Wages Of Workers Research Articles

Beyond engaged pluralism? The question of labor in labor geography

Labor geography is a vibrant, variegated subdiscipline, but there are also concerns over its lack of theoretical coherence. In this paper, I examine Open Marxist approaches that engage with post-structuralism and feminism based on Marx's concepts of abstract and concrete labor to frame a review of recent labor geography and related contributions on (a) social reproduction, difference, and class; (b) work, technology and precarity; and (c) labor's agency. I make three main arguments. First, while many conceptual tools for the analysis of social reproduction and difference exist within Marxism, because of their engagement with feminism and post-structuralism, these are being more fully developed. Second, Open Marxist contributions to this dialogue require greater emphasis upon the dialectical relationship between concrete, non-wage workers struggles against abstract labor and wage worker struggles of abstract labor within the totality of capitalism. Third, while important engagements are ongoing between Marxism, post-structuralism and feminism greater integration is neither needed nor desirable precisely because of Marxism's unique combination of conceptual coherence and open-endedness, which means that this interaction is a source of its theoretical development.

Demand and supply effects on native-immigrant wage differentials: the case of Malaysia

This paper uses a matched employee-employer dataset using the Productivity and Investment Climate Survey 2007 to assess the relative effect of demand and supply-side characteristics on the wages of native and immigrant workers in Malaysia. In doing so, the study demonstrates noteworthy differences in the wage determination process. Individual supply-side characteristics are found to be a key determinant of wages for native workers, and are relatively more important in explaining the wage variation than demand-side effects. In contrast, individual supply-side characteristics are found to explain noticeably less of the wage variation for immigrant workers. Therefore, this study reveals that native and immigrant wages do not solely reflect the workers’ productivity, although this effect is far more pronounced for the migrant workers.

Market power and wages in Russian local labor markets

The paper investigates the relationship between market power of employers and level of employees’ wages in local labor markets in Russia. The study is based on the modern concept of local labor markets, which assumes that the latter have not only geographical (spatial), but also sectoral (professional) boundaries. Using data from the web portal of Rostrud “Rabota Rossii” (Jobs of Russia) about 13.2 million vacancies posted in the period 2018Q1—2022Q3, for the first time in Russian practice concentration indicators were calculated for 30 thousand local labor markets in Russia, determined by a pair of properties “settlement— profession”. It is shown that 20% of local labor markets of mass professions in Russia are characterized by at least a temporary state of monopsony. Using the methods of economic-mathematical (econometric) modeling, it is demonstrated that the growth of the market power of employers is statistically significantly associated with a decrease in the wages of workers in mass professions. According to the estimates obtained, when moving from the 25th to the 75th percentile of the distribution of market power, the level of nominal wages offered to employees in local labor markets, other things being equal, decreases by 6.3—8.4%. The result is robust to the use of alternative approaches to defining the boundaries of local labor markets in Russia.

Social-life cycle assessment of oil palm plantation smallholders in Bengkulu province, Indonesia

Smallholders are often seen as a weak point in the development of oil palm plantation production. The quality and yield of their production are considered low according to world market standards; the continuity of their production is irregular; and finally, improving the welfare of farmers is difficult to achieve. However, smallholder plantations have an important and strategic role in achieving sustainable development. This study aims to assess the social life cycle assessment of smallholder oil palm plantations in Bengkulu Province by involving stakeholders consisting of workers, local communities, farm owners, and value chain actors. A total of 600 respondents were selected using quota sampling and interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Data analysis was conducted using social-life cycle assessment, involving various social issues and relevant social indicators for each stakeholder. The findings in our research show that smallholder oil palm plantations still do not meet the minimum wage for workers, and the equipment used by workers is still very minimal in terms of security and safety guarantees. The price of palm oil continues to fluctuate, and plantation policies are constantly changing, making it difficult for oil palm owners to meet the standards and various rules that are set for managing oil palm plantations. In addition, oil palm plantations are no longer a guarantee for the fulfillment of food security conditions for household owners, workers, communities, and actors involved in the oil palm institutional chain. Our finding is that, surprisingly, there is a low level of commitment by smallholders and the government to sustainability in oil palm plantations. The Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil and Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil as standards for sustainable oil palm plantations, as well as global standards for oil palm plantations to demonstrate environmentally friendly production processes, have not been able to compel smallholders to implement sustainable development in oil palm. Various policies formulated by the Indonesian government are perceived to have not addressed the core issues faced by small-scale farmers. Policies supporting small-scale farmers, particularly those related to increasing productivity, fostering and monitoring the environmental management of palm oil plantation activities, and ensuring ownership of plantation, are necessary for the achievement of sustainable smallholder palm oil plantation development.

Analyzing Gender Disparities in Land Ownership and Wage Rates in Indian Agriculture: An Empirical Study

The Indian economy relies heavily on agriculture, employing approximately 48 percent of the workforce, including men, women, and children. Women contribute significantly as agricultural workers, and their role is gradually gaining recognition, although certain obstacles persist. This study aims to analyze the trend of women's operational land holdings and average land holding sizes from 1995 to 2016, using secondary data. The findings reveal a negative growth rate in the number of land holdings and average holding sizes for women. This indicates a substantial gap between men and women in terms of land ownership, which hampers women's potential as farmers. It also suggests that women may have limited knowledge about their land rights. Additionally, the study examines wage disparities between male and female laborers across different agricultural tasks. In the realm of sowing, gender inequality was observed, with the highest wage gap occurring in 2005-06 when female earnings were 31 percent lower than those of male laborers. By 2019-20, the disparity had decreased to 17.97 percent. In the case of threshing, the wage gap ranged from 20 percent to 15 percent, indicating a relatively smaller disparity. Overall, women tend to receive lower wages compared to men in various agricultural activities. However, the study reveals a positive trend of increasing wages for female laborers, growing at a faster rate than wages for male laborers over time. Hence, it is crucial to acknowledge and appreciate women's roles in agriculture while addressing the existing gender-based wage gap. Efforts should be made to promote gender equality and empower women in the agricultural sector. This involves tackling disparities in land ownership and improving women's understanding of their land rights. Additionally, it is essential to work towards ensuring fair wage rates for women and implementing equal pay for equal work. By recognizing and addressing these challenges, the agricultural sector can foster gender equality and create a more inclusive and equitable environment for women engaged in farming.

Investment, Islamic Human Development Index and Banking Financing on Economic Growth and Their Impact on Labor Absorption

The purpose of the study was to analyze the effect of investment, the Islamic Human Development Index and banking financing on the economic growth of the districts/cities of North Sumatra province and to analyze the effect of economic growth in mediating the effect of investment, the Islamic Human Development Index and banking financing for employment in the districts/cities of North Sumatra province. The use of the path analysis method with economic growth as the intervening variable results that in total the indirect effect of investment, banking financing and the Islamic Human Development Index through the intervening variable of economic growth on the Open Unemployment Rate is significant, which means that Economic Growth is able to mediate the effect of Investment, Banking Financing and Islamic Human Development Index on the Open Unemployment Rate in Regencies/Cities of North Sumatra Province during 2015-2019. The amount of direct influence between all variables used, namely, Economic Growth to the Open Unemployment Rate is 90 percent, where the magnitude of the direct influence between all the variables used, namely; Investment, Banking Financing and Islamic Human Development Index on Economic Growth is 95.96 percent. Economic growth as an intervening variable is able to mediate the effect of Investment, Banking Financing and the Islamic Human Development Index (IHDI) on the Open Unemployment Rate and Wage Workers, Banking and Islamic Human Development Index on Workers' Wages, Banking and Islamic Human Development Index on Workers' Wages. The influence of economic growth on the open unemployment rate is positive and significant and the influence of economic growth on workers' wages is negative and significant. The direct influence of economic growth on workers' wages is 89.87 percent.

2차 베이비붐 세대 1인 가구 임금근로자의 긍정적 업무해결력 영향 요인 연구

This study identify factors that contribute to positive workplace outcomes among middle-aged wage workers in single-person households second-generation of baby boomers. The research subjects were 383 male and female out of 9,358 participants in the 2021 KLoEE, and path model analysis was conducted using SPSS and AMOS programs. As a result of the analysis, subjective health had a significant positive effect on job satisfaction, while gross household income had a negative effect on coworker relationships and workload, and a significant positive effect on job satisfaction. There were direct effects of coworker relationships and workload and job satisfaction on positive work problem solving, and gross household income had a significant effect on positive work resolution, mediated by coworker relationships and workload and job satisfaction. Based on the study, we propose to continue discussions and conduct research to improve work competence and problem solving skills in preparation for super old age.

Utilization of antenatal services and related factors in aspirational tribal district of eastern Gujarat

Background: The number of antenatal visit & timing of first visit are important for health of mother and outcome of pregnancy, it is proved by research studies that earlier registration and regular ANC visits helps in preventing adverse pregnancy outcomes. Various study shows that ANC utilization varies with mothers age, occupation, education, income, parity, place of resident, availability and cost of services. Methods: A Community based cross-sectional study was conducted. The Anganwadi centres were taken as the study area, the study participants were postnatal women up to 42 days after delivery. The primary data collection was done using semi-structured questionnaire by recall method after taking written informed consent. The details of antenatal visits and service utilization were asked. Results: Most of the participants uses the ANC packages however optimal utilization is lacking. 49.24% has taken ≥4 ANC visits. 58.97% have taken ≥180 IFA tablets while 30.40% have visited for their first Ante-natal visit within 12 weeks. Ante-natal mothers who were working and those belonging to lower middle class visited less than 4 times for ante-natal visits. Ante-natal mother below 20 years of age were having lower consumption IFA tablets. >12 weeks for 1st Ante-natal visit was taken by Ante-natal mothers who were working and belonging to middle class. Conclusions: There is suboptimal utilization of the ante-natal service package. Pregnant woman who were daily wage worker as well as middle class and lower class reported less visits and delay in reporting health facility.

The Role of Place in Person- and Family-Oriented Long-Term Services and Supports.

Long-term services and supports (LTSS) in the United States are characterized by their patchwork and unequal nature. The lack of generalizable person-reported information on LTSS care experiences connected to place of community residence has obscured our understanding of inequities and factors that may attenuate them. We advance a conceptual framework of LTSS-relevant environmental domains, drawing on newly available data linkages from the 2015 National Health and Aging Trends Study to connect person-reported care experiences with public use spatial data. We assess relationships between LTSS-relevant environmental characteristic domains and person-reported care adverse consequences due to unmet need, participation restrictions, and subjective well-being for 2,411 older adults with disabilities and for key population subgroups by race, dementia, and Medicaid enrollment status. We find the LTSS environment is highly associated with person-reported care experiences, but the direction of the relationship varies by domain. Measures of neighborhood social and economic deprivation (e.g., poverty, public assistance, social cohesion) are highly associated with experiencing adverse consequences due to unmet care needs. Measures of the health care and social services delivery environment (e.g., Medicaid Home and Community-Based Service Generosity, managed LTSS [MLTSS] presence, average direct care worker wage, availability of paid family leave) are inversely associated with experiencing participation restrictions in valued activities. Select measures of the built and natural environment (e.g., housing affordability) are associated with participation restrictions and lower subjective well-being. Observed relationships between measures of LTSS-relevant environmental characteristics and care experiences were generally held in directionality but were attenuated for key subpopulations. We present a framework and analyses describing the variable relationships between LTSS-relevant environmental factors and person-reported care experiences. LTSS-relevant environmental characteristics are differentially relevant to the care experiences of older adults with disabilities. Greater attention should be devoted to strengthening state- and community-based policies and practices that support aging in place.

Technology adoption and jobs: The effects of self-service kiosks in restaurants on labor outcomes

This study explores how technology adoption affects labor. I investigate the effect of restaurants' adoption of self-service kiosks on labor outcomes, using survey data from Korea. I find that businesses’ adoption of self-service kiosks had little impact on their number of full-time or part-time workers. However, restaurants with a self-service kiosk decreased both the wages of their part-time workers and the number of unpaid family members they employed. The results are driven by franchise restaurants. Independently owned restaurants that adopted kiosks increased the wages of their full-time workers. These findings provide support for the efficiency wage theory as well as the skill-biased technological change theory. The results suggest that when businesses adopt new technologies, these technologies do not replace unskilled labor, but rather raise the relative wages of skilled workers.

Characteristics and Socio-Demographic Distribution of Precarious Employment Among Korean Wage Workers: A Proposition of Multidimensional Approach Using a Summative Score

IntroductionThere is a growing global interest in the issue of precarious employment. We aimed to analyze the characteristics and socio-demographic distribution of precarious employment using a summative score approach. MethodsTo operationalize precarious employment, we utilized data from the Korean Working Conditions Survey and focused on three distinct dimensions: employment insecurity, income inadequacy, and a lack of rights and protections. By constructing a summative scale ranging from -16 to 2, with lower scores indicating higher precariousness, we measured employment precariousness among Korean wage workers. To compare employment precariousness according to survey participant characteristics, we employed the Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test. ResultsWe analyzed a weighted number of 38,432 workers. The overall sample showed a median (Q1, Q3) summative scale score of -3 (-6, -1). The median summative score was lower for women compared to men (men: -2; women: -5; p < 0.001), as well as for young or older workers compared to middle-aged workers (young: -4; middle-aged: -2; older: -5; p < 0.001). Similarly, workers with lower educational levels (middle school or below: -8; high school: -5; college or above: -2; p < 0.001) and non-white collar workers (blue collar: -5; service/sales worker: -6; white collar: -2; p < 0.001) experienced higher levels of employment precariousness. ConclusionOur findings indicate that certain vulnerable groups, such as women, young or older adults, workers with low educational attainment, and caregiving or low-skilled elementary workers, are disproportionately exposed to high employment precariousness. Active policy interventions are needed to improve the employment quality of vulnerable groups.

Certifiable management standards, labor productivity, and worker wages: Evidence from the food sector in Vietnam

AbstractFood production and trade have become inseparable from requirements about product quality and safety, as well as social and environmental aspects of production processes. To demonstrate compliance with these requirements, firms adopt voluntary private certifiable management standards (CMS). How these affect trade, organizational performance, and employee outcomes has become an area of active research in the last decade. This paper analyses how standards affect labor productivity and wages using a 3‐year panel of small and medium firms from the food sector in Vietnam covering the period 2010–2014. Even though the prevalence of CMS in the sample is low, the results show that standards improve both labor productivity and wages. However, the difference in the size of the productivity and wage premiums attributable to standards is not significant. This implies that CMS can be a useful management practice for improving firm productivity when combined with a fair compensation of human resources. The findings are important for lower‐income countries facing low rates of adoption of private CMS and the evolving consumer preferences increasingly attuned to the issues of product quality, food safety, and environmental risks. The results are robust to several specification changes and estimation methods, including firm fixed effects, control function, and instrumental variable approach, which take endogeneity of certification into account. [EconLit Citations: L66, D22, J4, J81, O12].

Assessing Job Satisfaction in the Bangladeshi Readymade Garment Industry: A Study of Shams Styling Wears Limited Using PLS-SEM Modeling

Job satisfaction has been a significant issue worldwide. Dissatisfied employees cannot devote their full attention to their work. Despite making up 84.4% of Bangladesh's total exports, the RMG business is home to some of the country's most dissatisfied workers. Consequently, this sector is essential to the economy. Therefore, RMG employees should be pleased to contribute to the economy. Several regrettable factors contribute to Bangladeshi RMG factories' tension and consequently, poor output. Factors such as a lack of job security, lack of trust, poor working conditions, compensation, other financial incentives, a lack of rewards and recognition, etc., may predict frustration among Bangladeshi RMG workers. The low wages of Bangladesh's RMG workers are strongly associated with their discontent. In the industry, worker discontent is a magnet for violence. Obviously, without a supportive work environment, employee satisfaction on the job does not affect how conflicts are resolved within the organization. This quantitative analysis employs a strategy of random sampling. 384 Bangladeshi employees of the RMG manufacturer Shams Styling Wears Limited in Savar, Dhaka, were surveyed using a structured questionnaire. PLS-SEM was utilized to analyze the data. According to the findings of this study, conflict resolution effectiveness is associated with greater job satisfaction at Shams Styling Wears Limited. Indirectly, the relationship between job satisfaction and conflict resolution was also found to be influenced by the organizational climate.

Assessing Job Satisfaction in the Bangladeshi Readymade Garment Industry: A Study of Shams Styling Wears Limited Using PLS-SEM Modeling

Job satisfaction has been a significant issue worldwide. Dissatisfied employees cannot devote their full attention to their work. Despite making up 84.4% of Bangladesh's total exports, the RMG business is home to some of the country's most dissatisfied workers. Consequently, this sector is essential to the economy. Therefore, RMG employees should be pleased to contribute to the economy. Several regrettable factors contribute to Bangladeshi RMG factories' tension and consequently, poor output. Factors such as a lack of job security, lack of trust, poor working conditions, compensation, other financial incentives, a lack of rewards and recognition, etc., may predict frustration among Bangladeshi RMG workers. The low wages of Bangladesh's RMG workers are strongly associated with their discontent. In the industry, worker discontent is a magnet for violence. Obviously, without a supportive work environment, employee satisfaction on the job does not affect how conflicts are resolved within the organization. This quantitative analysis employs a strategy of random sampling. 384 Bangladeshi employees of the RMG manufacturer Shams Styling Wears Limited in Savar, Dhaka, were surveyed using a structured questionnaire. PLS-SEM was utilized to analyze the data. According to the findings of this study, conflict resolution effectiveness is associated with greater job satisfaction at Shams Styling Wears Limited. Indirectly, the relationship between job satisfaction and conflict resolution was also found to be influenced by the organizational climate.

Relationship between insomnia and working from home among Korean domestic workers: results from the 5th Korean working condition survey

BackgroundSocial distancing has been increasingly implemented following the COVID-19 pandemic and more people have been working from home. Consequently, the screen time has increased, which can disrupt the natural sleep-wake cycle and delay sleep onset. Given that studies on the health of employees who work from home remain insufficient, particularly with respect to the risk of sleep disorders including insomnia, this study aimed to assess the relationship between working from home and insomnia among workers using data from the 5th Working Conditions Survey conducted in Korea.MethodsOf 30,108 wage workers, we enrolled 818 employees who worked from home and 4,090 employees who worked from the office, a 1:5 pair sample based on sex and occupational group. Personal and occupational characteristics, working from home, and insomnia were included in the analysis. Age, education, employment status, working years, working hours per week, work-life balance, self-perceived health, depression, and anxiety were all adjusted as potential confounding variables. Conditional logistic regression analysis was performed using working from home as an independent variable and insomnia as a dependent variable to determine the correlation between working from home and insomnia.ResultsWorking from home was associated with sleep onset latency disorder, OR = 3.23 (95% CI: 2.67–3.91), sleep maintenance disorder, OR = 3.67 (95% CI: 3.02–4.45), and non-restorative sleep, OR = 3.01 (95% CI: 2.46–3.67); working from home had a statistically significant relationship with all three types of insomnia.ConclusionsWithin the limits of the study, these findings can be used as a fundamental basis for the implementation of policies and guidelines to prevent insomnia in workers who work from home.

Is coracoid fracture with ac dislocation an unusual case

The coracoid process is a unique anatomical structure that extends anteriorly from the scapula in a hook-shaped manner, with variations in size, shape, and orientation among individuals. Although uncommon, fractures of the coracoid process may occur and can be difficult to detect on regular X-rays due to their morphology. In this case study, we report on a 46-year-old daily wage worker who presented to the emergency department with left shoulder pain and limited mobility following a traffic collision. Initial X-rays revealed only an acromioclavicular joint dislocation, but further evaluation with a CT scan confirmed a coracoid fracture with minor displacement. Despite the concurrent dislocation, we opted for conservative treatment, and the fracture had completely healed after six weeks of physical therapy. The use of specific shoulder X-ray views, such as the scapula Y or axillary view is recommended to rule out coracoid fractures, while CT scans are considered the gold standard for diagnosis. Treatment options for coracoid fractures may range from non-operative management to surgical repair, depending on the type of fracture. Our case report highlights a rare occurrence of a coracoid process fracture with acromioclavicular joint dislocation treated conservatively.

Legal Protection Against Pays of Workers Returned During the COVID-19 Pandemic Period in Indonesia

Purpose: This study aims to explain the role of the legal protection article on the wages of workers who work at home during the Covid-19 Pandemic. Because the virus spread has made the Indonesian Government issue regulations to better stay at home, many businesses have closed, and many workers have had to stop. Theoretical framework: This research is reinforced by the theory related to employment as written in Law No. 13 of 2003, which explains that the workforce is everyone who can work to produce goods or services to meet their own needs and for society in general. Method: The data collection method used is a qualitative review of labour laws and seeking legal sources for protecting labour rights. His research technique involves conducting interviews and analyzing related literature on post-Covid-19 labour laws. Results and conclusions: The study shows that the legal wage arrangement for repatriated workers is lexed specialize derogate lex generalis. So it was concluded that if there is a Covid-19 case in a worker, the worker must self-isolate and be paid in full. If conditions normalize and production stabilizes, workers will have to be rehired. Research implication: This research has explained the role of labour law in society. Originality/value: Existing laws have provided guarantees to workers, so they are considered applicable, and subsequently, it is necessary to continue the analysis through Article 86 paragraph (1), the letter of law Number 13 of 2013 concerning Manpower, where every worker/ Workers have the right to obtain protection for occupational safety and health.

Praise the Gardeners, Dun the Hunters: Alaska Natives, Taxation, and Settler Colonialism

AbstractThis article explores the relationship between tax law and settler colonialism by looking at the ways in which taxes can be part of the “civilizing” process of Indigenous peoples. In 1921, the Territory of Alaska enacted a “license tax on the business of fur-farming, trapping and trading in pelts and skins of fur-bearing animals.” Since most trappers were Natives, the “fur tax” de facto targeted them. This article unpacks the sociocultural and political dimensions of the fur tax against the backdrop of Alaska’s settler colonial history. Despite what the Alaska attorney general claimed was its “strict” revenue-raising function, the tax was part of a much broader settler colonial agenda. That agenda sought to turn semi-nomadic, “uncivilized” Native hunters into spatially grounded, “civilized” farmers, gardeners, reindeer herders, or wage workers. Ultimately, I suggest, within many if not most settler colonial spaces political and sociocultural ideologies alter the initial revenue-raising function of taxes.

Research and analysis of international models for higher education and business cooperation

Educational services are a commodity that benefits primarily those who consume it (individuals and the state). In the context of this topic such aspects as the quality of the workforce, a high level of income, high wages for workers and sustained economic growth are very important. All this defines the investment nature of educational services. Consequently, education in the context of its interaction with business can be understood as a social institution, which trains a skilled workforce in accordance with market requirements, the state of culture, changes in science and technology, as well as oriented towards the dynamic development of society and the growth of competitiveness of national (regional) economy. The ongoing reforms in higher education still leave many problems and challenges unresolved. The State Programme of Education and Science Development for 2020–2025 implemented in Kazakhstan requires a new level of relations between educational institutions, business, and society. Undoubtedly, business understands both the challenges and difficulties of higher education and in general is ready to participate in such processes as development of professional standards, formation of the content of educational programmes, monitoring of labour market needs in development of innovative education. However, new effective models and mechanisms of interaction between HEIs and business, based on a systematic approach including economic, managerial and legal aspects, are needed. The aim of the study is to develop theoretical, practical, methodological recommendations for improving the models of interaction between universities and business structures, which will allow the implementation of high quality innovative education.

Do Working and Parenting Trajectories Influence Retirement Timing? Evidence From Spain, Using a Sequence Analysis Approach and Focusing on Women

Abstract This paper investigates the association between accumulated experiences in the working and parenting spheres and retirement timing among Spanish women, utilizing data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). The study examines whether labor market attachment or cumulative disadvantage characterizes women’s retirement and how these factors relate with the number of children. Firstly, multichannel sequence analysis and cluster analysis were employed to identify distinct work–family life courses from ages 20 to 50. Seven clusters were identified: “Full-time work with 2+ children,” “Out of the labour force and 2+ children,” “Mid-life discontinuity and 2+ children,” “Full-time work and 1 child,” “Full-time work and childless,” “Part-time work and 2+ children,” and “Part-time work or out of the labor force and 1 child.” Secondly, the study examines the association between these identified groups and retirement timing. The results indicate that Spanish women who have experienced more unstable careers characterized by extended periods of inactivity or part-time work, particularly in combination with having 2 or more children, are more likely to retire at a later age compared with women with continuous careers, with or without children. These findings underscore the ongoing challenges of balancing unpaid care work and wage work in Spain, while also revealing notable variations among women.