This paper reviews the impact of individual identification through family composition on societal and governance outcomes. Drawing on comprehensive literature and integrating insights from family systems theory, social identity theory, and social systems theory, the research provides a comparative analysis of prominent and historically important Family Composition Registration Systems (FCRSs) across eight countries. The study highlights the features of Pakistan's National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA)'s pioneering FCRS, including facilitating inheritance and succession, supporting social welfare programs, aiding disaster management, and strengthening law enforcement. Adopting a multilevel approach, the research situates FCRSs within broader societal frameworks, emphasizing both benefits and challenges. This paper contributes analytically to academic discourse, family history research, and policy discussions, offering recommendations to enhance citizen registration within family units. The findings have implications for social welfare, child protection, human rights, and crisis management, while informing the development of more inclusive FCRS and effective identity management systems worldwide.

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the social, economic, psychological, and spiritual condition of the repressed priestly families of the Mukachevo Greek Catholic Eparchy during the period of Soviet persecution from 1947 to 1989. The repressive policy directed against the clergy was systemic and multi-layered, combining legal, political, and ideological pressure, including the liquidation of the eparchy and prohibition of its activity, the forced renunciation of the Apostolic See and “reunification” with the Russian Orthodox Church, as well as arrests, killings, deportations, and judicial persecution of clergy. These processes directly affected their families, resulting in the loss of social status, economic instability, restricted access to education and professional advancement, and social isolation. Particularly significant were the changes in the status of priests’ wives and children. Wives assumed primary responsibility for the material support of the family, the upbringing of children, and the preservation of religious traditions within the context of active state atheization. Children faced discriminatory practices in access to educational institutions, which substantially influenced their adaptation to the new social environment and shaped their professional trajectories. Regardless of family composition or size, the repressive system allowed no exceptions, compelling families to develop their own strategies of self-sufficiency and adaptation. One of the key mechanisms of survival was the preservation of religious identity through clandestine ministry and domestic liturgical practices. Families ensured the intergenerational transmission of spiritual values, organized mutual assistance, and maintained networks of solidarity and moral support. At the same time, constant surveillance and the threat of persecution created an atmosphere of fear and moral dilemmas that profoundly affected family identity. Thus, Soviet repression exerted a long-term and multidimensional impact on the priestly families of the Mukachevo Greek Catholic Eparchy, shaping their social position, economic conditions, psychological well-being, and spiritual formation. The consequences of these persecutions extended to subsequent generations, underscoring the relevance of further research in this field.

ABSTRACT Children growing up in structurally disadvantaged contexts face increased risks of delayed language development, yet evidence from the Latin American Caribbean remains limited. This study examined how personal, prelinguistic, and contextual factors jointly shape expressive language among young children in Caribbean Colombia, a setting marked by sociocultural diversity, poverty, and inequality. A cross-sectional sample of 174 children aged 8–30 months attending early childhood development centers together with their primary caregivers, who completed caregiver-reported versions of the Colombian adaptation of the MacArthur – Bates Communicative Development Inventories. As an exploratory approach, Random Forest regression models were estimated separately for children aged 8–16 months (expressive vocabulary) and 16–30 months (vocabulary size and phrase complexity), including child characteristics, prelinguistic abilities, family composition, and socioeconomic indicators as candidate predictors. In the 8–16-month group, prelinguistic skills (gesture use, imitation, phrase comprehension), age, and caregiver education emerged as key contributors to expressive vocabulary, alongside markers of lower economic burden. In the 16–30-month group, model performance was weaker and less stable; exploratory patterns suggested a growing influence of socioeconomic disadvantage and caregiver education on vocabulary and early syntax, which requires cautious interpretation. Overall, findings highlight how early communicative environments, prelinguistic abilities, and structural constraints intersect in vulnerable communities. Strengthening context-sensitive early stimulation, supporting caregivers living in poverty, and improving access to linguistically rich services may help prevent the consolidation of language and learning inequalities in early childhood.

The purpose of the study is to identify the regional specifics of the family and household structure of the Republic of Tyva in comparison with national and regional indicators. Objectives: to analyze the marital structure of the population of the Republic of Tyva (distribution by marital status, gender and age characteristics); to study the typology of family units (married couples, mothers with children, fathers with children); to assess reproductive behavior (number of children, proportion of large families); to identify gender disparities (widowhood, divorce, marriage asymmetry); to characterize the structure of private households by size; compare the indicators of the Republic of Tyva with the national and regional data. The object of the study is the population of the Republic of Tuva aged 16 years and older, the subject is the marital structure of the population, the typology of family units, reproductive behavior and gender disparities. The empirical base was made up of data from the official results of the census, containing the distribution of family units by type, size and number of children, as well as the distribution of private households by size. The research methodology is based on a structural and demographic approach, which involves the analysis of marital and reproductive attitudes of the population through objective indicators of family and household composition. It was found that the Republic of Tyva demonstrates a steady deviation from national trends: the average household size (3.2 people versus 2.2 in the Russian Federation), the proportion of large families among couples with children (34.0% versus 21.6% on average in the country) and the proportion of crowded households of 6 or more people (13.2% versus 2.7% in the Russian Federation) significantly exceed the national average. At the same time, the share of single-parent families (34.3% of all family units) is comparable to the national figures, but their internal structure has its own peculiarities: among mothers with children, having many children is more common (17.5% versus 12.4% on average in the Russian Federation), which reflects the preservation of traditional reproductive attitudes. The results of the study show that the traditional family structure with a high birth rate is being reproduced in the Republic of Tyva. At the same time, significant gender disparities and a high proportion of illegitimate births are recorded, which requires an adjustment of regional demographic policy taking into account ethnosocial factors.

This article systematically examines the socio-economic factors influencing the level of housing provision for the population. The study identifies and groups key factors such as income levels, employment status, family composition, urbanization processes, availability of mortgage lending, housing prices, state housing policy and subsidies, demographic changes, and infrastructure development. The research findings aim to determine the interrelationships among these factors and the extent of their impact on improving housing conditions for the population, while providing practical recommendations for shaping state policy and ensuring socio-economic stability.

The diagnosis of ADHD remains shrouded in controversy, resulting in alarming reports in (social) media. Danger of underdiagnosis, risk of overdiagnosis, and medicalization of social problems are all mentioned. The diagnostic uncertainty is largely due to the non-specific nature of ADHD symptoms. Yet, an ADHD diagnosis is more than an excuse: its chronic nature makes it a disabling condition when appropriate treatment is not provided. In most cases the general practitioner decides who is referred for further diagnosis; the controversial reporting can contribute to doubt and reluctance. The task in referring, however, is not to make a diagnosis, but to recognize the likelihood of psychiatric problems. This is done by inquiring about the presence and severity of symptoms and the existence of resulting distress. Knowledge of the context (such as work and living situation, family composition) and the patient's life history helps in distinguishing between temporary overload and chronic dysfunction.

RNA tailing, the non-templated addition of nucleotides to RNA 3' ends, is a conserved post-transcriptional modification that plays a critical role in regulating RNA metabolism. In plants, this process is primarily mediated by nucleotidyltransferase proteins (NTPs). In this review, we analyze current knowledge of plant NTPs by integrating evidence from genetic, biochemical, and phylogenetic analyses of the gene-family across model plants and crops. We summarize the composition and evolutionary diversification of the plant NTP gene family, with emphasis on lineage-specific expansion and conservation patterns. Using Arabidopsis thaliana as a reference framework, we then describe the molecular roles of NTPs in the tailing of distinct RNA classes, emphasizing how tail type and length confer context-dependent regulatory outcomes including stabilization versus degradation and processing/maturation versus clearance. We further examine the determinants of substrate choice, focusing on RNA type, terminal structure, and subcellular localization. Finally, we discuss the biological functions of NTP-mediated RNA tailing in plants, linking RNA tailing to development, stress responses, antiviral immunity, and agronomic traits in crops. We conclude by outlining key mechanistic and physiological challenges that define future directions for understanding and harnessing NTP-mediated RNA regulation. Collectively, this review provides an integrated framework for understanding how RNA tailing by NTPs shapes plant RNA metabolism and biological fitness.

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to explore the transition to the stepfamily system, focusing on challenges and resources faced by Belgian same‐gender stepfamilies in which one partner had at least one child from a previous heterosexual relationship. The study included interviews with 23 adults (12 lesbian women and 11 gay men, all cisgender and White/European) who were either a biological parent ( n = 12, M age = 40) or stepparent ( n = 11, M age = 33) of 14 children (M age = 13) in a same‐gender parent family composition. Three core themes were identified from parents' narratives: negotiating the visibility of a new stepfamily configuration between coming‐out and concealment; social circle's reactions to family visibility, open discrimination and legal obstacles: stressors and challenges in transitioning to a same‐gender stepfamily configuration; support and recognition: ‘adjusted’ relationships in same‐gender stepfamilies. The process of transitioning to a lesbian/gay identity following a heterosexual relationship involving children poses unique challenges, as the reactions of others may play a critical role in shaping the family dynamics of same‐gender stepfamilies. Scholars and professionals should account for these factors when working with same‐gender stepfamilies, addressing the different strategies used by each family member and integrating the various definitions of family provided by parents, stepparents and children.

A study was conducted in the streams of Taman Negara Sungai Relau with the objective of determining the family composition, diversity, and distribution of aquatic insect communities among different streams within Taman Negara Sungai Relau, Merapoh, Pahang. Little is known about the aquatic insects at Taman Negara Sungai Relau to date; hence, this study was initiated to fill that gap. Sampling was carried out using the disturbance-removal technique, whereby a bottom kick net was used to dislodge the aquatic insects from the substrates. Following collection, the samples were cleaned in trays before being sorted and screened using a 1 mm sieve. Overall, 1,035 individuals belonging to 46 families across seven orders were collected. Among the identified orders, Ephemeroptera (36.20%) was the most abundant in terms of the number of individuals, followed by Coleoptera (19.98%), Odonata (15.06%), and Plecoptera (13.42%). The most abundant families found in the study were Perlidae, Leptophlebiidae, Heptageniidae, and Dytiscidae. The highest Shannon diversity index recorded in this study was in Sungai Kelam (2.48) and the upstream section of Sungai Tanum (2.45). The upstream section of Sungai Tanum and Sungai Kelam also had the highest Simpson, Margalef, Menhinik, and Equitability indices compared to the other three streams. The Evenness index was found to be highest in the upstream section of Sungai Tanum (0.70) and Sungai Cheruai (0.65). Inter-site similarities were high, indicating that many streams share similar aquatic insect communities. Cluster analysis did not distinctly separate the sites, as shown by the high similarity values. The high family richness, diversity, and evenness denote that the water quality of the stream is good and the surrounding ecosystem is healthy. Thus, based on this study, all streams were found to be in good water quality condition.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore consumption dynamics around retirement for Spanish households, following the approach of Banks et al. (1998). The authors test two central hypotheses. First, consistent with life-cycle theory, consumption should evolve smoothly around retirement, without discontinuities. Second, if the life cycle/permanent income hypothesis holds, then retirees’ consumption should be insulated from contemporaneous pension reforms. Design/methodology/approach The authors estimate an Euler equation for consumption along the lines of Banks et al. (1998) and examine the link between the interest rate and consumption growth. They assess the quantitative and qualitative responses of consumption growth to retirement and pension reform measures. To handle potential endogeneity, GMM methodology is used when possible (for subperiods 1977–1983 and 1985–1996). The authors also analyze data for 2016–2022, organized in cohorts. The econometric tools for this subperiod are 2SLS and GLS. They undertake several robustness tests. Findings Consumption growth is negatively correlated with retirement, suggesting a discontinuity in consumption which implies a departure from the life cycle model. The drop in consumption at retirement is around 10%–13.5% in 1977–1983, 5% in 1985–1996 and 2% in 2016–2022, in line with the literature and the macroeconomic scenario in Spain at that time. Neither work-related expenditures nor health expenditures seem to explain consumption dips. Instead, the evidence suggests that the consumption decline is largely driven by uncertainty, particularly about future pension income. Limited financial literacy, regulatory opacity and the complexity of pension rules may constrain individuals’ ability to form accurate expectations. Research limitations/implications The analysis for 2016–2022 relies on synthetic cohorts because of the lack of true panel data, which reduces the granularity and statistical power of the estimations. Future work should exploit complementary data sources and identification strategies, such as difference-in-differences or regression discontinuity designs, to better isolate causal effects. Moreover, the relative role of uncertainty, especially that related to pension predictability, deserves further scrutiny. Developing formal measures of pension complexity and incorporating direct indicators of financial development would allow for a more precise assessment of their impact on consumption behavior. Finally, analyzing heterogeneity across subpopulations, by income, education or family composition, could refine our understanding of the underlying mechanisms and support more targeted policy recommendations. Practical implications Measures intended to clarify the pension scheme and reduce the uncertainty associated with the future stream of income accruing to pensioners may entail smoother consumption paths for individuals and, therefore, for the whole economy. These measures are especially important in countries with pay-as-you-go systems where future pensions are closely linked to political and regulatory stances. Programs aimed at improving the financial planning of individuals over their life cycles may also be useful. Strategies that lower the effective tax burden for retirees may also help maintain a smoother consumption path in old age and avoid reductions in aggregate consumption, which can be detrimental to the economy. Social implications The fall in economic activity potentially associated with an ageing population in many countries may be circumvented with appropriate measures intended to enhance the purchasing power of retirees (such as fiscal deductions). Originality/value This paper contributes to the literature on different dimensions. First, it documents the presence of a drop of consumption upon retirement in Spain over 1977–1983, 1985–1996 and 2016–2022, robust to various specifications and comparable to those found by other authors for other countries; the dip of consumption at retirement is on average 10%–13.5% in 1977–1983, 5% in 1985–1996 and 2% 2016–2022. Moreover, the authors isolate the impact of retirement on consumption from other contemporaneous effects, such as pension reforms, suggesting that these effects display opposite signs and may offset each other in the empirical estimations.

The ALOG (Arabidopsis LIGHT-DEPENDENT SHORT HYPOCOTYLS 1 (LSH1) and Oryza G1) family play crucial regulatory roles in plant growth and development, spanning both vegetative and reproductive growth. This study presents a comprehensive genomic and functional analysis of the ALOG family in greater yam (Dioscorea alata). Ten non-redundant DaALOG genes were identified and classified into two classes (I and II) based on phylogenetic analysis. These classes share a common origin, and family expansion was primarily driven by segmental duplication events. Comparative genomics across 15 plant species revealed widespread, lineage-specific divergence in ALOG gene family size and composition. Expression profiling highlighted several DaALOG genes, particularly DaALOG1, DaALOG3, and DaALOG6A, with significant upregulation in tuber and bulbil tissues, suggesting a potential role in storage organ development. Co-expression network analysis, coupled with yeast one-hybrid assays, indicated that DaALOG3 likely regulates key genes involved in starch biosynthesis. Subcellular localization confirmed the nuclear predominance of DaALOG proteins. Furthermore, functional validation in Arabidopsis demonstrated that overexpression of DaALOG1 leads to pronounced developmental alterations, including irregular leaf morphology and floral organ abnormalities (such as extra stamens and petals). Collectively, our findings establish the DaALOG gene family as an important regulator in greater yam, linking specific members to both vegetative architecture and storage organ development.

Coffee plantations support diverse insect communities that play key roles in pest regulation, pollination, and ecosystem stability. This study analyzed insect family composition, abundance, and community structure in the Tim-Tim (Typica) coffee plantation ecosystem in Rusip Antara Subdistrict, Central Aceh Regency, using different trapping methods. Sampling was conducted from May to September 2025 in one representative plantation block with three observation plots, each containing 25 coffee plants. Three types of traps were employed: light traps, yellow plate traps, and malaise traps. Insect community structure was analyzed using the Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H’), evenness index (E), and similarity index. A total of 2,659 individuals from 65 families were recorded, dominated by Hymenoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, and Hemiptera. Light traps captured the highest number of individuals and exhibited the highest diversity (H’ = 2.34), reflecting the activity of nocturnal insects attracted to light. Yellow plate traps showed moderate diversity (H’ = 1.77) but the highest evenness (E = 0.80), indicating balanced diurnal insect communities. Malaise traps recorded lower diversity (H’ = 1.33) and evenness (E = 0.57), primarily capturing high-flying insects such as Diptera and Hymenoptera. Similarity analysis revealed moderate to low overlap among trap types, demonstrating that different traps capture complementary components of the community. These findings highlight the high insect diversity and ecological stability of the Tim-Tim coffee plantation and emphasize the importance of multiple trapping methods for understanding community structure and supporting natural biological control in sustainable coffee agroecosystems.

Background: During the process of conception, foetus largely depends on the mothers for food, protection, stability and smooth transitioning of development until delivery. Objective: The study assessed the maternal emotion in child's pre-school placement among nursing mothers in Ilorin West, Kwara State. Methods: The study adopted a descriptive survey research design, with one research question and two hypotheses. The sample population consisted of 100 nursing mothers and were randomly selected. A self-constructed questionnaire titled “Maternal Emotion Questionnaire” (MEQ) was used for data collection. The instrument was validated by experts and pre-tested through coefficient Alpha and its’ reliability Coefficient yielded a significant value of 0.76. The retrieved data were analysed using mean and standard deviation, and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were used to test the research question and hypotheses respectively. Results: The findings revealed that nursing mothers have high level of maternal emotion on child’s pre-school placement with a mean score of 2.95. The finding further revealed that there is a significant difference between marital status and maternal emotional experience of nursing mothers during pre-school placement (.000<0.05) and no significant difference between occupation and maternal emotional experience of nursing mothers (.251 >.05) during pre-school placement in Ilorin West, Kwara State. Conclusion: This suggests that family composition and marital status play a more critical role than employment status in shaping mothers’ emotional cues to their children’s early educational transition

The phenomenon of population ageing, while positive in terms of increased life expectancy, raises concerns across various aspects of political, social, and economic life in modern societies, including Italy. It calls for policy decisions that promote active and healthy ageing on one hand, and welfare measures that support couples’ fertility on the other. In demography, one factor that appears to positively influence fertility levels in host countries, at least in the short term, is immigration. This study analyses the migratory phenomenon in Lombardy through the lens of family composition among households with at least one foreign member, with the aim of assessing whether the immigrant population tends to form stable and cohesive family units. The underlying assumption is that immigration contributes to increasing fertility levels in the host country primarily through the formation of stable family structures. By integrating data from two sources, i.e., ISTAT data on resident and forecasted population and ORIM survey on foreign people living in Lombardy , the paper investigates historical patterns and proposes a possible future scenario through the use of the propensity method. This technique entails estimating the number of families by applying the proportions of individuals, usually broken down by age and gender, who live in various forms of living arrangements. The results suggest that the migration phenomenon in Lombardy has been evolving, with the family structures of foreigners increasingly aligning with those typical of the Italian population. Nonetheless, further analysis is required to draw more reliable conclusions about future developments.

Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.) is the most widely planted tree species in southern China, playing a critical role in forestry production and reforestation. Understanding the contribution of Masson pine plantations to biodiversity conservation is essential for sustainable land-use policies. We conducted comparative studies to examine the family diversity and composition of ground-dwelling and aerial insects in Masson pine plantations and adjacent natural forests at regional (spanning five forest types across Guangxi, China) and local (at Yachang, Guangxi) scales. We investigated the mechanisms driving the differences in insect community assemblages between the two forest types at the local scale. Our results indicated that aerial insect diversity and composition in Masson pine plantations were comparable to those in natural forests. However, ground-dwelling insects in plantations showed a significant decline in diversity and a notable shift in community composition, with a decrease in highly mobile omnivores (e.g., Drosophilidae and Nitidulidae) and an increase in crawling detritivores (e.g., Blattidae and Gryllidae). These patterns were consistent at both regional and local scales. At the local scale, the shift in ground-dwelling insect community composition was linked to decreased understory tree density (explaining 45.9% of the compositional variation), reduced litter Ca content (29.7%), and increased litter cover (13.5%) in plantations. To enhance ground-dwelling insect diversity in Masson pine plantations, mixed planting with broad-leaved species offers an effective management strategy. This approach both enriches litter nutrients and reduces needle litter accumulation, thereby supporting the recovery of understory vegetation.

Maternal sleep during the first ten years of the child's life.

The article studies the division of household work before and during the complete lockdown period of the COVID-19 pandemic in India. It also examines the influence of individual and household characteristics on the division of work, exploring, in particular, the relationship between family composition and the pattern of sharing household responsibilities during the lockdown. Data was collected from 156 married employed women through an online survey. The analysis shows that, irrespective of the lockdown, the burden on women is higher. The lockdown merely intensified this burden as the services of the domestic help were restricted. The division of household responsibilities is relatively unfair for women in joint families or families with dependents, compared to nuclear families and families without dependents. Traditional gender roles seem to overpower all other factors, including the education and earning capacity of women, to ensure an unfair division of household work, negating the relative resources theory. This could have wide-reaching implications for gender equality and the well-being and productivity of women.

Medical training in Canada is a long and demanding process, often accompanied by substantial financial hardships. While resident salaries tend to exceed the average Canadian income, it remains unclear whether they sufficiently address the high burden of debt and elevated living costs, particularly in urban centres such as Toronto, Vancouver, and Montréal. This cross-sectional study evaluated the affordability of resident salaries across postgraduate year (PGY) 1 to PGY5 training programs for 2024-25 by comparing them to living wages. Salary-to-living wage ratios were calculated for single adults; single parents with 1 child; and dual-income, 2-children households. Results from all 17 Canadian residency programs showed that residents consistently earn a living wage for single adults and dual-income, 2-children households. Single-parent residents were unable to earn a living wage until PGY2 in Calgary and Québec, and until PGY3 in Montréal. While most resident salaries met living wage benchmarks, some programs, including Calgary, Montréal, and Québec, fell short, forcing residents to cover the gap. Financial strain on residents persists because of high debt, limited time for cost-saving measures, and childcare costs. Residency salaries could be adjusted, with particular attention to regions with rising living expenses and family composition.

Most important predictors of father-child contact in the U.S. child welfare system: A machine learning approach.

Green jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana) is an economically important fruit tree with exceptional nutritional and medicinal values, particularly in tropical undeveloped regions. Light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding proteins (LHC) holds crucial positions in plant photosystem, which is essential for the climate adaptability of green jujube. Nevertheless, comprehensive genome-wide investigation of LHC family genes have never been full studied in genus Ziziphus. Herein, we identified respectively 72 and 72 putative LHC genes both in wild and cultivated green jujube based on the haplotype-resolved chromosome-level genomes. These genes were classified into four subfamilies (LHCa, LHCb, ELIP, and PsbS) according to phylogenetic relationships and conserved domains. Members of each subfamily exhibited similar conserved motifs and gene structures. We predicted five phytohormones- and seven environment factors-related cis-regulatory elements in promoter regions of Zmac-LHC and Zmaw-LHC. Additionally, 60 and 62 miRNAs from jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) were found to target 58 Zmac-LHC and 60 Zmaw-LHC genes, respectively. We also discovered 585 transcription factor binding sites among 42 Zmac-LHC genes, and 472 in 40 Zmaw-LHC genes, including AP2, bHLH, bZIP, Dof, GRAS, and others. The secondary and 3D structures provided insights into their protein characteristics. GO and KEGG enrichment highlighted their roles in light responses, photosynthesis, and energy metabolisms. Expression analysis underscored the predominate roles of ZmacI/II/III/IV-LHC1.1/7 and ZmawI/II/III/IV-LHC1.1. Correlated analysis revealed the potential functions of ZmawI-LHC1.1 on metabolism, contrasting with ZmacI-LHC1.1. WGCNA results elucidated that candidate regulatory networks of ZmawI-LHC1.1 and ZmacI-LHC1.1. Moreover, the evolutionary timetree indicated that the "loss and gain" of LHC genes occurred frequently during the polyploidization and domestication processes of green jujube. Finally, this study shed light on the impact of domestication on the composition of gene family in autopolyploid plants based on the haplotype-resolved chromosome-level genomes, and provides a foundation for future genetic experiments targeting candidate factors regulating LHC genes, which could significantly advance research in green jujube which regarded as neglected and underutilized plant species.