Structural and mechanical analysis of treated and untreated aortic coarctation in a growing porcine model.

ABSTRACT Nanoarchitected metamaterials exhibit exceptional specific strength and energy absorption under quasi‐static conditions, but their performance scaling toward high strain rates is critical for their adoption in dynamic loading applications. Using energy absorptive carbon nanoarchitectures of Tubulanes and Schwarzites, we demonstrate their mechanical resilience for strain rates spanning twelve orders of magnitude from = 10 −3 to 10 8 s −1 . Quasi‐static testing reveals specific strengths approaching the Suquet limit for Tubulane architectures with failure strain exceeding ε = 26%, the combination of which produces the highest quasi‐static specific energy absorption of any architected material at Ω/ρ = 321 ± 38 J g −1 . Distinct from bulk ceramics, these carbon nanoarchitectures show strain rate‐independent mechanical properties under uniaxial compression from = 10 −3 to 10 2 s −1 . Molecular dynamics simulations of complete unit cells highlight atomic reconfiguration to enable high failure strain and energy absorption. Micro‐ballistics testing at impact velocities up to 900 m s −1 demonstrate exceptional resilience to impact with shielding up to 687 m s −1 for 12 µm thick Tubulanes and ultrahigh specific inelastic energy absorption of 865 J g −1 at = 10 8 s −1 . Collectively, this study highlights the marked promise of pyrolytic carbon and its nanoarchitecture for translation beyond quasi‐static conditions toward supersonic mechanical resilience with pressing impacts in ballistics defence, protective equipment, and micro‐asteroid shielding.

The use of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite materials has become a primary solution in modern ship hull construction to reduce structural weight without compromising strength. This study aims to analyze the mechanical strength characteristics of hybrid composite materials reinforced with Kevlar, carbon, and glass fibers using an epoxy resin matrix, with particular emphasis on various stacking sequence configurations. The main focus of the research is to evaluate the effect of fiber stacking order on tensile strength, yield strength, and elastic modulus. Mechanical performance was assessed through tensile testing conducted in accordance with ISO 527-4, a standard specifically intended for determining the tensile properties of unidirectional fiber-reinforced composites. Test specimens were fabricated using the hand lay-up method, with fibers uniformly oriented at a 0° direction. The results indicate that the stacking sequence configuration has a significant influence on mechanical performance. The placement of carbon fiber, which possesses a very high elastic modulus (up to 400 GPa), contributes substantially to the overall stiffness of the composite. Meanwhile, Kevlar fiber, with its high failure strain (approximately 14%), enhances the material’s energy absorption capability. This analysis provides technical recommendations for optimal fiber layer configurations, particularly for ship hull zones that require high structural strength and durability under marine environmental conditions.

The advent of bilayer silicon carbide as a critical two-dimensional material has opened up a range of potential applications in various fields. The field of nanoelectronics and nanomechanical systems is distinguished by its exceptional mechanical robustness, yet the combined effects of environmental and structural factors on its mechanical integrity remain poorly understood. Molecular dynamics simulations are used in this study to systematically examine the tensile response of bilayer SiC across a range of strain rates, temperatures, vacancy concentrations, and pre-existing crack lengths. Results indicate that mechanical properties converge at a system size of 18,144 atoms, ensuring computational efficiency. Increasing strain rate enhances strength and toughness by suppressing atomic relaxation, while elevated temperature induces thermal softening, reducing failure strain and strength by up to 50% at 900 K. Vacancy defects drastically degrade performance, with 3% concentration causing over 70% toughness loss, and crack propagation follows Griffith-type brittle fracture, where the zigzag direction exhibits superior resistance compared to the armchair orientation. These findings highlight the sensitivity of bilayer SiC to defects and environmental conditions, providing critical insights for designing reliable SiC-based nanodevices.

Previous research has shown that tendon graft soaking in vancomycin or tobramycin solution has no negative effects on graft mechanical properties, but there are no studies that have investigated graft mechanical properties after soaking grafts in gentamicin. Additionally, nearly all published biomechanical studies are based on data collected from a mechanical load frame or strain gauge, which does not provide insight on local graft strains compared with 3-dimensional digital image correlation (3D-DIC). The purpose of this study was to use 3D-DIC to investigate the effects of vancomycin, tobramycin, and gentamicin soaking on tendon graft mechanical properties. It was hypothesized that (1) no significant difference in mechanical properties exists between the saline control, vancomycin, tobramycin, and gentamicin groups and (2) local graft strain at the graft failure location will be greater than global strain spanning the entire graft length. Controlled laboratory study. Human tibialis anterior, peroneus longus, and tibialis posterior tendon grafts were prepared and evenly separated into 4 groups: control, vancomycin (5.0 mg/mL), tobramycin (1.0 mg/mL), and gentamicin (0.8 mg/mL). Grafts were soaked in antibiotic solution for 10 minutes, then removed and painted via airbrush with water-based black paint. Uniaxial tension testing was then completed at a strain rate of 10 mm/min. Data collected were used to calculate Young modulus (YM), elasticity limit (EL), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), and failure strain (FS). There were no significant differences in YM (P = .49), EL (P = .62), UTS (P = .98), and FS (P = .14) between control, vancomycin, tobramycin, and gentamicin, respectively. Additionally, local strain at graft failure location was larger than global strain across the length of the graft. Soaking tendon grafts in vancomycin, tobramycin, or gentamicin does not alter the mechanical properties of grafts under uniaxial loading. If vancomycin use is not possible or is contraindicated for certain patients, surgeons can soak grafts in tobramycin or gentamicin to achieve similarly effective infection mitigation without weakening the graft.

Diastolic wall strain (DWS) is based on linear elastic theory, which shows that impaired diastolic wall thinning reflects resistance to deformation in diastole and thus, increased diastolic myocardial stiffness. We aim to explore the role of DWS in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) in terms of correlation with indices of HFpEF. Study enrolled 53 patients with exertional dyspnoea and normal left ventricular ejection fraction. Forty patients fulfilled the criteria for HFpEF according to ESC 2023 criteria. Two groups were analysed - Group 1 with criteria of HFpEF fulfilled and Group 2 with those who did not. Echocardiographic indices including relative wall thickness (RWT), left ventricular mass index (LVMI), E/e', left atrial volume index (LAVI) and DWS were numerically different on comparison with group 2, with LVMI, LAVI and E/e' statistically significant. Also mean Global Longitudinal Strain (GLS) was found to be -13.05%. Group 1 was divided into HFpEF with DWS ≤ median and HFpEF with DWS > median. Echocardiographic indices showed statistically higher LVMI and atrial filling fraction. This finding showed that patients with reduced DWS were more likely to have diastolic dysfunction. Also, it was found that DWS had a statistically significant correlation with LVMI, LAVI and RWT. Lower DWS had abnormal GLS. Limitations include small sample size. Although difference in DWS between HFpEF and controls did not reach statistical significance, stratification by median value showed significant correlation of DWS with myocardial relaxation parameters. Also, with significant correlation with increased atrial filling fraction higher N-terminal pro-B type natriuretic peptide and correlation with impaired GLS, our study supports DWS as a potential research tool in evaluation of HFpEF.

Abstract In response to the lack of research into the impact of fusion line cracking on the strain capacity of girth welds in high-grade steel pipelines, this paper focuses on the fusion line cracked pipeline on the inner surface of the girth weld. Using a combination of experimental testing and finite element analysis, we create a numerical simulation model of the strain capacity of the girth weld. It takes into account differences in the intrinsic material curves of the base, heat-affected, and weld zones, as well as the Gurson-Tvergaard-Needleman (GTN) damage parameters. Based on the behaviour of the crack tip during tearing, a method for determining crack initiation failure and characterising strain capacity is established. The influence of geometrical factors is systematically discussed. The results show that, based on the experiment-simulation hybrid method, testing of the local ontology of the pipe girth weld and calibration of the GTN damage parameters can be achieved. Wall thickness is the key geometrical factor affecting strain capacity, and its influence decreases with increasing pipe diameter. The outer diameter has little influence. Changes to small cracks significantly affect strain capacity, and the influence of crack depth on strain capacity is greater than that of crack length. The magnitude of strain capacity reduction caused by changes in single-dimensional crack size converges over a wide range. This study provides a basis for reference in the safety assessment and failure control of pipeline ring welds with fusion line cracks.

Granite residual soil (GRS) is highly susceptible to water-induced softening, posing significant risks of slope instability and collapse. Conventional impermeable grouting often exacerbates these hazards by blocking groundwater drainage. This study investigates the efficacy of a permeable water-reactive polyurethane (PWPU) in stabilizing GRS, aiming to resolve the conflict between mechanical reinforcement and hydraulic conductivity. Uniaxial compression tests were conducted on specimens with varying initial water contents (5%, 10%, and 15%) and PWPU contents (5%, 10%, and 15%). To reveal the multi-scale failure mechanism, synchronous acoustic emission (AE) monitoring and digital image correlation (DIC) were employed, complemented by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for microstructural characterization. Results indicate that PWPU treatment significantly enhances soil ductility, shifting the failure mode from brittle fracturing to strain-hardening, particularly at higher moisture levels where failure strains exceeded 30%. This enhancement is attributed to the formation of a flexible polymer network that acts as a micro-reinforcement system to restrict particle sliding and dissipate strain energy. An optimal PWPU content of 10% yielded a maximum compressive strength of 4.5 MPa, while failure strain increased linearly with polymer dosage. SEM analysis confirmed the formation of a porous, reticulated polymer network that effectively bonds soil particles while preserving permeability. The synchronous monitoring quantitatively bridged the gap between internal micro-crack evolution and macroscopic strain localization, with AE analysis revealing that tensile cracking accounted for 79.17% to 96.35% of the total failure events.

Abstract Backgroung Left atrial(LA) reservoir strain(RS) is measured by 2D speckle tracking echocardiography(STE). There are a number of studies that have shown both diagnostic and prognostic role of LA RS in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction(HFpEF). Purpose The aim of our study was to identify whether LV RS plays an important role for management of patients with HFpEF on cardiovascular pharmacotherapy. Methods We examined 85 patients with HFpEF(44 males and 41 females, 62±5 years) with concomitant cardiovascular diseases(chronic coronary syndromes, arterial hypertension, atrial fibrillation, valvular heart disease) and symptoms of HF. All patients received guideline directed medical therapy. Normal LA RS values were considered≥20%, pathologic values<20%. Electrocardiography, routine blood tests and transthoracic echocardiography(TTE) with LA RS(GE Vivid E95 equipment) was performed at clinic. Results All patients were previously diagnosed HFpEF, on cardiovascular pharmacotherapy and with typical symptoms of HF(dyspnea, fatigue, decreased exercise tolerance) during echocardiographic study. TTE parameters were the following: 2 patients LA size>40 mm(2.3%), LV wall motion abnormalities-18 patients(21%), all patients LVEF>50%. The results have shown that 70 out of 85 cases(88.2%) LA RS<20%, p<0.02. It is important to highlight that the study patients have been with different cardiovascular diseases. Consequently, we aimed to understand LA RS parameter’s clinical role independent of pathophysiological mechanisms of diseases. Conclusion Reduced LA RS may be considered a crucial parameter for reassessment of HFpEF pharmacological therapy in different clinical settings.LA RS

Abstract Background Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF) is increasingly prevalent, yet effective diagnostic tools and a comprehensive understanding of disease phenotypes are lacking (1,2). In HFpEF, obesity is a distinct subgroup (3). Right ventricular (RV) function measured invasively is more impaired in obese HFpEF than in non-obese HFpEF (4). Also, RV dysfunction (RVD) is associated with worse outcomes in HFpEF patients (4,5). Several non-invasive RVD measurements are available, with RV free wall strain (RVFWS) being a sensitive tool to detect early disease (6). Given the limitations for invasive RV function testing in widespread clinical use, RVFWS may aid in early identification of RVD in obese HFpEF. Purpose We investigated the potential of RVFWS to identify RVD in obese HFpEF patients. Methods HFpEF was defined by an HFA-PEFF Score of ≥5 in patients from 2 cohort studies at a Heart Failure Center. The HFA-PEFF score was calculated as described previously (7). Clinical, laboratory and echocardiographic data were recorded and compared between obese (BMI ≥30) and non-obese HFpEF patients. RV imaging was obtained in a RV-focused apical four-chamber view. RVFWS was acquired via speckle-tracking echocardiography, using TomTec software automatically tracing six segments (basal, mid, and apical of free wall and septum), which were manually adjusted to fit the free wall. Results 153 HFpEF patients were identified, of which 42 (27.5%) were obese. In comparison, obese HFpEF patients were younger, more often smokers, had a higher prevalence of prior myocardial infarction and diabetes as well as displayed a higher estimated plasma volume (p < 0.001, table 1). In non-obese HFpEF atrial fibrillation was more prevalent and NT-pro-BNP levels were higher (table 1). Left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and left atrial diameter was greater in obese HFpEF (table 2). RVFWS was more negative (i.e. better) in non-obese HFpEF (-22.6% vs -21.5%, P = 0.010, table 2). RVD was more prevalent in obese HFpEF when using a RVFWS threshold of -20% (P = 0.045, table 2). Conventional parameters for RVD (TAPSE, S’, FAC) showed no differences between groups. After correcting for age and gender, BMI moderately influenced RVFWS (β = 0.23, P = 0.003, figure 1). Lastly, RVFWS was negatively associated with peak VO2 and Six Minute Walking Distance and was positively correlated with right atrial area (figure 2-4). Conclusion In this study RVFWS was a sensitive, non-invasive tool to detect RVD in obese HFpEF patients. Nonetheless, further studies are needed to determine optimal RVFWS cut-off thresholds for RVD in obese HFpEF. We also showed that, despite similar LV function, obesity in HFpEF is associated with subtle alterations in RV mechanics, which are further associated with exercise capacity. Further research into RVFWS in obese HFpEF might lead to a better understanding of the pathophysiology and inform phenotype-specific therapeutic strategies.Table 1 and Table 2 Linear Regression of RVFWS (Figure 1-4)

To clarify the differences in mechanical properties between the new seamless steel pipe rolled grouting sleeve and ductile iron fully grouted/semi-grouted sleeves, three groups of specimens (9 in total) were designed for uniaxial tensile tests. The failure modes, ultimate loads, ultimate displacements, and strain distribution laws of the specimens were analyzed. The results show that all three types of sleeves undergo complete elastic, yield, strengthening, and necking stages, with the failure mode being steel bar fracture in all cases. Among them, the new grouting sleeve exhibits the best ductility, followed by the ductile iron fully grouted sleeve, while the ductile iron semi-grouted sleeve shows the worst ductility. The most critical section of the new grouting sleeve is located at the first annular rib in the middle; for the ductile iron fully grouted sleeve, it is in the middle of the sleeve; and for the ductile iron semi-grouted sleeve, it is at the threaded end and the size-varying region. Based on the test results, structural optimization suggestions for the three types of sleeves are proposed, which provide a reference for the engineering application of grouting sleeves in prefabricated buildings.

This study introduces a novel ternary geopolymer binder based on ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), fly ash (FA), and desulfurization gypsum (DG) for stabilizing dredged sediment (DS). The primary motivation is to transform DS into a viable construction fill material by achieving the required strength standards for large-scale utilization. The research methodology integrates consolidated-undrained triaxial shear tests for mechanical evaluation and microstructural characterization for mechanism analysis. Results reveal that strength development is governed by synergistic gelation-crystallization. Key findings include: (1) Increasing DG content improves deviatoric stress–strain behavior through AFt crystallization, although 4% DG slightly compromises early strength. Confining pressure enhances peak strength by promoting densification. (2) Higher initial water content shifts failure to hardening, increasing ductility by 40-60% but reducing peak strength by 18-34% due to particle lubrication, partially compensated by confining pressure. (3) AFt formation substantially improves deformability, raising failure strain by 84–115% and secant modulus by up to 190% per 4% DG increment. (4) Microstructural analysis confirms that geopolymer and C-A-S-H gels establish the primary binding network, while AFt crystals refine pores. This binder system shows significant potential for treating high-water-content DS and provides a basis for optimizing strength-ductility performance.

ABSTRACT Uganda faces a substantial housing deficit, and escalating construction costs resulting from unsustainable extraction of construction materials and inadequate management of plastic and sawdust waste. This study evaluates the compressive strength and cost effectiveness of Plastic Bottle Brick (PBB) masonry walls as a potential substitute for conventional concrete block walls in Mbale City, Uganda. The work specifically addresses the limited empirical evidence concerning the behaviour of vertically oriented confined PBB units incorporating uncompressed air (EB), sawdust (SD) and pit sand (PS). Compressive strength testing showed that PS walls achieved a strength of 0.6 ± 0.02 MPa, comparable to hollow concrete block (HCB) walls (0.6 ± 0.06 MPa). SD and EB walls exhibited lower strengths of 0.3 ± 0.05 MPa and 0.3 ± 0.03 MPa, respectively, below the strength of solid concrete block (SCB) walls (0.8 ± 0.03 MPa). All PBB walls demonstrated higher failure strains (1.8–2.0%) than concrete block walls (1.0–1.2%). The cost-benefit analysis considering materials, labour, time utilisation and carbon emissions costs found that EB blocks were the most economical (USD 3.22/UGX 11,694), while SCB were the least economical (USD 7.97). PBB production was commercially feasible, with casting time only 17% slower than conventional block production.

Bond–slip behavior between steel rebar and glass sand concrete using distributed optical fiber sensing

Uncertainty quantification in science and engineering has become increasingly important due to advances in computational mechanics and numerical simulation techniques. In this work, the relationship between uncertainty in soil material parameters and the variability of failure loads and displacements of a shallow foundation is investigated. A Drucker–Prager constitutive law is implemented within a stochastic finite element framework. The random material variables considered are the critical state line slope c, the unload–reload path slope κ, and the hydraulic permeability k defined by Darcy’s law. The novelty of this work lies in the integrated stochastic u–p finite element framework. The framework combines Drucker–Prager plasticity with spatially varying material properties, and Latin Hypercube Sampling. This approach enables probabilistic prediction of failure loads, displacements, stresses, strains, and limit-state initiation points at reduced computational cost compared to conventional Monte Carlo simulations. Statistical post-processing of the output parameters is performed using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. The results indicate that, for the investigated configurations, the distributions of failure loads and displacements can be adequately approximated by Gaussian distributions, despite the presence of material nonlinearity. Furthermore, the influence of soil depth and load eccentricity on the limit-state response is quantified within the proposed probabilistic framework.

Background:Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows for the assessment of myocardial strain and identification of heart failure (HF) patients with reduced (HFrEF), mildly reduced (HFmrEF), or preserved (HFpEF) left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). The cardiovascular angiographic analysis system magnetic resonance (Caas MR) strain (Pie Medical Imaging) has recently been implemented in the IntelliSpace Portal Suite (Philips Healthcare) to assess the global longitudinal strain (GLS), global circumferential strain (GCS), and global radial strain (GRS). However, standard values for this software across different HF entities, as well as normal values, have yet to be established. Thus, this study aimed to establish reference values for the GLS, GCS, and GRS using the Caas MR strain in healthy individuals and HF patients, to assess the ability of these parameters to differentiate between HF subtypes, and to compare CAAS-derived strain values with those obtained using CVI42 software.Methods:Using a 1.5 T Philips Achieva scanner, we analyzed 19 healthy volunteers and 56 HF patients (HFpEF, n = 19; HFmrEF, n = 20; and HFrEF, n = 17) using the feature tracking post-processing software Caas MR Strain. GLS, GCS, and GRS were quantified using 4-chamber-view, 2-chamber-view, and short-axis (SAX) cine images. All volunteers and patients were evaluated by CVI42 to analyze inter-vendor reliability with a validated software.Results:Mean GLS, GCS, and GRS by Caas MR Strain were significantly different for healthy volunteers compared to HF patients (GLS –15.8 ± 1.9% vs. –11.7 ± 3.0%, p < 0.001; GCS –17.0 ± 2.6% vs. –11.4 ± 3.3%, p < 0.001; GRS 27.3 ± 6.2% vs. 14.5 ± 5.5%, p < 0.001). The upper limit of the 99% confidence interval for healthy volunteers was –14.6% for GLS, –15.3% for GCS and the lower limit of the 99% CI for GRS was 23.1%. GLS, GRS, and GCS by Caas MR Strain were significantly different among HF entities (p < 0.001). Intervendor comparison showed very good agreement for GLS and GRS between Caas MR Strain and CVI42 (GLS r = 0.86, p < 0.001; GCS r = 0.83, p < 0.001; GRS r = 0.76, p < 0.001).Conclusion:Magnetic resonance imaging assessment of left ventricular myocardial strain using Caas MR Strain software reliably identifies HF patients. Discrimination between the different HF entities is potentially feasible by GLS, GCS, and GRS. Intervendor agreement was most robust for GLS and GCS, but less robust for GRS. For practical clinical use, we propose cut-off values for GLS above –15%, GCS above –15%, and GRS below 23% to define pathological findings.

This study examines the mechanical and environmental performance of an epoxy-based hybrid laminate reinforced with carbon, flax, and banana fibres. The laminate was fabricated using a hand lay-up technique followed by compression moulding, maintaining a fibre-to-matrix weight ratio of 40:60 and a symmetric stacking sequence of M/C/M/F/M/B/M/F/M/C/M. Mechanical characterization was conducted through tensile, flexural, impact, and hardness tests in accordance with relevant ASTM standards, with tensile testing performed as per ASTM D3039. Environmental durability was assessed via water absorption testing, and density was measured using the Archimedes principle. The hybrid laminate exhibited an average tensile strength of 2.09 ± 0.02 MPa with a failure strain of 5.3 ± 1.0%, indicating progressive damage behaviour associated with natural fibre hybridization. Improved flexural load-bearing capability was achieved due to carbon fibre placement on the outer layers, while impact testing revealed enhanced energy absorption governed by flax fibre fibrillation and banana fibre crack-bridging mechanisms. Rockwell hardness (HRB) values exceeded those of fully natural fibre composites, confirming the stiffening effect of carbon fibre skins. Water absorption after 24 h immersion was reduced by 44–63% compared to natural fibre laminates, demonstrating effective epoxy encapsulation and moisture-barrier behaviour. The results highlight the potential of controlled natural–synthetic fibre hybridization for lightweight semi-structural applications requiring moderate strength and improved environmental resistance.

Under the influence of engineering disturbances, the loading rate of surrounding rock is in a state of continuous adjustment. This study conducts experimental investigations on the mechanical response characteristics under different strain rates (10−5 s−1, 10−4 s−1, and 10−3 s−1). During the uniaxial loading process of coal–rock composite specimens, multi-parameter monitoring was implemented, and a systematic study was carried out on the ring-down count induced by microcracks, the energy values of acoustic emission (AE) events, the stage-dependent strain characteristics on the specimen surface, and the surface temperature variation characteristics. Additionally, the stress–strain curve characteristics under different strain rates were comparatively analyzed in stages. The loading process of the coal–rock composite specimens was reproduced using the Particle Flow Code (PFC3D 6.0) simulation software. The simulation results indicate that the stress–strain results obtained from the simulation are in good agreement with the laboratory test results; based on these simulation results, the energy accumulation and dissipation characteristics of the coal–rock composite specimens under the influence of strain rate were revealed. Furthermore, a microscopic damage model considering strain rate was constructed based on the Weibull probability statistics theory. The results show that strain rate has a significant impact on the strength, elastic modulus, and failure mode of the coal–rock composite specimens. At low strain rates, the specimens exhibit obvious progressive failure characteristics and strain localization phenomena, while at higher strain rates, they show brittle sudden failure characteristics. Meanwhile, the thermal imaging results reveal that at high strain rates, the overall temperature rise in the composite specimens is rapid, whereas at low strain rates, the overall temperature rise is slow—but the temperature rise in the coal portion is faster than that in the rock portion. The peak temperature at high strain rates is approximately 2 °C higher than that at low strain rates. The PFC simulation results demonstrate that the larger the strain rate, the faster the growth rate of plastic energy in the post-peak stage and the faster the release rate of elastic energy.

ABSTRACT Accurate simulation of low‐velocity impact (LVI) damage in Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) laminates remains challenging due to difficulties in calibrating non‐physical failure parameters. This study develops an efficient inverse optimization framework integrating experimental data and numerical simulation. Drop‐weight impact tests at three energy levels provided benchmark force‐time responses and damage data. The key innovation applies a Global Response Search Methodology (GRSM) with LS‐DYNA simulations to inversely identify the optimal values of the critical failure strain parameters by minimizing the absolute area difference between experimental and simulated force‐time curves. Results confirm that the optimized parameters substantially enhance prediction accuracy: Pearson correlation coefficients exceed 0.97, peak force deviations decrease significantly, and key features including force plateaus and damage progression are captured more realistically. Additionally, the role of the failure parameters in the simulation was analyzed. This GRSM‐based inverse framework provides a reliable and efficient approach for calibrating MAT 54 material models, offering a cost‐effective alternative to traditional trial‐and‐error methods.

Numerical decoding of layer sequencing effects on impact resistance in multilayer high performance fabric panels-the critical role of yarn density, failure strain and modulus