Associations of Learning Disability and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder with High Serum Ferritin Concentrations among Children and Adolescents.

A comprehensive understanding of parasitic diseases, which affect both human and animal health, is crucial for university students in health sciences as they prepare for their future roles as healthcare professionals. This study aims to assess the knowledge levels of university students in health sciences regarding parasitic diseases. This descriptive study was conducted with 498 students from the faculty of health sciences and the vocational school of health services at a state university in the Marmara Region. Data were collected using a questionnaire that included socio-demographic information and questions assessing students' knowledge of parasitic diseases. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 26.0®, with a significance level set at p≤0.05. The participants had a mean age of 20.84±2.63 years, and 82.3% were female. A total of 80.9% of the students lived with their parents, and 73.7% reported a moderate family income. Nearly half (44.2%) were first-year students, 30.1% were enrolled in the department of physiotherapy and rehabilitation, and 68.1% resided in state dormitories. Most students (92.4%) recognized the importance of hand hygiene in preventing parasitic diseases, and 71.3% acknowledged that the location of household toilets could contribute to the occurrence of such diseases. However, 70.1% reported not receiving specific training or certification on hygiene. Female students demonstrated the highest awareness of hand hygiene benefits in preventing parasitic infections, while nursing students had the most extensive hygiene training (course/certificate) (p<0.05). Our findings indicate that a significant proportion of students lack specialized courses or certifications on hygiene practices and have limited knowledge of parasitic diseases. Therefore, integrating scientific meetings and training sessions on parasitic diseases and preventive measures into the health sciences curriculum is essential.

Background: Tobacco smoking is a major preventable cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with increasing prevalence among adolescents in developing countries. Early initiation of smoking increases the risk of long-term nicotine dependence and chronic diseases. Objective: To assess the pattern of tobacco smoking and its associated sociodemographic, behavioral, knowledge, attitude, and IEC-related factors among adolescents in a selected community of Comilla district, Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2023 to January 2024 among 201 adolescents aged 14–19 years. Data were collected using a pretested semi-structured questionnaire through face-to-face interviews. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0. Descriptive statistics were presented as frequency and percentage. Associations were tested using Pearson’s chi-square test, with p&lt;0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age of respondents was 16.34 ± 1.674 years, with 93.1% males and 6.9% females. Most (64.5%) had primary education, 64.5% were Muslim, and 54.2% lived in nuclear families. Monthly family income averaged BDT 13,906.40 ± 3,063.052. Overall, 54.2% were current smokers and 45.8% chronic smokers, consuming 4-6 cigarettes/day (51.2%). Initiation was primarily self-desire (54.7%) or curiosity (37.9%). Knowledge of health hazards was high (89.7%), with loss of memory (58.2%) most cited, followed by cardiovascular disease (51.1%) and asthma (46.7%). Positive intention to quit was reported by 89.2%, though 56.2% were neutral on cessation. Significant associations were found between education level and smoking status (p=0.004) and attitude toward quitting and smoking status (p=0.023). Conclusion: Tobacco smoking is highly prevalent among adolescents despite high awareness of health hazards. Strengthening education, family involvement, and targeted IEC interventions is essential to reduce adolescent smoking.

BackgroundCoronary revascularization rates declined with decreasing acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and evolving appropriate use criteria (AUC). Population-based utilization trends by sociodemographic categories have not been assessed.MethodsWe examined annual trends of all cardiac catheterizations and percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) in California, 2011-2022, using the Health Care Access and Information database. We compared the PCI shares of cardiac catheterizations (“PCI shares”) between sociodemographic and facility-type strata. Regression models assessed significance of linear trends; pairwise comparisons assessed differences between strata.ResultsWe identified 1 839 444 cardiac catheterizations between 2011 and 2022. Catheterizations and PCI decreased from 2011 to 2013, plateaued, then decreased again in 2020. Higher median zip code family income, private insurance, and White or Asian/Pacific Islander, compared to Black or Hispanic, race were associated with higher PCI shares.ConclusionsCalifoirnia's PCI share decreased, likely with decreasing ACS and AUC for coronary revascularization. Decreasing PCI but not cardiac catheterizations suggests that the contributors to fewer interventional procedures did not affect diagnostic procedure rates. Sociodemographic and payer differences in the PCI share persisted throughout the study, despite Medicaid expansion. The PCI share of cardiac catheterizations may be a useful measure of utilization heterogeneity across sociodemographic strata.

Abstract Previous studies found that households’ energy use and consumption of goods and services contribute greatly to increasing carbon emissions. This study estimated household carbon footprints, including direct and indirect emissions. Using the 2019 Taiwan Survey of Family Income and Expenditure, we investigated the heterogeneous relationship between household income and carbon emissions. Income sources were divided into six categories: compensation of employees, entrepreneurial income, property income, imputed rent income, transfer income, and miscellaneous income. Our results indicate that the income–emission elasticity for household total emission, direct emission, and indirect emission are 0.62, 0.37, and 0.84, respectively. Household income is positively associated with household carbon footprint, especially among households with higher imputed rent income. The proportion of household indirect emissions rises as income increases. Household income exhibits a stronger relationship with indirect carbon emissions than with direct carbon emissions. These findings suggest an important avenue for reducing the carbon footprint of high-income households: promoting energy-saving measures and encouraging the use of low-carbon footprint goods and services. Examples include those produced with recycled materials or low-carbon energy sources.

This study examined early adolescent interpersonal aggression, subsequent conflict with parents, and aggression toward close peers as predictors of accelerated biological aging by age 30. Participants (N = 123; 46 males and 75 females) were assessed repeatedly, along with parents and close friends, ages from 13 to 30. Early adolescent interpersonal aggression was found to predict later accelerated aging even after accounting for adolescent gender, family income, prior health difficulties, and body shape ratings in adolescence. Path analyses suggested that the effects of early interpersonal aggression were potentially mediated via higher levels of father-adolescent conflict reported by fathers in adolescence and by aggressive behavior toward close peers as reported by those peers in early adulthood. Follow-up analyses suggested that these same factors also predicted adult body mass index scores after accounting for body shape in adolescence. Results are interpreted as evidence that social difficulties with lifelong health implications may be identified beginning in early adolescence, thus highlighting the potential importance of early interventions to address these difficulties. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

This study aimed to identify risk factors for Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection in children with peptic ulcers and to examine the associated changes in blood routine indexes. A total of 173 children diagnosed with peptic ulcers in our hospital between January 2017 and January 2022 were included in the study. All participants underwent the 13C rapid urea breath test to detect HP infection. Additionally, routine blood tests were performed to analyze the blood routine indexes. A questionnaire was administered to collect data on hygiene habits and family income, which were then correlated with HP infection. The analysis revealed several significant findings. The following risk factors were identified as independent factors for HP infection in children with peptic ulcers: poor economic conditions (odds ratio [OR] = 2.54, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.36-4.72), small per capita living area (OR = 1.93, 95% CI: 1.12-3.34), the use of family-shared tableware (OR = 2.17, 95% CI: 1.25-3.77), poor parental hygiene habits (OR = 2.08, 95% CI: 1.19-3.63), and a family history of ulcer (OR = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.08-3.29). HP-positive patients exhibited significant differences in blood routine indexes compared to HP-negative patients. Specifically, they had lower RBC count (mean difference = -0.82, 95% CI: -1.45 to -0.19), lower Hb level (mean difference = -0.61, 95% CI: -1.12 to -0.10), lower HCT level (mean difference = -1.08, 95% CI: -1.82 to -0.35), and higher platelet count (mean difference = 36.72, 95% CI: 8.21-65.23). This study provides important insights into the risk factors associated with HP infection in children with peptic ulcers and highlights the changes in blood routine indexes that occur with the infection. The identified risk factors, including poor economic conditions, small living area, family-shared tableware, parental hygiene habits, and family history of ulcer, can guide preventive strategies and interventions for HP infection in children. The findings also emphasize the significance of age as a factor in HP infection rates. Moreover, the observed alterations in blood routine indexes indicate the impact of HP infection on immune function in affected children. This study contributes to the understanding of HP infection in children and offers valuable implications for clinical practice, enabling better prevention and control of HP infection in this vulnerable population. children with peptic ulcer, Helicobacter pylori, blood routine test, risk factors.

Professional aspirations play a pivotal role in shaping the career trajectories and socio-economic mobility of agriculture graduates. Understanding the factors influencing these aspirations is essential for strengthening agricultural education and aligning it with employment opportunities. The present study was undertaken to analyse the professional aspirations of Indian agriculture graduates and to examine their relationship with selected personal and socio-economic characteristics. The study was conducted among 175 final-year Bachelor of Science (Honours) Agriculture students using an ex-post facto research design. Data were collected through a structured and pre-tested interview schedule and analysed using appropriate statistical tools, including correlation analysis. The findings revealed that a majority of the agriculture graduates (68.00%) aspired to pursue higher education after graduation, while 27.40 per cent intended to take up employment. Educational aspirations showed that most respondents preferred higher education within agriculture (76.40%), indicating strong academic orientation towards the discipline. Socially, nearly half of the graduates aspired for social recognition (48.00%), whereas economically, more than half (55.40%) aspired to earn a monthly income between Rs. 50,000 and 60,000. Professionally, becoming a renowned scientist (42.30%) and a well-known administrator (28.60%) emerged as the dominant aspirations. Overall, a majority of the respondents (68.50%) exhibited a medium level of professional aspiration. Correlation analysis revealed that academic performance, annual family income, and mass media exposure were positively and highly significant in influencing overall aspirations, while parental occupation and participation in allied activities also showed significant associations. The study highlights the need for strengthening skill-oriented education, career guidance, and exposure to diverse professional avenues to enhance aspiration levels and employability of agriculture graduates. The findings provide valuable insights for policymakers, educators, and extension institutions to design responsive curricula and youth-centric agricultural development strategies.

Sleep disturbances are increasingly recognized as a modifiable factor associated with poor outcomes after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in adults, yet their prevalence, mechanisms, and clinical impact in children remain largely unknown. Identifying whether sleep problems contribute to behavioral, cognitive, and neurobiological outcomes after pediatric mTBI could inform targeted interventions. To determine the prevalence of sleep disturbances after pediatric mTBI and to assess associations with behavioral symptoms, cognition, and brain structure. This multisite, population-based cohort study is a secondary analysis of data collected between September 2016 and January 2020 as part of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study 5.0 release. Participants were children who sustained an mTBI between baseline (age 9-10 years) and 2-year follow-up (age 11-12 years). Children with mTBI were propensity score-matched on the basis of age, sex, study site, self-reported race, and total family income to typically developing children (TDC) and orthopedic injury (OI) controls. Data were analyzed September 2024 to June 2025. mTBI between baseline and follow-up. The primary outcomes were parent-reported sleep disturbances (categorized as new onset, chronic, improving, or none), behavioral problems, and cognitive performance. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to examine cortical thickness, cortical volume, and white matter microstructure. Analyses used linear regressions and linear mixed models, controlling for baseline when appropriate. Of 573 children, there were 191 children with mTBI (mean [SD] age, 12.03 [0.6] years; 112 [58.6%] male). Children with mTBI were more likely than controls to develop new clinical sleep disturbances (29 children with mTBI [15.2%] vs 22 of 191 children [11.5%] in the TDC group and 19 of 191 children [9.9%] in the OI group) and had higher rates of chronic sleep disturbances (41 children [21.5%] with mTBI vs 25 children [13.1%] in the TDC group and 25 children [13.1%] in the OI group). Total sleep disturbance scores were significantly elevated for children with mTBI compared with the TDC group (β, -0.27; 95% CI, -0.45 to -0.10), but not the OI group (β, -0.12; 95% CI, -0.29 to 0.05). Higher behavioral symptoms were found compared with the TDC group (β, -0.30; 95% CI, -0.45 to -0.16) and were associated with sleep problems, especially newly emerging disturbances, after mTBI. Children in the OI group exhibited greater cortical thickness (β, 0.18; 95% CI, 0.06 to 0.30) and volume (β, 0.06; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.11) than children with mTBI, with both being positively associated with sleep disturbances in children with mTBI. No group differences were found in cognition or white matter microstructure or associations with sleep. In this cohort study, sleep disturbances were more common among children with mTBI than among TDC. In particular, newly developing sleep problems appeared to be a potential key pathway to behavioral problems and a promising interventional target. Cognitive and structural brain outcomes were not significantly associated with sleep disturbances in this cohort.

Women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are at higher risk for prediabetes, particularly when inactivity or poor diet persists after childbirth. These behaviors often co-occur, and their combined effect is greater than the sum of individual risks. This study aimed to identify physical activity and dietary profiles among women with prior GDM in underserved areas, examine their association with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and investigate their associated factors. A cross-sectional analysis of baseline data collected in July 2018 and November 2022 from two randomized controlled trials was conducted (n = 633). Activity, dietary intake, glucose levels, and socio-demographic, anthropometric, and psychosocial characteristics were collected. Latent profile analysis identified behavior profiles. Binary and multiple logistic regressions assessed associations and influencing factors. Three distinct profiles were identified including "Less Activity and Low Dietary Fiber Intake group", "Adequate Activity but Low Dietary Fiber Intake group", and "Adequate Activity but High Starch Intake group". Compared with the "Adequate Activity but Low Dietary Fiber Intake group", the "Less Activity and Low Dietary Fiber Intake group" had increased IFG risk (odds ratio [OR], 3.792; 95% CI, 1.146-12.543); women with non-precarious employment, no family history of diabetes, or inadequate external environmental resources were more likely in this group. "Adequate Activity but High Starch Intake group" had higher IFG (OR, 6.321; 95% CI, 1.500-26.639) and IGT (OR, 6.030; 95% CI, 1.530-23.770) risk; women with family income <416 USD/month or worse psychological health tended toward this group. Unhealthy behavior profiles were observed among women with prior GDM. High starch intake and insufficient activity were associated with greater prediabetes risks. Screening and education on physical activity and diet may warrant particular attention among women with non-precarious employment, low family income, or no family history of diabetes. In addition, integrating strategies that enhance psychological health and improve external environmental resources into lifestyle-related interventions may represent a promising approach.

Using structural equation modelling (SEM), this study tested whether parental monetary investments (PMI) and parental time investment (PTI) mediate the effects of family income (FI) on primary math achievement (PMA) in a sample of Bangladeshi children (N = 760, 52% boys, M = 9.1 Years, SD = 3.3 at baseline), studying over 24 months. In doing so, the background variables (fourth-grade math scores, child's age, and sex) were controlled in the model. The results from SEM suggested that fewer PMIs in children's math stimulating materials and fewer PTIs in children's at-home math practices partially mediated the association between lower-FI and poor PMA. Although PTI had a greater amount of variance (15%) in the associations of lower-FI with lower-PMA as compared to PMIs (11%), the full model explained 25% of the variance in the lower-FI and lower-PMA link with control variables. Future directions for policy and research are discussed.

Adolescent fragile connectedness with caregivers is a process in which, rather than experiencing a consistent sense of connection with caregivers, adolescents' feelings of closeness and connection are highly reliant on the day-to-day experiences with caregivers. In the current study, we hypothesized that fragile connectedness would be a risk factor for internalizing psychopathology outcomes (depression, anxiety) and positive well-being (flourishing, psychological well-being), either as a main effect or by moderating the relation between general caregiver-adolescent connectedness and long-term outcomes. This study presents a secondary analysis of data from a sample of 150 9th and 10th grade adolescents (61.3% girls) in 9th and 10th grade (Mage = 14.61) living in two-caregiver families in the Mid-Atlantic region of the US. Adolescents and caregivers completed a baseline assessment, 21-day daily diary burst, and 1-year follow-up assessment. Adolescents reported on daily connectedness with caregivers, depression, anxiety, psychological well-being, and flourishing. Caregivers reported on daily positive parenting. Fragile connectedness was measured as individual differences in the within-person relations between daily variation in positive parenting and adolescents' connectedness with caregivers. Outcomes were regressed on fragile connectedness, average connectedness, baseline measures of outcomes, adolescent gender, family income, living with both biological caregivers and the interaction between fragile and average connectedness. Fragile connectedness was directly associated with decreases in psychological well-being and flourishing, but not with depression or anxiety. Average connectedness with caregivers was associated with decreases in adolescent depression over time. Implications for future research are in the emphasis on the importance of dynamic characteristics of the family (i.e., fragile connectedness) for adolescent well-being.

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major public health problem associated with significant complications. Over 537 million adults worldwide live with diabetes and are expected to reach 643 million by 2030. Malaysia has one of the highest diabetes prevalence rates in Asia. By 2025, diabetes is projected to affect about 7 million Malaysian adults, with a prevalence of 31.3%. The rising incidence among the younger populations is particularly concerning. Aims and Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and risks of T2DM among undergraduate students at Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR) and to examine their associations with sociodemographic factors. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among undergraduate students across all programs at UTAR. A total of 296 students participated in the study. Validated questionnaires were used to assess students’ knowledge, attitudes, and risk factors for T2DM. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 29, with descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and Pearson correlation analyses applied. Results: A total of 296 students participated. The mean knowledge score was 14.2±3.8, with 67.6% demonstrating moderate knowledge. The mean attitude score was 39.5±4.2, with 97% exhibiting positive attitudes. The median T2DM risk score was 6 (interquartile range=2), with 56.1% classified as low risk. Knowledge level was significantly associated ethnicity (χ2=15.46, P=0.004), faculty (χ2=56.95, P&lt;0.001), and family income (χ2=15.97, P=0.002). No sociodemographic factors were associated with attitude levels. Ethnicity was significantly associated with risk level (χ2=22.09, P=0.008). A moderate positive correlation was identified between knowledge and attitude scores (r=0.45, P&lt;0.001). Conclusion: Despite moderate knowledge and positive attitudes, and generally low T2DM risk, targeted interventions to enhance the knowledge and perceptions are essential. Universities are strategic platforms for health promotion initiatives to reduce the burden of T2DM among young populations.

Background: Postpartum depression (PPD) is a serious mental health condition that affects women after childbirth. Early recognition of PPD is crucial for preventing worsening of maternal mental health. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the knowledge and attitudes about PPD among women in Pakistan. Methodology: A descriptive, multicenter, cross-sectional study was conducted for 3 months in 3 public and 3 private sector hospitals in Lahore to collect data from 330 pregnant females at any gestational age, those with routine checkups 40 days after delivery, or those who came for treatment of PPD. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS. Descriptive statistics were used to compute frequencies, and regression analysis was applied to determine factors influencing knowledge about PPD. Results: Knowledge about PPD was low, with a common misconception that it only exists with suicidal thoughts (57.3%) and occurs in females with previous psychological issues (64.3%). The majority of females (90%) had poor attitudes, believing that PPD would resolve on its own. Statistical analysis revealed a significant association between age and knowledge about PPD. Univariate analysis revealed that participants aged 31–35 (OR 2.09; p = 0.05) and &gt;35 years (OR 2.26; p = 0.04) were more likely to have good knowledge than those aged &lt;25 years. Educational level, family income, and area of residence did not significantly influence knowledge of PPD. Conclusion: The study revealed low levels of knowledge regarding PPD. Increasing educational awareness is crucial for improving PPD recognition and management.

This study investigated the longitudinal trajectory of learned helplessness in academic settings during adolescence, examined the generalizability of this trajectory across students' demographic and academic backgrounds, and assessed the role of parental autonomy support and psychological control in predicting learned helplessness at each time point. We analyzed five waves of large-scale panel data following Korean adolescent students (N = 2590) from Grade 7 to Grade 11. Our second-order latent basis growth modeling indicated that adolescent students tend to experience a significant, steady increase in helplessness from Grade 7 to Grade 11. In addition, both students' prior academic achievement and family income negatively predicted the intercept of learned helplessness. The contemporaneous effects of parental autonomy support and psychological control on learned helplessness were significant and in the expected directions at all time points: higher autonomy support was associated with lower learned helplessness, whereas higher psychological control was associated with higher helplessness. Notably, parental control exhibited a significant escalating effect, such that its detrimental effect on learned helplessness became stronger over time, whereas the protective effect of parental autonomy support remained stable. This study provides theoretical and practical implications, highlighting the roles of parental autonomy support and control in shaping adolescents' learned helplessness over time.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on prenatal Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) participation: analysis of Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System 2017-2022 data.

Diabetes distress significantly contributes to depressive symptoms in children with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Few studies have examined the bidirectional contributions of both parents' and children's diabetes distress to their own (actor effect) and each other's (partner effect) depressive symptoms within the family context. This study aimed to evaluate these actor and partner effects using the actor-partner interdependence model (APIM) and to identify factors associated with depressive symptoms among children with T1D and their parents in China. This cross-sectional study recruited 333 children (aged 8-12 years) with T1D and their parents via social media platforms using an online questionnaire. Data were collected on sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, diabetes distress, and depressive symptoms. APIM and hierarchical linear regression analyzes were conducted. Actor effects indicated that increased diabetes distress was associated with depressive symptoms in both children with T1D and their parents. Partner effects revealed that only children's diabetes distress was positively associated with parental depressive symptoms. The risk factor for children's depressive symptoms was elevated A1C levels. Greater parental depressive symptoms were associated with being a father (vs. mother), lower family income, children not receiving insulin pump therapy, elevated A1C levels (≥ 7.5%), and DKA episodes. These findings demonstrate the interdependence of diabetes distress and depressive symptoms within family dynamics. Understanding both individual and familial factors associated with depressive symptoms in parent-child dyads with T1D can inform family-centered interventions.

Socioeconomic status (SES) has been linked to brain-based markers, but most studies rely on conventional statistical methods that overlook the complexity and inherent multicollinearity of the brain. We trained elastic net models to predict SES from multimodal neuroimaging data: diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), structural MRI (sMRI), and resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) data. Neural features independently predicted SES, and demographic information only minimally enhanced performance. The income and multimodal models performed best; accordingly, the best-performing primary model predicted income using multimodal data, achieving AUCs of 0.75 (test) and 0.811 (train) without demographic information and 0.779 (test) and 0.836 (train) with demographic information. The performance of the secondary multimodal models for predicting income had a positive relationship with income disparity; expectedly, the best performing model distinguished between children from the top and bottom ~ 10-20% of income brackets, reaching AUCs of 0.81 (test) and 0.969 (train) without demographic information and 0.863 (test) and 0.986 (train) with demographic information. Among the modalities, DTI was the most discriminative, followed by sMRI. Globally distributed along with executive functioning (EF) and language features were the most discriminative. Multimodal neuroimaging can predict SES, especially income, even without demographic data, and the most discriminative features tended to be measurements of white matter integrity and organization; more globally distributed than isolated to specific regions; and linked to cognitive control and language.

ABSTRACT Background Executive functioning challenges, including difficulties with flexible thinking, goal setting and planning, are common among neurodivergent children, especially those identified with autism and/or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Executive functioning problems are linked to poorer academic achievement and are exacerbated by poverty. Importantly, executive functioning is responsive to intervention. Objective This pragmatic study compared the effectiveness of two school-based executive functioning interventions for children with autism and/or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Title 1 (low-income-serving) school settings to improve accessibility of effective interventions. Methods 148 children (82% male) in 3rd–5th grades were cluster-randomized by school (N = 24) to receive Unstuck and On Target (Unstuck), a cognitive-behavioral program, or Parents and Teachers Supporting Students, a behavior-management program considered best practice for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Both programs targeted executive functioning, were matched for dosage, and were delivered in small groups by school staff, with parent and teacher training to support generalization. The sample (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder N = 98; autism N = 50) was ethnically and socioeconomically diverse. The primary outcome was executive functioning behaviors assessed through masked classroom observations. Secondary outcomes were masked executive functioning tasks, and a parent report measure. Treatment fidelity, acceptability, potential moderation of family income, age, and cognitive functioning were assessed. Results Both interventions were implemented with high fidelity and were well-liked by children and parents, with Unstuck receiving higher acceptability ratings. Child executive functioning improved across both interventions and on all outcomes. There was limited moderation by income, and outcomes improved following intervention, even after accounting for income. Conclusions School staff can effectively deliver both Unstuck and Parents and Teachers Supporting Students in low-income community schools to improve executive functioning. These accessible, low-cost options address income-based health disparities by providing an alternative to clinic-based care. The interventions show promise for broader applications in schools. Clinical Trials registry Community Based Intervention for Children with ADHD and ASD; clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03003286) 9/13/2014.

Psychological well-being enables people to cope with problems easily and to look at the world from a positive perspective. Many factors such as limited social support, social activities and economic resources in rural areas, the prominence of traditional gender roles and expectations, and the difficulty in accessing educational and career opportunities can negatively affect the psychological well-being of housewives living there. Based on these considerations, the present study was designed to predict the psychological well-being levels of housewives living in rural areas according to variables including age, marital status, family income status, education level, number of children and happiness level. The study group was made up of housewives living in Erzurum’s Oltu district center. The study data were collected using the “Personal Information Form”, “Psychological Well-Being Scale” and “Oxford Happiness Scale-Short Form” and evaluated using statistical analysis. The results revealed that housewives’ happiness levels predicted their psychological well-being levels, and the psychological well-being levels of housewives with higher education level and better economic status were higher. These findings emphasize the importance of education and social support programs for the psychological well-being levels of housewives living in rural areas.