant beta-carotene on the pro-oxidant effect of chlorophyll A in the oil solution. A feature of the obtained results is the possibility of predicting the shelf life of oil solutions of fat-soluble dyes. From a practical point of view, the results of the research allow to develop oil systems taking into account the separate and compatible features of reactivity to the oxidation of chlorophyll and beta-carotene. An applied aspect of using the scientific result is the possibility of expanding the assortment of oil products of increased nutritional value with different contents of chlorophyll and beta-carotene

Yolk precursor synthesis and deposition in hierarchical follicles and effect on egg production performance of hens

Egg production of hens is related to ovarian follicles development. The hierarchical follicle development accompanies the deposition of a large amount of yolk precursor. The aim of this study was to illustrate the effects of strain and age on yolk deposition and egg production. The experiment compared yolk synthesis, transport, and deposition in 3 groups of hens: one of a high-yield commercial hybrid laying breed (Jinghong No.1) in 2 stages (35 wk and 75 wk; JH35, JH75) and one of Chinese native breed (Lueyang Black-Boned chicken) at 35 wk (LY35). The results showed that the number of hierarchical follicles in JH35 and JH75 was significantly more than in LY35. At the same time, the yolk weight of the LY35 and JH75 was significantly higher than that of JH35. The expression of apolipoprotein A1 and apolipoprotein B genes in the liver of JH35 was higher than that of JH75. The expression of the very low-density lipoprotein receptor gene in the JH75 ovary was higher than that of the other 2 groups. The plasma concentrations of very low-density lipoprotein and vitellogenin were no significant difference among groups. The yolk deposition in hierarchical follicles based on the fat-soluble dyes measurement meant that the rate of yolk deposition of LY35 was lower than the other 2 groups. In most cases, the yolk deposition of JH75 was higher than that of the other groups, but the process showed greater fluctuation over time. These results meant that the rate and stability of yolk deposition played an essential role in affecting egg performance. In summary, both strain and age were related to egg production, but the 2 factors might impact yolk deposition and egg-laying performance differently. The egg performance may be affected by both yolk precursor synthesis and deposition for different strains, but it may be affected by yolk precursor deposition for the old laying hens.

COSMOS FLOWERS AS SOURCES OF THREE TYPESOF DYES

The accumulation and species composition of anthocyanins in the flowers of several vari-eties of double-feathered cosmea (Cosmos bipinnatus) and in the flowers of red and orange color-ation are more sulfur-yellow (C. sulphureus).And the level of accumulation of lutein diesters in the flowers of C. sulphureus of lemon yellow, yellow, orange and red colors is also determined. It was found that according to the level of anthocyanin accumulation, the flowers of C. bipinnatus of intensely red color are comparable to the fruits of black currant, and the species composition differs due to the different effectiveness in different varieties, primarily O-methyltransferase -from 15 to 60%, which ensures the transfer of cyanidin derivatives to peonidin derivatives. The effectiveness of rhamnosyltransferase in all studied cases is about90 percent or more, which affects the fact that the main components of anthocyanins of flowers are cyanidin and peonidin rhamnosides. In the case of C. sulphureus the effectiveness of O-methyltransferase has not been detected, therefore cyanidin derivatives are synthesized in the complete absence of peonidin derivatives. But the pecu-liarity of the species is the biosynthesis of 3-deoxyanthocyanin -4'-glucoside cosmonidin, which, along with xanthophylls, provides a yellow color due to a strong hypsochromicshift of the absorp-tion maximum. The belonging of this substance to anthocyanins (as substances having a positive charge on the aglycone) is confirmed by an increase in retention under conditions of ion-pair re-versed-phase HPLC with an increase in the concentration of sodium heptanesulfonate in the mo-bile phase. It was found that in all the studied samples of C. sulphureus flowers, lutein diesters are synthesized with a practically color-independent ratio of diester species, among which dimyristate is predominant. The level of accumulation of xanthophylls increases sharply during the transition from lemon-yellow to yellow flowers. The increase in the color of the petals from yellow to orange and red is accompanied by a relatively small increase in the accumulation level, reaching 0.5 g per 100 g of dry petals. Thus, the flowers of the plant are good sources of traditional anthocyanins, as dyes for the food and medical industry, as well as yellow water-soluble and fat-soluble dyes.

Features of micro- and ultrastructure of low-fat butter and its low-fat analogues

The aim of the research was to study the features of the structure of low-fat butter and butter pastes, which, in terms of composition and properties, more fully meet the requirements of a healthy diet than high-fat types of butter. The objects of research were: butter with fat content of 72.5%; butter with fat content of 55% made with the addition of skimmed milk powder; butter of the same fat content with the addition of stabilizers based on guar and xanthan gums and emulsifiers based on monoand diglycerides of fatty acids; butter pastes with fat content of 45% with similar additives used to increase the stability of the process of butter formation and improve the texture. The microstructure was studied using an MBI-6 microscope, and the ultramicrostructure was studied using a Phillips electron microscope. In the first case, the sample was prepared by crushing the sample, in the second one — by the method of ultrafast freeze-fracture and etching. Researches have shown that the use of the introduced ingredients improves the homogeneity of the structure of the studied products. Due to the ability of milk proteins and stabilizers to retain moisture, it is more evenly distributed and well retained in the fat matrix of the product, formed from crystalline and liquid fat in the form of a continuous phase, which is confirmed by a sufficient penetration depth of the fat-soluble dye. Plasma droplets in butter with fat content of 72.5% and 55% are more isolated than in butter pastes, as indicated by the greater penetration depth of the water-soluble dye. The average diameter of isolated moisture droplets in low-fat products was 3.3–5.4 μm, and the average diameter of the fat globules that form the basis of the crystalline framework was 5.4–7.4 μm, depending on the composition of the product. For butter with fat content of 72.5%, the values of these indicators were 2.8 and 4.0 μm. The results of the study indicate the presence of differences in the sizes of structural elements, but at the same time confirm the uniformity of the structure of low-fat products, allowing them to be attributed to dispersions «water-in-oil».

Removal of phenolic contaminants from water by in situ coated surfactant on Keggin-aluminum nanocluster and biodegradation

Recent water treatment plants require multi-process techniques to remove contaminants from aqua media. In this study, we investigate the novel, in situ coated sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS), on kegging Al30 nanocluster as a single water treatment alternative for the removal of phenolic contaminants and suspension. FTIR, TEM-EDX and Zeta potential analysis characterized the nanocluster decoration. The resulting property was examined by emission (λ-max) of the molecular probe, the online aggregate image of fluorescence microscopy, and mixing isochrone, fat-soluble dye solubilization. The coated media was examined as nearly resembling the hydrophobicity of 1-octanol. The elemental line scanning and mapping showed different morphologies of floc depending on the SDS concentration. The material was found to follow Brownian motion to enmesh suspended particles like a ladder, and served as entrapper for small organic contaminants by the sorbed SDS aggregate, based on their log KO/W. About 85% and ≥95% removal archived for contaminants with the least and highest KO/W value, respectively. The residual solutes in the supernatant were well decomposed by using a bacterial agent. One-step removal (less footprint) and ease of operation make this approach an environmentally compatible and cost-effective alternative for the large-scale treatment process.

Влияние наполнителей и красителей на качество сварных соединений при ультразвуковой сварке пластмасс

In this work, the impact of dyes and fillers on the process of heat generation during ultrasonic welding of plastics was studied, which made it possible to influence the weldability and quality of products. Experiments to weld samples of plastics with various concentrations of dyes and fillers were carried out. Based on the experimental data, it was established that the main parameters of the welding process and the properties of the polymer influenced weldability and performance indicators of the weld joint. The nature and the concentration of the dyes and fillers injected into the polymer to obtain certain characteristics and colors had an impact as well. Optimal concentrations that provided the best weldability, strength and quality of the weld products were obtained for fat-soluble dyes and organic pigments (0.1–1.5 g/kg) as well as disperse fillers and inorganic pigments (5–12 g/kg). Types of dyes and fillers and their optimal concentrations for fat-soluble dyes, organic pigments and disperse fillers were determined. Parameters of the process of ultrasonic welding of dyed and filled plastics were defined. It was established that welded products with the recommended optimal concentration and types of dyes and fillers showed the best weldability, increased strength and performance, and could be used longer under various climatic conditions.

Fat-Soluble Substance Flow During Symbiotic Fungus Cultivation by Leaf-Cutter Ants.

Leaf-cutter ants perform a series of specialized behaviors in preparing plant substrates for their symbiotic fungus. This process may be related to contamination of workers by substances such as insecticides, leading us to hypothesize that substances are spread among workers through behaviors they perform to grow the fungus. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the behavioral acts of workers during the processing of the pellets by using a fat-soluble tracing dye, since the active ingredient that composes toxic baits, used for control of leaf-cutter ants, is fat-soluble. The frequencies of performed behaviors were recorded and the number of dyed workers was assessed after fungus cultivation. The most frequent behavior is allogrooming and corresponds to 45.87% of the contamination process in workers, followed by holding, licking, and cutting pellets, which account for 40.22% of the process. After pellet processing, the workers had their external and internal morphological structures marked by the tracing dye-93.75% and 79.25%, respectively. These results confirm that behaviors performed during fungus cultivation contribute to dispersing substances such as insecticides, causing the contamination of workers.

Functional paper-based SERS substrate for rapid and sensitive detection of Sudan dyes in herbal medicine

There has been an increasing demand for rapid and sensitive techniques for the identification of Sudan compounds that emerged as the most often illegally added fat-soluble dyes in herbal medicine. In this report, we have designed and fabricated a functionalized filter paper consisting of gold nanorods (GNRs) and mono-6-thio-cyclodextrin (HS-β-CD) as a surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrate, in which the GNR provides sufficient SERS enhancement, and the HS-β-CD with strong chemical affinity toward GNR provides the inclusion compound to capture hydrophobic molecules. Moreover, the CD-GNR were uniformly assembled on filter paper cellulose through the electrostatic adsorption and hydrogen bond, so that the CD-GNR paper-based SERS substrate (CD-GNR-paper) demonstrated higher sensitivity for the determination of Sudan III (0.1μM) and Sudan IV (0.5μM) than GNRs paper-based SERS substrate (GNR-paper), with high stability after the storage in the open air for 90days. Importantly, CD-GNR-paper can effectively collect the Sudan dyes from illegally adulterated onto samples of Resina Draconis with a simple operation, further open up new exciting opportunity for SERS detection of more compounds illegally added with high sensitivity and fast signal responses.

Lipofuscin Granules in the Epileptic Human Temporal Neocortex with Age

Lipofuscin granules (LGs), the “age pigments”, are autofluorescent cell products from lysosomes that diverge in number and size among brain regions. Human temporal cortex from 20- to 55-year-old epileptic subjects were studied with the fat soluble dye Sudan Black, under confocal and electron microscopy. Ultrastructural analysis showed that with age LGs increase in area, but not in number. Proportionally to the LGs area, the electron lucid portion increases and the electron dense reduces over time. The robust increase in lipid components is possibly due to modifications in the neuronal metabolism with age in physiological and pathological conditions.

Trajectory of Water- and Fat-Soluble Dyes in the Grass-Cutting ant Atta capiguara (Hymenoptera, Formicidae): Evaluation of Infrabuccal Cavity, Post-Pharyngeal Glands and Gaster

The diet of leaf-cutting ants is based on cultivation of their symbiotic fungus, whose successful cultivation depends on the task of incorporation and handling of vegetable substrate. This task may cause the workers to be contaminated with toxic substances and thus decrease the survival of the colony. The objective of this study was to analyze the contamination of workers of Atta capiguara as well as the dissemination trajectory of water- and fat-soluble substances. Four colonies received non-toxic baits containing water-soluble dye Rhodamine-B and three, non-toxic baits with fat-soluble dye Sudan III. The dye Rhodamine-B stained the gaster in 40.31% of workers and showed no significant difference among castes. The Sudan III stained the infrabuccal cavity in 35.41%, post-pharyngeal glands of 24.22% and gaster in only 8.44% of the workers, with no significant difference among the castes. The watersoluble dye was spread in the body of workers through the digestive system while fat-soluble dye was diverted to the post-pharyngeal glands.

Simultaneous determination of 14 oil-soluble synthetic dyes in chilli products by high performance liquid chromatography with a gel permeation chromatography clean-up procedure

A method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 14 fat-soluble dyes in chilli products. The samples were extracted with hexane/acetone. The cleanup was performed with gel permeation chromatography (GPC) cleanup system. A HPLC separation was performed using variable wavelength detector and a gradient elution with 0.1% formic acid and methanol–acetonitrile (1:1, v/v) as the mobile phases. Good linearity (R2⩾0.995) was observed between 0.1 and 5.0μg/mL. Detection limits of the investigated dyes, which were evaluated at signal to noise ratio of 3, were in the ranges of 11–71μg/kg. The recoveries of the 14 synthetic colourants in three matrices ranged from 73.4% to 103.5%. Relative standard deviations ranged from 3.7% to 12.3%. The method has been successfully used for the determination of banned dyes in real samples.

New drugs for the treatment of tuberculosis: hope and reality [State of the Art Series. New tools. Number 2 in the series

The objective of this review is to report evidence about the efficacy and potential of currently licensed drugs and new molecules beyond pre-clinical development for improving the chemotherapy of tuberculosis (TB). Rifapentine, a rifamycin with low minimum inhibitory concentration, long half-life and potent sterilizing activity in mice did not confirm its potential in a recent short-term clinical trial and is being extensively re-evaluated. Moxifloxacin, a fluoroquinolone, improved the activity of the standard drug regimen when substituted for ethambutol (EMB). It is being studied to shorten the duration of treatment for fully drug-susceptible TB (Remox study). Clofazimine, a fat-soluble dye with experimental activity against TB, but used only for leprosy in the last 50 years, requires further study because it has been included in a successful short 9-month combined drug regimen for the treatment of multidrug-resistant TB. The diarylquinoline TMC207 is the most promising among the new TB drugs because of its experimental and clinical rate of culture conversion. Also exciting, 200 mg daily doses in humans of the nitroimidazo-oxazine PA-824 and the nitro-dihydro-imidazooxazole OPC-67683 were safe and induced a bactericidal effect of respectively 0.098 ± 0.072 log(10) and 0.040 ± 0.056 log(10) per day. The new oxazolidinones PNU-100480 and AZD-5847 might be at least as active as linezolid and much less toxic. SQ109 is an EMB analogue that does not have cross-resistance with EMB and might have synergistic activity in combined regimens. Benzothiazinones and dinitrobenzamides show exciting in vitro anti-microbial activity and deserve careful attention.

Cholesterol esterification by ACAT2 is essential for efficient intestinal cholesterol absorption: evidence from thoracic lymph duct cannulation

The hypothesis tested in this study was that cholesterol esterification by ACAT2 would increase cholesterol absorption efficiency by providing cholesteryl ester (CE) for incorporation into chylomicrons. The assumption was that absorption would be proportional to Acat2 gene dosage. Male ACAT2⁺/⁺, ACAT2⁺/⁻, and ACAT2⁻/⁻ mice were fed a diet containing 20% of energy as palm oil with 0.2% (w/w) cholesterol. Cholesterol absorption efficiency was measured by fecal dual-isotope and thoracic lymph duct cannulation (TLDC) methods using [³H]sitosterol and [¹⁴C]cholesterol tracers. Excellent agreement among individual mice was found for cholesterol absorption measured by both techniques. Cholesterol absorption efficiency in ACAT2⁻/⁻ mice was 16% compared with 46-47% in ACAT2⁺/⁺ and ACAT2⁺/⁻ mice. Chylomicrons from ACAT2⁺/⁺ and ACAT2⁺/⁻ mice carried ∼80% of total sterol mass as CE, whereas ACAT2⁻/⁻ chylomicrons carried >90% of sterol mass in the unesterified form. The total percentage of chylomicron mass as CE was reduced from 12% in the presence of ACAT2 to ∼1% in ACAT2⁻/⁻ mice. Altogether, the data demonstrate that ACAT2 increases cholesterol absorption efficiency by providing CE for chylomicron transport, but one copy of the Acat2 gene, providing ∼50% of ACAT2 mRNA and enzyme activity, was as effective as two copies in promoting cholesterol absorption.

Detection of Sudan Dyes in Red Chilli Powder by Thin Layer Chromatography

Sudan I, II, III & IV are suspected genotoxic carcinogens and reports have shown the adulteration of chilli and chilli containing products with these azo dyes in recent past. In this study, a Simple Thin Layer Chromatographic method is described for the qualitative detection of Sudan-III & IV in Red chilli powder. The study includes extraction of sample, preparation of Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) plates and Separation cum detection of dyes on TLC plates. The dyes were extracted with solvent Acetonitrile. Sample extracts were filtered and analyzed by simple thin layer chromatography in benzene, hexane and acetic acid solvent system. The chromatograms of sample, standard and spiked samples were evaluated in term of Rf and relative Rf values. The relative Rf values of four samples analysed, relative to the two standards of Sudan (IIIS2 and IV S1) were less than one (P1-0.13,0.25; P2-0.1 9,0.35; P3-0.30,0.35; P4-0.15,0.26 and P5-0.20,0.38), confirming the absence of Sudan III and IV in these samples. The efficiency of the method was checked by internal standard method, in which pure sample was spiked by known weight of standard dye. The relative Rf values of spiked sample was almost equal to one (b1-0.93, b2-0.80). Limit of detection (5 mg/kg) was calculated on the basis of visual evaluation of spots (i.e. spot visible or not at given concentration of standard dye) under normal light without any derivetization. The chilli samples analysed though varied in color intensity, but none of them was found to contain Sudan III or IV. with Sudan IV (less often with Sudan I) and originates from various African countries [2]. Sudan dyes are fat soluble azo dyes but solubility data of Sudan dyes is not abundant in literature. Sudan dyes are insoluble in water and soluble in various organic solvents (1.49 mol/dm3 in trichloromethane, 0.57 mol/dm3 in dichloromethane, 0.30 mol/dm3 in toluene, 0.17 mol/dm3 in benzene, 0.04 mol/dm3 in acetonitrile, 0.02 mol/dm3 in ethanol and 0.017 mol/dm3 in methanol. There is no solubility information for Sudan II. Sudan III is 0.015 and Sudan IV is 0.09 mol/dm3 soluble in ethanol. The log-P value of Sudan I is 5.86 meaning that it is highly lipophilicity compound. No data is available for Sudan II-IV but given their molecular structures, their log-P values are expected to be similar or somewhat higher. UV-spectra of Sudan dyes I-IV differ from each other (Figure 3). The absorption maxima are at the following wavelengths; Sudan I 475 nm, Sudan II-489 nm, Sudan III-503 nm and Sudan IV-513 nm and 515 nm. Sudan dyes are weak acids, however the azo group in the I position that acts as a hydrogen bond acceptor leads to the formation of an intra-molecular hydrogen bond with the phenol-OH. This additional stabilization of the neutral Sudan molecule is responsible for rather high pKa value 11.65 of Sudan I and II [3]. The pka values of Sudan III and IV are expected to be similar. Sudan dyes thus can be considered to behave as neutral in most of the analytical methods. Sudan dyes are indirect carcinogens (classified as category 3 carcinogens by IARC) and are therefore banned from the use in foods

A Comparative Study of Fat Storage Quantitation in Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans Using Label and Label-Free Methods

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been employed as a model organism to study human obesity due to the conservation of the pathways that regulate energy metabolism. To assay for fat storage in C. elegans, a number of fat-soluble dyes have been employed including BODIPY, Nile Red, Oil Red O, and Sudan Black. However, dye-labeled assays produce results that often do not correlate with fat stores in C. elegans. An alternative label-free approach to analyze fat storage in C. elegans has recently been described with coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy. Here, we compare the performance of CARS microscopy with standard dye-labeled techniques and biochemical quantification to analyze fat storage in wild type C. elegans and with genetic mutations in the insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway including the genes daf-2 (insulin/IGF-1 receptor), rict-1 (rictor) and sgk-1 (serum glucocorticoid kinase). CARS imaging provides a direct measure of fat storage with unprecedented details including total fat stores as well as the size, number, and lipid-chain unsaturation of individual lipid droplets. In addition, CARS/TPEF imaging reveals a neutral lipid species that resides in both the hypodermis and the intestinal cells and an autofluorescent organelle that resides exclusively in the intestinal cells. Importantly, coherent addition of the CARS fields from the C-H abundant neutral lipid permits selective CARS imaging of the fat store, and further coupling of spontaneous Raman analysis provides unprecedented details including lipid-chain unsaturation of individual lipid droplets. We observe that although daf-2, rict-1, and sgk-1 mutants affect insulin/IGF-1 signaling, they exhibit vastly different phenotypes in terms of neutral lipid and autofluorescent species. We find that CARS imaging gives quantification similar to standard biochemical triglyceride quantification. Further, we independently confirm that feeding worms with vital dyes does not lead to the staining of fat stores, but rather the sequestration of dyes in lysosome-related organelles. In contrast, fixative staining methods provide reproducible data but are prone to errors due to the interference of autofluorescent species and the non-specific staining of cellular structures other than fat stores. Importantly, both growth conditions and developmental stage should be considered when comparing methods of C. elegans lipid storage. Taken together, we confirm that CARS microscopy provides a direct, non-invasive, and label-free means to quantitatively analyze fat storage in living C. elegans.

Naringenin Decreases Progression of Atherosclerosis by Improving Dyslipidemia in High-Fat–Fed Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor–Null Mice

Naringenin is a citrus flavonoid that potently inhibits the assembly and secretion of apolipoprotein B100-containing lipoproteins in cultured hepatocytes and improves the dyslipidemia and insulin resistance in a mouse model of the metabolic syndrome. In the present study, we used low-density lipoprotein receptor-null mice fed a high-fat diet (Western, TD96125) to test the hypothesis that naringenin prevents atherosclerosis. Three groups (chow, Western, and Western plus naringenin) were fed ad libitum for 6 months. The Western diet increased fasting plasma triglyceride (TG) (5-fold) and cholesterol (8-fold) levels compared with chow, whereas the addition of naringenin significantly decreased both lipids by 50%. The Western-fed mice developed extensive atherosclerosis in the aortic sinus because plaque area was increased by 10-fold compared with chow-fed animals. Quantitation of fat-soluble dye (Sudan IV)-stained aortas, prepared en face, revealed that Western-fed mice also had a 10-fold increase in plaque deposits throughout the arch and in the abdominal sections of the aorta, compared with chow. Atherosclerosis in both areas was significantly decreased by more than 70% in naringenin-treated mice. Consistent with quantitation of aortic lesions, the Western-fed mice had a significant 6-fold increase in cholesterol and a 4-fold increase in TG deposition in the aorta compared with chow-fed mice. Both were reduced more than 50% by naringenin. The Western diet induced extensive hepatic steatosis, with a 10-fold increase in both TG and cholesteryl ester mass compared with chow. The addition of naringenin decreased both liver TG and cholesteryl ester mass by 80%. The hyperinsulinemia and obesity that developed in Western-fed mice was normalized by naringenin to levels observed in chow-fed mice. These in vivo studies demonstrate that the citrus flavonoid naringenin ameliorates the dyslipidemia in Western-fed low-density lipoprotein receptor-null mice, leading to decreased atherosclerosis; and suggests a potential therapeutic strategy for the hyperlipidemia and increased risk of atherosclerosis associated with insulin resistance.

Simultaneous determination of water-soluble and fat-soluble synthetic colorants in foodstuff by high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection–electrospray mass spectrometry

An accurate method was developed for the simultaneous determination of water-Tartrazine, Amaranth, Ponceau 4R, Sunset Yellow FCF, and fat-Sudan (I–IV), synthetic soluble colorants in foodstuff. This method uses dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) as the extraction solvent in the sample preparation process and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)–diode array detector (DAD)–electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), applying selected ion recording in positive/negative alternate mode to acquire mass spectral data, as the analytical technique. Linearity of around three orders in the magnitude of concentration was generally obtained. Detection and quantification limits of the investigated dyes, which were evaluated at signal to noise ratio of 3 for detection limit and 10 for quantification limit, were in the ranges of 0.01–4 and 0.03–11.2 ng, respectively. The recoveries of the eight synthetic colorants in four matrices ranged from 93.2 to 108.3%. Relative standard deviations of less than 8.2% were also achieved. This method has been applied successfully in the determination of water-soluble colorants in the soft drink and the delicious ginger, and fat-soluble dyes in chilli powders and chilli spices.

Egg Laying and Ovarian Follicular Growth in Japanese Quail under Continuous Lighting.

Egg laying and ovarian follicular growth pattern in Japanese quail were compared between the conditions of 14hr lighting and 10hr darkness (14L/10D) and of continuous lighting (LL). Laying quail at 15 weeks of age were maintained firstly under 14L/10D and secondly under LL for each 7 weeks. Their oviposition times were recorded throughout the experimental period. To examine the follicular growth pattern under the both conditions, three kinds of the fat soluble dye were orally given once a day at a fixed time for 7 weeks under each condition.Ovipositions under 14L/10D were concentrated within the period from 8hr after the onset of lighting to 2hr after the onset of darkness with a peak of 11 to 12hr after the onset of lighting. It was proved that ovipositions under 14L/10D showed a high entrainment to light-dark cycle. On the other hand, ovipositions under LL were found uniformly in all of the 24hr. The oviposition interval between intraclutch eggs was 24.70±0.07 (mean±S.E.M.) hr under 14L/10D and 26.83±0.05hr under LL. The interval lengthened significantly by transfer to LL. Quail under LL revealed a decrease of relatively short clutches with 1 to 6 eggs while an increase of long clutches of more than 10 eggs, comparing with those under 14L/10D.By transfer from 14L/10D to LL, length of the follicular rapid growth period and yolk volume at the time of ovulation increased significantly. However, no significant change was found on the number of growing follicles in the ovary and the total amount of daily yolk deposition under the both conditions. The results indicate that light-dark cycle consisting of the total of 24hr affects follicular growth period and follicular volume at the ovulation.

Rapid Growth of the Ovarian Follicle in Relation to Age and Laying Performance in Japanese Quail.

The rapid growth pattern of ovarian follicles in laying quail was examined during the period from 2 to 10 months of age by the use of three kinds of the fat soluble dye. The rapid growth period length was longest at 2 months of age and shortest at 4 months of age. The period then tended to lengthen slightly with age. A continuous increase in follicular volume at the time of ovulation was found as age progressed. The number of growing follicles in ovary was relatively small from 2 to 6 months of age, then the number increased at 8 months of age. The total amount of daily yolk deposition increased from 2 to 8 months of age.To clarify relation between the follicular growth pattern and the laying performance, quail were classified into three types according to their laying patterns. In both of type A, exhibiting relatively short clutches, and type B, showing long clutches, the growth period was longest at 2 months of age. On the other hand, the number of growing follicles in ovary remained a constant level in type A while increased gradually in type B as age progressed. The birds of type C laid their eggs around the clock regardless of the lightdark cycle with relatively long clutches. The growth period in this type increased basically with age, but the number of growing follicles continued to decrease until 6 months of age. The follicular volume at ovulation and the total amount of daily yolk deposition tended to increase as age advanced in all the laying types. The follicular growth period and the follicular volume at ovulation in the quail of type B were less than those of type A at the all ages examined. However, the total amount of daily yolk deposition in type B was large comparing with type A and C.

Preparation of determining fat dispersing efficiency contains sulphanol, alkali or alkaline earth metal hydroxide, and water-soluble or fat-soluble dye : Lith. Sect. Butter Cheese Ind. SU-1689846; 7 November 1991

Simple, rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric methods were developed for the determination of carbamazepine and mosapride citrate drugs in pure and pharmaceutical dosage forms. These methods are based on ion pair and charge transfer complexation reactions. The first method is based on the reaction of the carbamazepine drug with Mo(V)–thiocyanate in hydrochloric acid medium followed by an extraction of the coloured ion-pair with 1,2-dichloroethane and the absorbance of the ion pair was measured at 470 nm. The second method is based on the formation of ion-pairs between mosapride citrate and two dyestuff reagents namely bromothymol blue (BTB) and bromocresol green (BCG) in a universal buffer of pH 4 and 3, respectively. The formed ion-pairs are extracted with chloroform and methylene chloride and measured at 412 and 416 nm for BTB and BCG reagents, respectively. The third method is based on charge transfer complex formation between mosapride citrate (electron donor) and DDQ (π-acceptor reagent) and the absorbance of the CT complexes was measured at 450 nm. All the optimum conditions are established. The calibration graphs are rectilinear in the concentration ranges 10–350 for carbamazepine using Mo(V)–thiocyanate and 4–100, 4–60 and 10–150 μg mL−1 for mosapride citrate using BTB, BCG and DDQ reagents, respectively. The Sandell sensitivity (S), molar absorptivity, correlation coefficient, regression equations and limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) are calculated. The law values of standard deviation (0.04–0.09 for carbamazepine using Mo(V)–thiocyanate and 0.022–0.024, 0.013–0.018 and 0.013–0.020 for mosapride citrate using BTB, BCG and DDQ, respectively) and relative standard deviation (0.630–2.170 for carbamazepine using Mo(V)–thiocyanate and 0.123–1.43, 0.102–0.530 and 0.226–1.280 for mosapride citrate using BTB, BCG and DDQ, respectively) reflect the accuracy and precision of the proposed methods. The methods are applied for the assay of the two investigated drugs in pharmaceutical dosage forms. The results are in good agreement with those obtained by the official method.