Fasting Serum Glucose Research Articles

Dietary patterns derived by Gaussian graphical models and metabolic profiles among overweight and obese individuals

Background: The increasing prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its associated risk factors highlights the critical need to understand dietary patterns that influence health outcomes, particularly among overweight and obese individuals. Identifying dietary networks provides valuable insights into the complex interactions between food groups within typical dietary patterns. This study aimed to derive dietary networks using Gaussian graphical models (GGM) and evaluate their associations with the risk of MetS components in a sample of the Iranian population. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 647 participants who were overweight or obese. The study included assessments of body composition and anthropometric measurements. Dietary fatty acid consumption was evaluated using a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) containing 168 items. Additionally, biochemical parameters, including serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), fasting serum glucose (FSG), and insulin levels, were measured using enzymatic methods. GGM was utilized to explore the networks of participants’ dietary intake, and the association between these networks and risk factors related to MetS was assessed using logistic regression. Results: GGM analysis identified six major networks of dietary intake, where 28 food items were allocated into six dietary networks of vegetable, grain, fruit, snack, fish/dairy, and fat/oil dietary networks, with raw vegetables, grain, fresh fruit, snack, margarine, and red meat were central to the networks respectively. In the vegetable network, TC was significantly lower in the higher tertiles of this network, and HDL was higher in the third tertile compared with the first tertile in sex, age, and fully adjusted models. In the grain network, lower SBP, DBP, TG, LDL, and higher HDL were shown in the higher tertile (P < 0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that vegetables and grains are associated with decreased risk of MetS components, including reduced blood pressure and cholesterol. Therefore, these results emphasize that dietary networks can be valuable for analyzing nutritional habits and consumption trends.

The effects of acute bouts of exercise in fasted vs. fed states on glucose and lipid metabolism in healthy adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

The effects of acute bouts of exercise in fasted vs. fed states on glucose and lipid metabolism in healthy adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

The Impact of Serum Ghrelin on Body Mass Index in Children with Type1 Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Insulin produced by pancreatic β cells ceases in people with type1 diabetes mellitus, an endocrine disease caused by autoimmune damage. It can cause weight loss. Energy balance controls the secretion of ghrelin, a peptide hormone made by entering endocrine cells found in the oxyntic glands of the stomach fundus. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between serum ghrelin and body mass index in newly diagnosed children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Methods: The study involved 120 pediatric participants aged 2-14 years conducted from February to May 2024. They were divided into four groups: group 1 contains 40 lean patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and a body mass index ≥85 percentile, group 2: 40 underweight patients with type1 diabetes mellitus and a BMI ≥5 percentile, group 3: 22 healthy lean controls with a body mass index &lt;85 percentile, group 4: 18 healthy underweight controls with a body mass index ≥5 percentile. The study measured fasting serum glucose, ghrelin, and HbA1c. Results: Diabetics patients had significantly lower ghrelin levels compared to controls. Underweight diabetics had higher mean HbA1c and fasting blood glucose compared to lean and underweight controls. Conclusion: In type1 diabetes mellitus patients, ghrelin levels are lower than in controls. Ghrelin correlates positively with FBG, HbA1c, weight, and height in healthy control participants (lean and underweight) and age in lean control subjects. No association was found between ghrelin and the patient (T1DM).

Can Iron Absorption in Molasses Be Increased with Probiotic Additives? "Molasses with Increased Bioavailability".

Introduction: There are many studies on the chemical and enzymatic interactions of probiotics, and the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum 299v on iron absorption have been clearly shown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of probiotics on the absorption of iron in molasses. Material and method: Wistar rats (n = 46) were taken four weeks after birth and divided into seven groups. Iron deficiency anemia was induced by giving "iron purified pellet" to the groups except the control group for four weeks and then the groups were given nutrients for eight weeks. In addition to iron deficiency anemia tests, immunohistochemical markers such as SCL11a, IRE1, Wnt2, and CD71 were examined. Results: The mean weight of the subjects was 309.5 ± 63.9 (226-424) g and no significant difference was observed in the laboratory values of metabolic data. When the laboratory values of iron deficiency anemia were examined, a statistically significant difference was found between the mean ferritin (p = 0.03) and hepcidin (p = 0.02) values of the groups. Discussion: Iron absorption analysis values were generally higher in the group receiving Fe3+ as expected. However, when the groups receiving molasses and additives were compared, the highest plasma iron level and Hb value were found in the Lactobacillus plantarum 299v group, and the highest ferritin and hepcidin levels were found in the Multiprobiotic group. No difference was observed between the body weights and fasting serum glucose levels of the groups despite daily molasses consumption, indicating the metabolic proactive effects of probiotics. Conclusions: Although no significant difference was detected between the groups receiving probiotics, iron absorption in molasses was increased with probiotic supplementation.

Diabetes Mellitus Risk Prediction in the Framingham Offspring Study and Large Population Analysis.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a major cause of death and a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease, kidney failure, neuropathy, and retinopathy. Our objectives were to develop a diabetes risk model and apply it to a large population. Methods: Non-diabetic adults in the Framingham Offspring Study (n = 2416) were followed for 10 years for new diabetes. At baseline, the fasting serum glucose, adiponectin, insulin, glycated albumin, total cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were measured using standardized automated assays. Standard health information was collected. Diabetes risk prediction models were developed using logistic regression analysis and applied to a large population (n = 133,764). Results: In this prospective study, 166 subjects (6.9%) developed new-onset diabetes. Glucose, body mass index (BMI), log adiponectin, % log glycated albumin, parental diabetes, TG, and the use of cholesterol-lowering medications entered the model (C statistic: 0.924; 0.898, biochemical variables: 0.898, and fasting glucose: only 0.876). In the population in non-diabetic subjects (56.3) and prediabetic subjects (36.2%), the predicted 10-year diabetes risk rates were 0.4% and 5.5% with the biochemical model, respectively. Prediabetic and diabetic subjects were insulin-resistant compared to non-diabetic subjects, but only those with diabetes had significant reductions in their insulin production. Conclusions: The 10-year risk of diabetes can be accurately predicted and applied to large populations. Fasting glucose alone is diagnostic for diabetes and is an excellent predictor of future diabetes, with having prediabetes increasing the risk 6-fold. Insulin and C-peptide measurements are useful in diabetic subjects to detect decreased insulin production and the need for insulin therapy.

Early Fasting Serum Glucose or Weight Reduction With Tirzepatide and Metabolic Outcomes in People With Type 2 Diabetes: A Post Hoc Analysis of the SURPASS Trials.

To evaluate late (week 40 or 42; hereafter, week 40/42) metabolic outcomes by early glycemic response (<20% or ≥20% fasting serum glucose [FSG] reduction at week 4) or weight response (<5% or ≥5% weight reduction at week 8), respectively, in tirzepatide-treated participants with type 2 diabetes in the SURPASS trials. This post hoc analysis used pooled data across trials. Baseline characteristics, change from baseline to week 40/42 for efficacy parameters, and gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events (AEs) were described and analyzed by early response in terms of FSG (SURPASS-1 to -4; n = 3,676) or weight (SURPASS-1 to -5; n = 4,121) in the efficacy and safety analysis set, respectively. Early responders in FSG (50%) were younger, with higher glycemic parameters and lower weight at baseline. Early responders in weight (31%) had lower glycemic parameters and weight at baseline, and a greater percentage were women and White. Early versus nonearly responders in FSG or weight achieved better HbA1c (-2.6% vs. -2.0% or -2.5% vs. -2.2%, respectively) and weight (-11% vs. -10% or -15% vs. -8%, respectively) responses at week 40/42 and greater improvements in blood pressure and lipids profile. Nonearly responders also had clinically meaningful HbA1c and weight reductions with all tirzepatide doses. The incidence of GI AEs (generally mild to moderate events) decreased over time and was, in general, comparable between early and nonearly responders. Both early glucose and weight responses with tirzepatide were associated with better longer-term metabolic outcomes. Early response may be a good clinical indicator that could help inform treatment individualization to achieve therapeutic goals.

Abstract P1091: Association of NSAIDs Use, Pain Interference, and Incident Heart Failure among REGARDS Participants with Diabetes.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a risk factor for heart failure (HF). People with DM frequently have chronic pain, often treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID). Past research suggests that NSAID use among people with DM may be associated with cardiomyopathy. Therefore, we examined the association of NSAID use with incident HF hospitalization overall and by HF subtype among adults with DM. Methods: Incident HF hospitalizations and HF deaths were expert-adjudicated in the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) biracial cohort (age ≥ 45 years), recruited in 2003-07 from the continental US. Baseline DM was defined by fasting or random serum glucose, anti-diabetic medication use, and/or self-report. Baseline NSAIDs use came from medication bottle review at an in-home visit and baseline pain interference was self-reported using the SF-12 scale. Propensity for NSAIDs use was computed using 54 baseline participant characteristics. Cox proportional hazards regression, adjusted for propensity score for NSAID use, examined risk for HF overall, by pain interference, and by opioid use. Results: We studied 5483 HF-free REGARDS participants with DM, aged 64 years; 53% female, 56% Black, 15% on NSAIDs, and 27% reporting pain interference in the past week. Over median 15-year follow up, there were 584 incident HF events. We observed no statistically significant associations between NSAID use and incident HF overall (TABLE). However, among those with high pain interference, NSAID use was associated with 1.5-fold increased risk of incident HF compared to similar NSAID nonusers, without differences by HF subtype. NSAID use was associated with 2-fold higher risk of incident HF among prescription opioid users compared to nonusers. Conclusions: Among adults with DM, NSAID use was associated with increased risk of incident HF among those with higher pain interference or concurrent opioid intake. NSAIDs should be used in people with DM with caution.

IMPACT OF ANTI-HYPERTENSIVE AGENT ON ANTI-DIABETIC DRUG IN DIABETIC AND NON-DIABETIC RATS – ASSESSMENT OF DRUG–DRUG INTERACTIONS

Objectives: The investigation was planned to evaluate pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug communication of Captopril and Metformin in healthy and diabetic albino Wistar rats succeeding single and many dosage treatments. Methods: Therapeutic doses of captopril and metformin were administered to animal models, blood glucose levels were assessed by glucose oxidase-peroxidase (GOD-POD) method technique, and plasma captopril and metformin amounts were estimated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique to compute the pharmacokinetic attributes. In the present work, the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction between captopril and metformin was evaluated. Pre-clinical investigation might be supportive of evading drug–drug interactions in medical conditions. By means of HPLC, concentration versus time data were plotted for direct extraction of the pharmacokinetic attributes, peak plasma concentrations (Cmax), and time to reach peak concentration (tmax). The linear trapezoidal rule was used in this work to compute AUC from 0 h to 24 h, which is denoted by AUC 0-t. Results: In the determination of fasting serum glucose concentration in normal and streptozotocin-inducted diabetic animals on day 1 and day 8, there was a tremendous decline in the glucose levels in a significant manner (**p&lt;0.001). When captopril alone administered group was compared to the group in combination with metformin on days 1 and 8, there was no significant variance in Cmax, Tmax, AUCo-t, and AUCo-inf. Conclusion: The results concluded from the kinetic analysis revealed that there were no significant interactions in the kinetic parameters of metformin and captopril, both alone and in combination. However, further possible investigations are needed which might be helpful for diabetes.

Rhoifolin Improves Glycometabolic Control in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats by Up-Regulating the Expression of Insulin Signaling Proteins and Down-Regulating the MAPK/JNK Pathway.

Background and Aim:Rhoifolin is a bioactive flavonoid that possesses strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The current investigation aimed to examine the anti-diabetic potential of rhoifolin in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Dose-dependent (10 and 20 mg/kg) anti-hyperglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects of rhoifolin were evaluated by measuring fasting blood glucose, serum glucose, serum insulin, HOMA-IR, lipidemic status, inflammatory cytokines, and hepatic antioxidant markers. To identify the underlying mechanism behind the anti-diabetic activity of rhoifolin, qRT-PCR was carried out using rat pancreatic and hepatic tissues. Results: The results have shown that rhoifolin produced antioxidant effects, as exhibited by DPPH and ABTS+ assays, respectively. Rhoifolin showed potent alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Rhoifolin enhanced the serum insulin level, significantly decreased the serum glucose, HOMA-IR, and cytokine levels, and improved the lipid profile. Rhoifolin also showed a substantial decline in insulin resistance in the treated rats. Rhoifolin significantly raised catalase and superoxide dismutase levels in hepatic tissues while potentially decreasing the malondialdehyde levels. Moreover, rhoifolin significantly down-regulated the MAPK-8, TRAF-6, and TRAF-4 expressions and up-regulated the PDX-1, SIRT-1, INS-1, and GLUT-4 expressions in treated groups. Conclusions: Our results indicate that rhoifolin exhibits a hypoglycemic effect, which appears to be associated with its regulatory impact on metabolic inflammation and oxidative stress markers. This was accompanied by a lower HOMA-IR index, highlighting its potential role in promoting glucose homeostasis and mitigating insulin resistance. According to preliminary results, rhoifolin could further be tested to introduce it as another viable treatment option for diabetes.

Early and advanced glycation end product analysis from women with PCOS on metformin.

Early and advanced glycation end product analysis from women with PCOS on metformin.

Abdominal volume index is associated with higher oxidized LDL, high blood pressure and lower HDL among obese adults

ObjectivesCentral obesity is a well-known risk factor of numerous disease. Numerous indicators are developed for central obesity measurement, among them, abdominal volume index (AVI), reflecting total volume of the abdomen, precisely estimates the visceral fat volume. As a relatively new health measure and potent prognostic marker of metabolic disturbances, no study is available to investigate its role in cardio-metabolic health and oxidized LDL among obese young adults. In the current study we aimed to evaluate the association between abdominal volume index (AVI) with cardio-metabolic profile including serum lipids, glycemic markers of serum glucose, hemoglobin (Hb) A1C, insulin, oxidized LDL and blood pressure among young obese adults.MethodsTwo hundred twenty young adults aged 18 to 25 years old with overweight or obesity were enrolled in the current study. Anthropometric measurements were done and AVI were calculated. Biochemical variables including serum total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), triglyceride (TG), glycemic markers, including fasting serum glucose (FBS), insulin, hemoglobin (Hb) A1C and blood pressure were also measured with an automatic analyzer.ResultsParticipants in the third tertiles of AVI had higher body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) (p < 0.001 for all). Among biochemical variables, oxidized LDL, TG and HDL demonstrated significant associations across AVI tertiles in the first and second models, with higher oxidized LDL and TG and lower HDL levels observed in higher AVI tertiles (p < 0.05). Moreover, those at the highest AVI tertiles showed significantly higher odds ratios for elevated cardio-metabolic index and systolic and diastolic blood pressures compared to the first tertiles (p < 0.05).ConclusionsIn the current study, we comprehensively investigated the association between AVI with cardio-metabolic health in young obese adults and accordingly, AVI was unfavorably associated with metabolic health among obese adults. Further studies are needed to elaborate the underlying mechanisms.Clinical trial numberNot applicable.

Relationship Between the Single Nucleotide Polymorphism A35C in the Cu/Zn-Superoxide Dismutase-1 Gene and Glycemic Control in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) increases oxidative stress. Furthermore, the presence of the single nucleotide polymorphism A35C (SNP A35C) in Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase1 (SOD1) gene is closely related to this increase in oxidative stress and the development and progression of T2DM and its complications. This study aimed to evaluate the association between SNP A35C (rs2234694) genotypes and glycemic control in T2DM individuals. A total of 110 individuals were evaluated for anthropometric parameters, body composition, glycemic metabolism markers (fasting serum glucose, %HbA1c, insulin, C-peptide, and HOMA-IR, -%B, -%S), and SOD activity. Individuals were grouped according to SNP A35C genotypes. Variables of interest were assessed according to groups. The T-test for independent samples or the Mann-Whitney U test was used to analyze the differences in continuous variables between groups, and the chi-square test was performed for categorical variables. A binary logistic regression model was constructed, with p < 0.05 considered significant. Overweight was found in 81.8% of individuals with T2DM. Individuals with the AC genotype for SNP A35C had higher levels of fasting serum glucose (p = 0.018) and lower values of HOMA-%B (p = 0.044). The presence of the variant allele was positively associated with higher values of fasting serum glucose (OR: 11.340; 95%IC 1.173-109.649; p = 0.036) and HOMA-IR (OR: 9.987; 95%IC 1.127-88.506; p = 0.039). Individuals with the AC genotype of SNP A35C had poorer glycemic control than individuals with the AA genotype, and the presence of the variant allele was associated with poor glycemic control in T2DM individuals.

Disease Awareness in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: Analysis of Baseline Data From the SMART-Finder Observational Study.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common comorbidity of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Data on the determination of CKD-related biomarkers among patients with T2DM in a real-life setting within Germany are limited. We aimed to determine the prevalence of CKD and risk factors, availability of urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) values, treatment satisfaction, and quality of life among patients with T2DM in Germany. SMART-Finder is a retrospective and prospective, observational, digital, patient-centered cohort study being performed as part of the routine use of an adherence-supporting app. This baseline analysis' observation period was from August to November 2023. Patients with T2DM in Germany who actively used the MyTherapy app; allowed push notifications; and documented use of diabetes medications, renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, finerenone, and/or blood glucose test strips were eligible for inclusion. Study materials (background information, electronic consent form, and laboratory and electronic questionnaires) were provided to eligible patients via app push notifications. Participants completed an electronic case report form that included questions on their blood pressure; their most recent UACR, eGFR, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values in the past 12 months; the EQ-5D-5L; and the Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients with a UACR of ≥30 mg/g. Of 9527 invited eligible patients, 101 completed the electronic case report form (male: n=61; female: n=40; age: mean 54.2, SD 11.4 y). Of these, 1 female patient and 5 male patients reported their UACR values; 3 (all male) had a UACR of ≥30 mg/g. The remaining 95 patients reported that their health care professionals had not provided UACR measurements. Only 9 (8.9%) patients were aware of their latest eGFR values (3 patients: 15-44 mL/min/1.73 m2; 6 patients: 45-89 mL/min/1.73 m2), 90 provided HbA1c values (80 patients: ≥6.0%), 46 had a systolic blood pressure of ≥130 mm Hg, and 83 reported former or current nephrotoxic medication intake. The mean EQ-5D-5L index score was 0.7 (SD 0.3; range -0.1 to 1.0; 50 patients). The mean Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire score was 28.8 (SD 6.8; range 9.0-36.0; 49 patients). Patients with T2DM who were using an adherence-supporting app in Germany lacked awareness of CKD-related biomarkers but had high knowledge of self-manageable biomarkers (eg, blood pressure, serum fasting glucose, and HbA1c values). Our results suggest that treating physicians either do not test for UACRs and eGFRs or do not inform patients about the results. Nonadherence to diagnostic testing guidelines and a lack of physician-patient communication put patients at risk. Another reason for this health literacy imbalance may be the focus on HbA1c instead of kidney comorbidity in patient education material. Future goals for diabetes management must include guideline-compliant testing of CKD-related biomarkers and open physician-patient communication.

Association of Serum Level of Substance P with Glycemic Control Indices and Lipids Profile in Non-Obese Type 2 Diabetic Patients

Hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, two common metabolic disorders associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus, are the main causes of metabolic abnormalities that result in a wide range of complications, such as cardiac dysfunction, nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy. Substance-P is an 11-amino acid neuropeptide that is highly conserved and secreted by sensory nerve endings as well as different types of non-neural cells. It was believed that substance P would reduce inflammation triggered on by diabetes, interrupting the development of complications associated with this disease. The current study aims to investigate whether serum levels of substance P are associated with glycemic measures &amp;/or lipids profile in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are not obese. A case-control study involved eighty-five adult subjects (46 males&amp;39females), aged (30-60) years, and was divided into two groups; Group-1: 53 non-obese type 2 diabetic patients (BMI range:18.6-29.9 kg/m2), were selected from the out-patient clinic of The National Centre of Diabetes Treatment &amp; Research, Group-2: 32 individuals were chosen at random from the population as a whole to serve as control Healthy subjects; their ages and sexes were matched to those of the patients. The fasting serum glucose, insulin, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), total cholesterol, triglycerides, and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) values exhibited significantly higher values in diabetic patients in comparison to controls. (p-value =0.001). Whereas, the serum levels of substance P and high-density lipoprotein were markedly lowered in diabetic individuals relative to the control group. (p-value =0.001). Serum substance P displayed no significant correlations with the studied variables (P˃0.05). In conclusion, serum levels of substance P were lowered significantly in type 2 non-obese diabetic patients compared to healthy controls and displayed non-significant correlations with studied glycemic indices nor with lipids profile.

Dietary and plasma atherogenic and thrombogenic indices and cardiometabolic risk factors among overweight and individuals with obesity

BackgroundObesity and hyperlipidemia are the two central metabolic disorders linked to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Apart from dyslipidemia, the Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP), which is associated with dietary consumption, is another marker for predicting the risk of CVD. Healthy fat quality indicators may impact AIP. The purpose of this study is to ascertain whether there is any connection between Iranian obese people’s plasma and dietary indices and cardiometabolic risk factors.MethodsThis cross-sectional study, consisted of 645 overweight and obese participants. The study included assessments of body composition and anthropometric measurements. Dietary fatty acid consumption was evaluated using a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) containing 168 items. Additionally, biochemical parameters, including serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), fasting serum glucose (FSG), and insulin levels, were measured using enzymatic methods. The lipid profile was quantified.ResultsFor participants in higher tertiles of the AIP, the percentage of men was significantly higher than women (men: 48.1%, women: 51.7%, p < 0.001). Additionally, individuals in higher tertiles of AIP had a higher waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (mean WHR: 0.92 ± 0.05 vs. 0.86 ± 0.04 in lower tertile, p < 0.001). Participants in the highest tertile of AIP had higher systolic blood pressure (SBP: 132 ± 8 mmHg vs. 118 ± 6 mmHg in lower tertile, p < 0.001), total cholesterol (TC: 210 ± 15 mg/dL vs. 185 ± 12 mg/dL, p < 0.001), triglycerides (TG: 180 ± 20 mg/dL vs. 120 ± 15 mg/dL, p < 0.001), and glucose concentrations (fasting glucose: 105 ± 10 mg/dL vs. 90 ± 8 mg/dL, p < 0.001). Participants in the lower tertile of AIP had higher HDL cholesterol levels (HDL: 60 ± 5 mg/dL vs. 45 ± 4 mg/dL in higher tertile, p < 0.001). In the model for Thrombogenicity Index (TI), participants in the higher tertile had higher glucose concentrations (glucose: 110 ± 12 mg/dL vs. 95 ± 9 mg/dL in lower tertile, p = 0.04).ConclusionThis research introduces a novel field of investigation and emphasizes the possible importance of TI, AI, and AIP indices in regulating cardiometabolic risk factors.

Association of bodyweight loss with changes in lipids, blood pressure, and fasting serum glucose following tirzepatide treatment in Japanese participants with type 2 diabetes: Apost hoc analysis of the SURPASS J-mono trial.

In the SURPASS J-mono trial, tirzepatide demonstrated significant improvements in bodyweight and several metabolic parameters in Japanese participants with type 2 diabetes. This post hoc analysis evaluated the potential relationships between weight loss and metabolic improvements in SURPASS J-mono. Metabolic parameter data from tirzepatide-treated participants were analyzed by weight loss subgroups and compared to dulaglutide 0.75 mg. Correlations between changes from baseline to week 52 in weight loss and each metabolic parameter were assessed; Pearson correlation coefficients were derived. Mediation analyses were conducted to evaluate weight loss-associated and -unassociated effects of tirzepatide vs dulaglutide 0.75 mg. This analysis included 548 participants (tirzepatide: n = 411, dulaglutide: n = 137). Weight loss subgroups showed greater improvement in metabolic parameters with greater bodyweight loss. Significant (P < 0.05) but weak correlations between changes in bodyweight and triglycerides (r = 0.18-0.25), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (r = -0.37 to -0.29), and systolic blood pressure (r = 0.19-0.41) were observed across treatment groups; in diastolic blood pressure in the tirzepatide 5-mg (r = 0.28), pooled tirzepatide (r = 0.20), and dulaglutide 0.75-mg (r = 0.23) groups; and in fasting serum glucose in the dulaglutide 0.75-mg (r = 0.18) and pooled tirzepatide (r = 0.13) groups. Weight loss was associated with treatment differences between tirzepatide and dulaglutide 0.75 mg to varying degrees across metabolic parameters, with improvements in fasting serum glucose having the lowest association with weight loss (36.6%-43.5%). In this post hoc analysis, non-glycemic and glycemic parameter improvements appeared differentially associated with weight loss, suggesting both weight loss-associated and -unassociated effects of tirzepatide.

Association of Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 Gly972Arg Polymorphism with Dyslipidemia in Iraqi Type 2 Diabetic patients: A case-control Study

Background: Diabetic dyslipidemia is a primary contributor to mortality from coronary artery disease (CAD). It is prevalent in diabetic patients and manifests as an elevation of triglyceride (TG) alongside reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentrations. Both genetic and environmental factors influence the onset of dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The current study aimed to evaluate the involvement of the IRS-1 Gly 972 Arg gene polymorphism in the development of dyslipidemia in type 2 Iraqi diabetics Methods: Two hundred type 2 Iraqi diabetics were recruited, 105 patients with dyslipidemia and 95 without. The IRS-1 gene was analyzed for Gly 972 Arg single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) by PCR-RFLP. Results: The codominant models explored a significant (OR = 4.4, CI 95% = 1.4 – 13.9, P = 0.01) increase of carriers of the GA genotype in the group of diabetics with dyslipidemia compared to those without. The dominant models highlighted a significant (OR = 4.7, P = 0.008, CI 95% = 1.5 – 14.8) rise of carriers of the variant allele in the group of diabetics with dyslipidemia when compared with those of diabetic patients without. The distribution of the investigated phenotypes was analyzed in relevance to the genotypes of the dominant model (GA + AA vs GG). There were significant (P = 0.01 – 0.006) elevations of fasting serum glucose (FSG), glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c), TC, TG, very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), concentrations in carriers of the GA+ AA genotypes when compared with those of the GG genotypes. However, IRS-1 concentration was significantly (P = 0.04) decreased in the group of GA+AA carriers compared to those of the GG carriers. Conclusions: Type 2 Iraqi diabetics who carry the variant allele of the rs1801278 SNP of the IRS1 gene are fourfold more susceptible to dyslipidemia compared to those who have the wild allele. Moreover, metabolic changes are relevant to the analyzed SNP.

Deubiquitinating enzyme USP2 alleviates muscle atrophy by stabilizing PPARγ.

Insulin resistance, a hallmark of type 2 diabetes, accelerates muscle breakdown and impairs energy metabolism. However, the role of Ubiquitin Specific Peptidase 2 (USP2), a key regulator of insulin resistance, in sarcopenia remains unclear. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) plays a critical role in regulating muscle atrophy. This study investigates the role of deubiquitinase USP2 in mitigating muscle atrophy. Our findings revealed reduced USP2 expression in skeletal muscles of patients with type 2 diabetes. In mouse models of diabetes- and dexamethasone (DEX)-induced muscle atrophy, USP2 expression was downregulated in skeletal muscles. Usp2 knockout exacerbated muscle loss and functional impairment induced by diabetes or DEX. Moreover, skeletal muscle-specific Usp2 knockout further aggravated muscle loss and functional impairment induced by diabetes. Local injection of AAV-Usp2 into the gastrocnemius muscles of diabetic mice increased muscle mass, and improved skeletal muscle performance and endurance. It enhanced insulin sensitivity in diabetic mice, shown by lower fasting serum glucose and insulin levels and better glucose tolerance. Mechanistic analysis showed USP2 directly interacted with PPARγ by deubiquitinating it, stabilizing its protein levels, enhancing insulin signaling and sensitivity, and maintaining muscle mass. Loss of PPARγ abolishes the regulatory effects of USP2 on insulin sensitivity and muscle atrophy. MYOD1 activates USP2 transcription by binding to its promoter region. This study demonstrates the protective role of USP2 in mitigating muscle atrophy by stabilizing PPARγ through deubiquitination, particularly in models of diabetic and DEX-induced muscle atrophy. Targeting the USP2-PPARγ axis may offer promising therapeutic strategies for metabolic disorders and sarcopenia.

Elucidation of Phytochemicals and Antidiabetic Activity of Methanolic Ex-tract of Piper betle Leaves on nSTZ-Induced Type 2 Diabetic Model Rats

Piper betle is an evergreen plant that has been claimed to possess various therapeutic properties including diabetes for a long period of time. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the antidiabetic effects of Piper betle (100% methanolic extract) on neonatal streptozotocin (nSTZ) induced type 2 diabetic (T2DM) model rats. P. betle methanolic extract preparation and phytochemicals screening test were done by following standard methods. Diabetes was induced in 48hrs rat pups by a single ip injection of STZ (90mg/kg bw). After three months, OGTT was done (glucose 2.5g/10ml/kg bw) to find out their glycemic status. Six normal and 18 T2DM Long Evans rats were chosen and divided them into four groups. Where group (i) was comprised of normal rats i) Normal water control (NWC); ii) Diabetic water Control (DWC), iii) Gliclazide (GT 20mg/5ml/kg bw) and iv) P. betle (1.25g/10ml/kg bw) extract treated groups respectively. In 28 days, experimental period groups (i) and (ii) received water orally (10ml/kg bw) respectively with a single feeding. 24 Blood samples were collected at the beginning by tail cut and cardiac puncture method was done at the end of the study under halothane anesthesia. Blood serum and dissected small portion of the liver were stored at -20˚C refrigerator for biochemical (fasting serum glucose, serum insulin, serum lipid profiles) and liver glyco-gen estimation. Statistical Analysis was done by using SPSS-16 software. Phytochemicals screening revealed that P. betle extract contain significant amount of tannins, flavonoids, phenols, and terpenoids. Oral consumption of P. betle showed that, a significant (P&lt;0.01) reduction of FSG had been found when compared to the base line value. Moreover, while compared to the DWC a significant (P&lt; 0.01) reduction of FSG has been found in P. betle treated group respectively. GT group also ameliorated FSG significantly (p&lt;0.03) while compared to the base line value. Liver glycogen content was increased (24%) in P. betle treated rats when compared to the DWC group. Serum insulin level also increased significantly (P&lt; 0.001) when compared to the baseline value. Furthermore, the consecutive treatment of P. betle resulted in a significant reduction of TG and Cholesterol (p&lt;0.001 &amp; p&lt;0.02), a 10% decrease in LDL, and a significant increase in HDL (p&lt;0.01). The findings of our study suggest that P. betle possesses significantly hypoglycemic and insulinomimetic properties due to the abundant sources of phytochemicals.

Risk of ineffective treatment for diabetic retinopathy of different stages and prognostic factors that determine it

Background. The purpose was to study the effectiveness of diabetic retinopathy (DR) treatment with different methods and to establish prognostic indicators of its failure. Materials and me­thods. A total of 358 patients (358 eyes) with type 2 diabetes were examined and divided into groups: 1 — with non-proliferative DR (NPDR; 189 eyes), 2 — with preproliferative DR (PPDR; 96 eyes) and 3 — with proliferative DR (PDR; 73 eyes). The central retinal thickness and central retinal volume were determined by optical coherence tomography; serum fasting glucose, glycated hemoglobin, cholesterol, high-, low- and very-low-density lipoproteins, triglycerides, fibrinogen — by colorimetric method; coagulation hemostasis parameters were evaluated as well. Patients were followed for 2 years with conservative, laser, surgical treatment and anti-VEGF therapy. The study results were analyzed using the EZR v. 1.54 package (Austria). Results. Conservative treatment was effective in 54.5 % of patients with NPDR. In PPDR and PDR, 98.8 % of patients showed slow or rapid progression of retinopathy after treatment. The independent factors that determined the failure of treatment for NPDR were the patient’s age, diabetes duration, blood cholesterol and glycated hemoglobin levels, as well as activated plasma recalcification time and thrombin time. The independent factors that determined the ineffectiveness of treatment for PPDR and PDR were blood triglycerides, prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time. Conclusions. Lipid metabolism disorders and coagulation homeostasis were powerful factors in the progression of DR and treatment failure. The ineffectiveness of NPDR treatment increased with age and duration of diabetes.