Thickness Of Fat Layer Research Articles

Relationships among serum lipoprotein lipase mass, visceral fat, and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness.

The purpose of the study was to determine whether there were significant correlations among the serum lipoprotein lipase mass, visceral fat, and the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness. We studied 118 consecutive subjects. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used to measure the RNFL thickness. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationships among lipoprotein lipase (LPL) mass, visceral fat area by computed tomography, OCT, and other parameters. We performed a multiple regression analysis to identify independent factors for the RNFL sectors that were the most strongly correlated with the LPL mass and visceral fat area. The LPL mass was significantly correlated with the nasal RNFL thickness in both eyes (right eye: r = 0.24, p = 0.008, left eye: 0.32, 0.0008) and inferior RNFL thickness in the left eye ( r = 0.23, p = 0.01). The visceral fat area was significantly correlated with the nasal RNFL thickness in both eyes (right eye: r = -0.19, p = 0.04, left eye: -0.30, 0.0008) and the inferior RNFL thickness in the left eye ( r = -0.23, p = 0.01). The subcutaneous fat area was not significantly correlated with any OCT parameters. The multiple regression analysis revealed that age, LPL mass, and visceral fat area were independent contributors to the nasal RNFL thickness in the left eye (age, standard regression coefficient = -0.34 , p = 0.0004; LPL mass, 0.26, 2.49, 0.01; visceral fat area, -0.21, 0.03). A reduction of lipoprotein lipase and accumulation of visceral fat might produce retinal neurodegenerative disorders that decrease the RNFL thickness, especially on the nasal side.

A clinical and biological evaluation of a novel, noninvasive radiofrequency device for the long‐term reduction of adipose tissue

A novel, noninvasive technology, utilizing suction-coupled radiofrequency (RF) heating and ultra-short pulse duration, high-voltage electrical pulses was studied for its efficacy and safety on adipose tissue reduction. Twenty-one subjects underwent treatment of their abdominal fat once weekly for 6 weeks. Clinical outcomes including abdominal circumference, adipose tissue thickness (measured by ultrasound), adipose tissue weight, body weight, and clinical photographs were obtained at visits 1 and 3 months after last treatment. Adverse events were recorded. Three subjects, who were undergoing a future elective abdominoplasty, were treated with the same protocol, but on only one side of the abdomen before abdominoplasty. Biopsies from the RF-treated and untreated sides were harvested during abdominoplasty and cultured; measurements of adipocyte size and shape, rate of apoptosis, collagen production, and dermal thickness were determined. Significant clinical improvements (P < 0.05) were observed for the following clinical outcomes: reduction of abdominal circumference (113.4-110.7 cm), reduction of subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness (40.5-38.5 mm), and reduction in adipose tissue weight (32.2-30.7 kg) at 3-month follow-up visits. Overall patient weight also decreased, which was statistically significant at 1-month follow-up, but was not statistically significant at 3-month follow-up (73.9-73.3 kg, P = 0.609). Histologically, adipocytes were observed to have decreased size and withered shape, with increased levels of apoptosis; increased collagen synthesis, with compaction and reorganization of the dermis was also observed. Only minor, transient side effects were reported. This novel, noninvasive RF device was effective for improving subcutaneous fat, reducing abdominal circumference and reducing subcutaneous fat layer thickness. Histologically, these improvements appear to be partly related to increased adipocyte apoptosis.

Augmentation des délivrances de psychotropes après la tempête Xynthia, Vendée et Charente-Maritime, 2010

We have developed a method to make real-time, continuous, noninvasive measurements of muscle oxygenation (Mox) from the surface of the skin. A key development was measurement in both the visible and near infrared (NIR) regions. Measurement of both oxygenated and deoxygenated myoglobin and hemoglobin resulted in a more accurate measurement of Mox than could be achieved with measurement of only the deoxygenated components, as in traditional near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Using the second derivative with respect to wavelength reduced the effects of scattering on the spectra and also made oxygenated and deoxygenated forms more distinguishable from each other. Selecting spectral bands where oxygenated and deoxygenated forms absorb filtered out noise and spectral features unrelated to Mox. NIR and visible bands were scaled relative to each other in order to correct for errors introduced by normalization. Multivariate Curve Resolution (MCR) was used to estimate Mox from spectra within each data set collected from healthy subjects. A Locally Weighted Regression (LWR) model was built from calibration set spectra and associated Mox values from 20 subjects using 2562 spectra. LWR and Partial Least Squares (PLS) allow accurate measurement of Mox despite variations in skin pigment or fat layer thickness in different subjects. The method estimated Mox in five healthy subjects with an RMSE of 5.4%.

Muscle oxygenation measurement in humans by noninvasive optical spectroscopy and Locally Weighted Regression

We have developed a method to make real-time, continuous, noninvasive measurements of muscle oxygenation (Mox) from the surface of the skin. A key development was measurement in both the visible and near infrared (NIR) regions. Measurement of both oxygenated and deoxygenated myoglobin and hemoglobin resulted in a more accurate measurement of Mox than could be achieved with measurement of only the deoxygenated components, as in traditional near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Using the second derivative with respect to wavelength reduced the effects of scattering on the spectra and also made oxygenated and deoxygenated forms more distinguishable from each other. Selecting spectral bands where oxygenated and deoxygenated forms absorb filtered out noise and spectral features unrelated to Mox. NIR and visible bands were scaled relative to each other in order to correct for errors introduced by normalization. Multivariate Curve Resolution (MCR) was used to estimate Mox from spectra within each data set collected from healthy subjects. A Locally Weighted Regression (LWR) model was built from calibration set spectra and associated Mox values from 20 subjects using 2562 spectra. LWR and Partial Least Squares (PLS) allow accurate measurement of Mox despite variations in skin pigment or fat layer thickness in different subjects. The method estimated Mox in five healthy subjects with an RMSE of 5.4%.

Safety, Tolerance, and Patient Satisfaction With Noninvasive Cryolipolysis

Comprehensive assessment of safety, tolerance, and patient satisfaction has not been established from noninvasive body contouring techniques, such as low-level laser therapy, ultrasound, radiofrequency, and infrared light, for reduction of subcutaneous fat. This multicenter study investigated the clinical outcomes of noninvasive cryolipolysis in European subjects. A retrospective study was performed at clinical sites in Belgium and France. Safety was assessed according to reports of side effects. Tolerance was evaluated according to pain scores and patient perception of treatment duration. Clinical outcomes were assessed according to patient surveys, caliper measurements, and assessment of photographs. The investigators treated 518 patients. No significant side effects or adverse events were reported. The procedure was well-tolerated, with 89% of respondents reporting a positive perception of treatment duration and 96% reporting minimal to tolerable discomfort. Survey results demonstrated 73% patient satisfaction and that 82% of patients would recommend the cryolipolysis procedure to a friend. Caliper measurements demonstrated 23% reduction in fat layer thickness at 3months. Abdomen, back, and flank treatment sites were most effective, with 86% of subjects showing improvement per investigator assessment. With proper patient selection, cryolipolysis is a safe, well-tolerated, and effective treatment method for reduction of subcutaneous fat.

Preoperative Planning of a Pedicled Anterolateral Thigh (ALT) Flap for Penile Reconstruction with the Multidetector CT Scan

Recently, perforator flap surgery has been introduced in phalloplasty procedures. Especially the anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap has found its application as a pedicled flap for the penile reconstruction. Adequate shaping of the flap and the need of transferring the shaped flap on its pedicle to the pubic area requires precise localisation and preoperative evaluation of the perforators. Also preoperative measurement of the subcutaneous fat tissue is necessary to allow adequate patient selection and optimal shaping of the phallus. The objective of this report is to demonstrate the usefulness of a multidetector CT scan (MDCT) in the preoperative planning of patients undergoing an ALT flap phalloplasty. Between September 2009 and July 2011, 13 patients were operated for ALT phalloplasty and had preoperative perforator mapping with the MDCT. An algorithm was set up to select the best perforator. Indocyanine green angiography was used in 5 patients to confirm the perforator selection. A mathematical formula was developed to calculate the necessary flap width from the flap thickness. Accurate identification of the main perforators was achieved in all patients with a very satisfactory concordance between the MDCT scan and surgical findings. Indocyanine green angiography confirmed the MDCT perforator selection in all cases. The flap size could be determined preoperatively in all patients by measuring the thickness of the subcutaneous fat layer. Preoperative evaluation of ALT perforators and the subcutaneous fat tissue layer is feasible with an MDCT scan and provides precise data to make an adequate patient and perforator selection and determine the exact flap size.

CT analysis of fat distribution superficial and deep to the Scarpa's fascial layer in the mid and lower abdomen

Mismatches in the thickness of subcutaneous fat at the level of the umbilicus and suprapubic region can result in an unsightly bulge and an unfavourable result following standard abdominoplasty. This problem can be avoided by thinning the abdominoplasty flap. This study was carried out to assess the thickness of the subcutaneous fat layer at the level of the umbilicus and the supra-pubic region. Measurements of full thickness fat and the depth of Scarpa's fascia separating superficial and sub-Scarpa fat layers were taken from the CT scans in 69 women; mean age 52 years (range 30-79). The thickness of the skin and abdominal wall fat was an average of 7mm thicker (max 22mm; p<<0.05). The thickness of the fat layer superficial to Scarpa's fascia was an average of 19mm at mid abdomen and 22mm in the lower abdomen (p<<0.05). The thickness of the fat layer deep to Scarpa's fascia was 14mm in the mid abdomen and 5mm in the lower abdomen (p<<0.05). In 55% of patients the difference in thickness of the mid abdominal and lower abdominal fat was greater than 5mm, a difference that could lead to a noticeable mismatch and therefore an unfavourable outcome. Results of this study suggest that selectively thinning the fat layer deep to Scarpa's fascia would address potential mismatches and preserve the Scarpa's fascia layer in more than 50% of cases, therefore allowing wounds to be closed with an effective deep tension layer.

External Volume Expansion Increases Subcutaneous Thickness, Cell Proliferation, and Vascular Remodeling in a Murine Model

Fat grafting is a powerful tool for soft-tissue reconstruction; however, the science behind recipient bed preparation has not been thoroughly explored. External volume expansion using suction before fat grafting has been used clinically to improve reliability and consistency of graft survival. The authors developed a murine model to investigate the underlying mechanism of external volume expansion. The authors created an external volume expansion device using a soft-silicone dome connected to a vacuum source (25 mmHg) to treat the dorsum of mice, and the response was compared with treatment with an occlusive dressing. Treated areas were monitored with magnetic resonance imaging. Remodeling of microvasculature was studied with corrosion casting on day 7. Effects on tissue thickness, number of adipocytes, cell proliferation, and blood vessel density were analyzed at 28 days. Macroscopic analysis showed tissue swelling at sites treated with the external volume expansion device by 21 days, without skin damage. On day 28, external volume expansion increased the thickness of the subcutaneous fat layer twofold, consistent with magnetic resonance imaging observations. The proliferation rate in the subcutaneous layer of expansion-treated areas increased twofold, with a net 2.2-fold increase in number of adipocytes in columns; remodeling of the vessels network occurred, with reorientation and increase of vessel diameters shown by corrosion casting and 1.9-fold augmentation of vessels density. External volume expansion applied to mouse integument induces highly proliferative and vascularized subcutaneous tissue. Recipient-site preparation using external volume expansion devices may be a promising tool to enhance cell and tissue engraftment.

Determination of abdominal fat thickness using dual electrode separation in the focused impedance method (FIM)

Subcutaneous fat layer thickness in the abdomen is a risk indicator of several diseases and disorders like diabetes and heart problems and could be used as a measure of fitness. Skinfold measurement using mechanical calipers is simple but prone to error. Ultrasound scanning techniques are yet to be established as accurate methods for this purpose. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans can provide the answer but are expensive and not available widely. Some initiatives were made earlier to use electrical impedance to this end, but had inadequacies. In the first part of this paper, a 4-electrode focused impedance method (FIM) with different electrode separations has been studied for its possible use in the determination of abdominal fat thickness in a localized region. For this, a saline phantom was designed to provide different electrode separations and different layers of resistive materials adjacent to the electrodes. The background saline simulated the internal organs having low impedance while the resistive layers simulated the subcutaneous fat. The plot of the measured impedance with electrode separation had different ‘slopes’ for different thicknesses of resistive layers, which offered a method to obtain an unknown thickness of subcutaneous fat layer. In the second part, measurements were performed on seven human subjects using two electrode separations. Fat layer thickness was measured using mechanical calipers. A plot of the above ‘slope’ against fat thickness could be fitted using a straight line with an R2 of 0.93. Then this could be used as a calibration curve for the determination of unknown fat thickness. Further work using more accurate CT and MRI measurements would give a better calibration curve for practical use of this non-invasive and low-cost technique in abdominal fat thickness measurement.

DXA, bioelectrical impedance, ultrasonography and biometry for the estimation of fat and lean mass in cats during weight loss

BackgroundFew equations have been developed in veterinary medicine compared to human medicine to predict body composition. The present study was done to evaluate the influence of weight loss on biometry (BIO), bioimpedance analysis (BIA) and ultrasonography (US) in cats, proposing equations to estimate fat (FM) and lean (LM) body mass, as compared to dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as the referenced method. For this were used 16 gonadectomized obese cats (8 males and 8 females) in a weight loss program. DXA, BIO, BIA and US were performed in the obese state (T0; obese animals), after 10% of weight loss (T1) and after 20% of weight loss (T2). Stepwise regression was used to analyze the relationship between the dependent variables (FM, LM) determined by DXA and the independent variables obtained by BIO, BIA and US. The better models chosen were evaluated by a simple regression analysis and means predicted vs. determined by DXA were compared to verify the accuracy of the equations.ResultsThe independent variables determined by BIO, BIA and US that best correlated (p < 0.005) with the dependent variables (FM and LM) were BW (body weight), TC (thoracic circumference), PC (pelvic circumference), R (resistance) and SFLT (subcutaneous fat layer thickness). Using Mallows’Cp statistics, p value and r2, 19 equations were selected (12 for FM, 7 for LM); however, only 7 equations accurately predicted FM and one LM of cats.ConclusionsThe equations with two variables are better to use because they are effective and will be an alternative method to estimate body composition in the clinical routine. For estimated lean mass the equations using body weight associated with biometrics measures can be proposed. For estimated fat mass the equations using body weight associated with bioimpedance analysis can be proposed.

What Color Is the Skin of a Mouse?

What Color Is the Skin of a Mouse?

Body shaping with acoustic wave therapy AWT®/EPAT®: Randomized, controlled study on 14 subjects

Introduction: Reduction of localised adiposities by non invasive means is a very frequent request among the female and male population. Objective: The objective of this study is to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of AWT®, combining two different mechanical waves, planar AWT and radial AWT during the same session, in volume reduction of saddle bags in women. Methods: Treatment was performed on the saddle bag areas of 14 female patients, with the CELLACTOR® SC1 (Storz Medical AG, Tägerwilen, Switzerland) using extracorporeal pulse activation technology, EPAT®. This device includes two handpieces, the C-ACTOR® and the D-ACTOR®. Within 4 weeks, eight AWT® treatment sessions have been performed with both applicators. Follow-up visits were performed 1, 4 and 12 weeks after the last treatment. Results: Measurements with the ultrasound system clearly demonstrate a significant diminution in the subcutaneous fat layer thickness and a reduction of the averaged circumference of thighs. Conclusions: This study, although performed on a small number of patients, tends to show the safety and efficacy of AWT® in treating localized fat areas in a non-invasive way. There is also an additional benefit for patients in reducing the cellulite appearance and improving the skin firmness at the same time by using AWT®.

Comparative analysis on the performance of the hybrid offspring of wild argali and Bashibay sheep

The increase in world population has also increased the demand of meat with low fat and high protein to satisfy their protein requirements. In this study, we have measured and analyzed the growth, body shape and appearance, meat performance and meat ingredients of the hybrid offspring of wild argali and pure Bashibay sheep and also their comparison was made with pure Bashibay sheep. The results showed that, hybrids were similar as wild argali on body shape and appearance, with less fat buttocks; some ewes had almost no fat rump. Meanwhile, with similar wool quality and color as Bashibay sheep, hybrids inherited the characteristics of rapid early growth of Bashibay sheep for its early growth speed and strength and improved gradually with the increased breeding performance of backcrossing generations; total fat of second backcross generation reduced 3870 g comparing with pure Bashibaysheep, lean meat increased 1500 g, the thickness of thigh muscle and waist muscle increased 0.5 cm respectively, the thickness of back fat layer reduced 1 cm and waist fat layer reduced 1.5 cm, fat rump reduced 85.3% and lean meat increased 15.0%. Key words: Wild argali, Bashibay sheep, hybrid, meat performance, meat.

Efficacy of a multiple diode laser system for body contouring

Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has been shown to induce cellular reactions in nonphotosynthetic cells however skepticism remains regarding efficacy at the clinical level. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of LLLT independent of liposuction. Additionally, a weight loss supplement (Curva™, Santa Barbra Medical Innovations, Santa Barbra, CA) was evaluated. This clinical trial evaluates the effectiveness of the Erchonia EML Laser (Zerona™ System, Santa Barbra Medical Innovations) for non-invasive fat reduction and body contouring in a split-body clinical evaluation. Five subjects were enrolled and completed the study. Subjects had a body mass index (BMI) of less than or equal to 29 kg/m(2) and satisfied the set inclusion criteria. Participants were randomly assigned to receive low-level laser treatments on one side of the body three times per week for 2 weeks. One group took the weight loss supplement and was also treated with the laser. Subject satisfaction questionnaires, physician blinded photo evaluation, circumference measurements and ultrasound measurements were utilized to evaluate efficacy. Circumference measurements revealed no statistically significant reduction at either 7 days or 1 month post-treatment. One month following treatment the greatest circumference reduction overall was 0.5 ± 0.3 inches. Ultrasound measurements also did not reveal statistically significant reduction in fat layer thickness (P > 0.5). Evaluation by three blinded dermatologists resulted in average correct photo identification of 51.1%. Results reflect little clinical difference between post-treatment and baseline images. Three subjects recording a "dissatisfied" rating on satisfaction questionnaires and all subjects reported the effects of the treatment were less than expected. Subjects who took the weight loss supplement had no greater circumference reduction or identifiable clinical outcome. This small study demonstrates to the authors that there needs to be more evidence to show clinical circumferential reduction before LLLT can be recommended as an effective therapeutic option.

Lipedematous alopecia with mucinosis: report of the first case in Taiwan

Lipedematous alopecia is an uncommon disease that mainly affects African American and Egyptian women. This report is of an 18-year-old Taiwanese woman who presented with asymptomatic boggy and thickened scalp for 10 years. In the last 6 months, there was diffuse hair loss on the affected scalp without scarring. Histopathologically, there were increased thickness of subcutaneous fat layer, mild perivascular lymphocytic infiltration, and separated collagen bundles in the dermis. Alcian blue stain demonstrated mucin deposition in the dermis and subcutis, whereas magnetic resonance imaging showed thickened scalp with expanded subcutaneous fat layer. The clinical findings and imaging study established the diagnosis of lipedematous alopecia. The pathogenesis and disease etiology remain unclear. The coexistence of mucin is extremely rare and its significance should be further investigated.

NOVEL MULTI-SOURCE PHASE-CONTROLLED RADIOFREQUENCY TECHNOLOGY FOR NON-ABLATIVE AND MICRO-ABLATIVE TREATMENT OF WRINKLES, LAX SKIN AND ACNE SCARS

The basic properties of lasers and pulsed light sources limit their ability to deliver high energy to the dermis and subcutaneous tissues without excessive damage to the epidermis. Radiofrequency was shown to penetrate deeper than optical light sources independent of skin color. The early RF-based devices used single source bipolar RF, which is safe but limited in use due to the superficial flow of energy between the two bipolar electrodes. Another type of single source RF employs a single electrode (monopolar) in which the RF energy flows from one electrode on the surface of the skin through the entire body to a plate under the body. Although more effective than bipolar, this devices require intense active cooling of the skin and may be associated with considerable pain and other systemic and local safety concerns. Latest generation of RF technology developed by EndyMed Medical Ltd. (Caesarea, Israel) utilizes simultaneously six or more phase controlled RF generators (3DEEP technology). The multiple electrical fields created by the multiple sources "repel" or "attract" each other, leading to the precise 3 dimensional delivery of RF energy to the dermal and sub-dermal targets minimizing the energy flow through the epidermis without the need for active cooling. Confocal microscopy of the skin has shown that 6 treatment sessions of Multisource RF technology improve skin structure features. The skin after treatment had longer and narrower dermal papilla and denser and finer collagen fiber typical to younger skin as compared to pre treatment skin. Ultrasound of the skin showed after 6 treatment sessions reduction of 10 percent in the thickness of the subcutaneous fat layer. Non ablative facial clinical studies showed a significant reduction of wrinkles after treatment further reduced at 3 months follow-up. Body treatment studies showed a circumference reduction of 2.9 cm immediately after 6 treatments, and 2 cm at 12 months after the end of treatment, proving long term collagen remodeling effect. Clinical studies of the multisource fractional RF application have shown significant effects on wrinkles reduction and deep atrophic acne scars after 1-3 treatment sessions.

Zellulitis

Cellulite is a condition affecting the dermal and subdermal compartment and developing on thighs and buttocks of almost every woman. Macroscopically, cellulite is characterized by dimpling, visible either spontaneously or after provoking maneuvers. While published concepts on the pathophysiology of cellulite are in parts inconclusive or contradictory, there are at least some recent studies describing or confirming structural and anatomic changes on dermal and subdermal tissues: (1) A gender specific dimorphism with subdermal septae oriented orthogonally towards the skin surface as well as protrusion of fat tissue into the dermis. (2) These intradermal fat protrusions additionally correlate with the presence of cellulite. (3) There is also a correlation between the thickness of the subdermal fat layer and the presence of cellulite. (4) Cellulite also correlates with focal hypertrophic subcutaneous septae and a reduced density of septae in general. Treatment of cellulite aims at (1) the reduction of the subcutaneous fat layer, (2) increase in dermal thickness and elasticity and (3) dissection of hypertrophic connective tissue septae, responsible for the most pronounced dermal indentions. A variety of treatment options have evolved ranging from topical retinol to interstitial laser.

The lower limit of ultrasonography detection in traumatic joint lipohemarthrosis

Objective To determine the lower limit of fat layer thickness the ultrasonography can detect in traumatic joint lipohemarthrosis and its clinic application. Methods In the experimental group, 20 samples, composed of fresh blood and pig marrow, were fully agitated and examined by ultrasonography after standing for 10 minutes. In the clinical group, 40 knees with lipohemarthrosis were examined by ultrasonography, X-ray, CT and MR before operation from January 2007 to December 2007. Results In the experimental group, the fat layer thickness ranged from none to 14 mm. The former showed spot medium echo,floating on the top of serum, not clearly. The fat layer thickness beyond 0. 5 mm (fat mass 0.07 mL) was shown clearly, with medium echo. In the clinical group, ultrasonography showed lipohemarthrosis clearly in all the 40 knees. The fat layer ranged from 0. 6 mm to 12. 0 mm. The fat layer was less than 3.0 mm in 6 knees.The ultrasonography results were parallel to those of CT and MRI. The fracture line was shown in 12 knees.Six cases of occult fracture were diagnosed by lipohemarthrosis. X-ray showed lipohemarthrosis in 33 knees and fracture line in 34 knees. Both CT and MRI showed lipohemarthrosis and fracture line. Conclusion Since ultrasonography is very sensitive to the fat layer of joint lipohemarthrosis, with the detection lower limit of 0. 5 mm, it is one of the best imaging methods to detect the joint lipohemarthrosis. Key words: Knee joint; Ultrasonography; Wounds and injuries; Lipohemarthrosis

Abstract 968: Effects of different types of high fat diets rich in omega-3 or omega-6 fatty acids on uvb-induced complete skin carcinogenesis in skh-1 mice

Abstract Our previous studies reported that oral administration of caffeine or voluntary exercise may have decreased skin tumor multiplicity, in part, by decreasing fat levels in the dermis and the size of parametrial fat pads. Our studies also showed that surgical removal of the parametrial fat pads (partial lipectomy) enhanced UVB-induced apoptosis in the epidermis. These data suggest that tissue fat may play an important role in regulating UVB-induced apoptosis and skin carcinogenesis. Accordingly, in the present study, we explored the effects of two different types of high fat diets (as described by Rao et al., Cancer Research 61:1927-33, 2001) on UVB-induced complete skin carcinogenesis in SKH-1 hairless mice. Eighty female SKH-1 mice (7-8 weeks old) were equally divided into two groups (40 mice per group). They were irradiated with 30 mJ/cm2 of ultraviolet light B (UVB) once each day, two times per week for 39 weeks. From the beginning of UVB treatment, one group of the mice was given high fat diet containing 32% of polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids (HFFO) and the other group of the mice was given high fat diet containing 28% of polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acids (HFML). Our results showed that although both groups of animals gained weight dramatically, there were no statistical differences on body weight, weight of parametrial fat pad, or thickness of the dermal fat layer. Gross examination showed that HFFO treatment delayed the appearance of UVB-induced skin lesions, decreased the number of mice with tumors and decreased the number and size of tumors per mouse. Histopathological characterization of the skin lesions revealed that HFFO administration decreased the number of squamous cell papillomas per mouse by 64%, decreased the number of keratoacanthomas per mouse by 52% and decreased the number of squamous cell carcinomas per mouse by 46%. In addition to reducing the number of skin tumors, HFFO diet substantially decreased the size of the tumors. That is, the HFFO diet decreased the total volume of squamous cell papillomas per mouse by 98%, decreased the total volume of keratoacanthomas per mouse by 80% and deceased the total volume of squamous cell carcinomas per mouse by 83%. Finally, animals fed the HFFO diet had 22% lower blood levels of tryglycerides (79.3±5.1 mg/dL) than the mice fed the HFML diet (102.0±6.3 mg/dL) (p&amp;lt;0.01), but there was no difference in levels of blood glucose. The effects described here indicate that omega-3 fatty acids in HFFO diet may have beneficial effects against UVB-induced skin carcinogenesis. (Supported by NIH Grant RO1 CA128997) Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 968.

Intradialytic exercise training reduces oxidative stress and epicardial fat: a pilot study

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality rates are greatly elevated in chronic kidney disease patients receiving maintenance haemodialysis therapy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of intradialytic endurance exercise training on novel risk factors that may contribute to this excessive CVD risk. Seventeen haemodialysis patients were randomized to either an intradialytic exercise training (cycling) group (EX; n = 8) or a non-exercising control group (CON; n = 9) for 4 months. At baseline and following the intervention, we measured serum parameters related to CVD risk and renal function, used echocardiography to measure variables related to cardiac structure and function and assessed physical performance by a validated shuttle walk test. Performance on the shuttle walk test increased by 17% in EX (P < 0.05), but did not change in CON. There was no change in serum lipids or inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, interleukin-6) in either group. Serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, a marker of oxidative stress, were reduced by 38% in EX (P < 0.05), but did not change in CON. In addition, serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), a putative risk factor for vascular calcification, was reduced by 27% in EX (P < 0.05), but did not change in CON. There was no change in left atrial volume, left ventricular mass or myocardial performance index in either group. However, the thickness of the epicardial fat layer was reduced by 11% in EX (P < 0.05), but did not change in CON. Furthermore, the change in physical performance was inversely correlated to the change in epicardial fat (r = -0.63; P = 0.03). These results suggest that endurance exercise training may improve CVD risk in haemodialysis patients by decreasing novel risk factors including serum oxidative stress, ALP and epicardial fat.