Faculty Of Sciences Research Articles

Monitoring and Genotyping of Wild Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. subsp. sylvestris) in Slovenia.

Vitis vinifera L. subsp. sylvestris (sylvestris) is the only native wild grapevine in Eurasia (Europe and western Asia) and is the existing ancestor of the grapevine varieties (for wine and table grape production) belonging to the subsp. sativa. In Slovenia, the prevailing opinion has been that there are no Slovenian sylvestris habitats. This study describes sylvestris in Slovenia for the first time and aims to present an overview of the locations of the wild grapevine in the country. In this project, a sample set of 89 accessions were examined using 24 SSR and 2 SSR markers plus APT3 markers to determine flower sex. The accessions were found in forests on the left bank of the Sava River in Slovenia, on the border between alluvial soils and limestone and dolomite soils, five different sites, some of which are described for the first time. The proportion of female to male accessions differed between sites. At two sites, female plants dominated; at others, the ratio was balanced. The plants' genetic diversity and structure were compared with autochthonous and unique varieties of subsp. sativa from old vineyards in Slovenia and with rootstocks escaped from nature from abandoned vineyards. Sylvestris was clearly distinguishable from vinifera and the rootstocks. Based on genetic analyses, it was confirmed that Slovenian sylvestris is closest to the Balkan and German sylvestris groups. Meanwhile, a safety duplication of the wild grapevine accessions has been established at the University Centre of Viticulture and Enology Meranovo, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences at the University of Maribor.

Supporting scholarly educators and SoTL at a health sciences institution: Lessons learned from a teaching and learning center

AbstractThis chapter describes a teaching and learning center's efforts to support the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL) work of health science faculty. Recommendations and lessons learned are shared.

BENEFITS OF INTERNSHIP ACCORDING TO POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION STUDENTS

A step has been taken in higher education towards the specialization of universities. In line with this step, a trend towards internship applications has started in the political science and public administration departments of universities. There is a gap in the literature on studies related to internships in these departments. The present study aims to fill said gap. The purpose of the study is to explore the benefits of internship through the opinions of political science and public administration students. The study was conducted descriptively employing the qualitative research method with a single case design. The participants of the study were identified using the purposive sampling method and typical case sampling. The participants were students of the Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Aksaray University. The internship program in the department had been recently initiated at the request of the students. Seven students out of a total of ten students who had completed their internship were the participants of the study. Observations, interviews and document analysis were used as data collection tools. Semi-structured interview questions were used in the interviews. The collected data were transferred to the Maxqda 2022 software for coding. Categories were generated based on these codes and themes were identified based on the categories. At the end of the study, the benefits of internship were grouped under two themes. The first theme is “Benefits of internship for students” and the second one is “Benefits of internship for the faculty”.

Level of Strategic Planning Needs of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences Members at Benghazi University

This study aims to determine the level of strategic planning needs among faculty members at the faculty of Arts and Sciences Al-Abyar at Benghazi University. It aims to assertively identify any statistically significant differences in strategic planning needs based on gender, job title, and type of degree obtained. The study utilized descriptive research and employed a questionnaire as its primary instrument. The Cronbach's Alpha coefficient of 0.90 indicates high internal consistency. The study sample consisted of 61 members from the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Al-Abyar, Benghazi University, representing 60% of the study population. The study's results indicate that the level of identification of planning needs among members in the Faculty is medium. Furthermore, there were no statistically significant differences in the level of strategic planning needs of faculty members attributable to gender. Also, there were no statistically significant differences in the level of strategic planning needs among faculty members regardless of their job title or type of degree. The challenges and issues facing Benghazi University strategic plan are complex and require a multifaceted and collaborative approach from all stakeholders, including the faculty members across all colleges and research centers.

Shading impact on the electricity generated by a photovoltaic installation using “Solar Shadow-Mask”

Abstract Solar energy is an excellent source of renewable power, but designing photovoltaic (PV) systems can be challenging without proper knowledge of solar radiation. The amount of energy received at the installation site plays a crucial role in determining the number of panels required to meet the electrical demand. For a given electrical demand, higher levels of received energy imply a reduced number of panels required, and vice versa. Hence, having knowledge of this irradiance is of paramount importance in the design and sizing of solar energy systems. The primary objective of this article is to provide an accurate estimation of electricity production in a PV installation when it is affected by shading. To achieve this, we performed calculations of the irradiation (direct and diffuse) received by our installation using the “Hottel” method, which integrates relevant local site parameters for our study. Subsequently, we study the impact of shading by conducting shade mask measurements on our installation. This enables us to obtain an accurate estimation of the irradiance received by the PV panels. The measurements include surveys of the geometry of obstacles and shade measurements taken at various times of the day. Additionally, a practical study of shading effects will be conducted using “close shading masks.” This method was applied to a 1.44 kWp PV installation located at the Faculty of Science and Technology of Settat (Morocco), where the output energy of PV panels was calculated. Finally, the effect of shading on the PV installation was quantified.

The Impact of Mathematical Reasoning and Critical Thinking Skills on Mathematical Literacy Skills

For learning mathematics, mathematical skills are needed, some of which are mathematical reasoning skills, mathematical critical thinking skill, and mathematical literacy skills. This research aims to obtain information regarding the impact of mathematical reasoning and critical thinking skills on mathematical literacy skills. This research used a quantitative approach using an associative method with a correlational technique. The sample of this research was comprised 51 students who took integral calculus course in the Department of Mathematics and Mathematics Education, Faculty of Mathematics and Science in Universitas Negeri Jakarta, which were collected randomly using simple random sampling. The statistical analysis used in this research was multiple regression analysis. The results of this research showed that: 1) There was a positive impact of mathematical reasoning on mathematical literacy. 2) There was a positive impact of mathematical critical thinking skill on mathematical literacy. 3) There was an impact of both mathematical reasoning skill and mathematical critical thinking skill together on mathematical literacy. Further research is needed related to the impact of mathematical reasoning and critical thinking skills on mathematical literacy skills reviewed from the student’s initial mathematical skill. Keywords: critical thinking skills, mathematical literacy skills, mathematical reasoning

PERAN GURU DALAM PELAKSANAAN PEMBELAJARAN IPAS MELALUI IMPLEMENTASI KURIKULUM MERDEKA DI SD NEGERI 01 NAMROLE

The curriculum functions to regulate and serve as a guide for teachers, as well as efforts to realize educational goals. The emergence of a new curriculum, namely the independent learning curriculum. One implementation is that science and social studies subjects are combined into one under the name IPAS. This is based on the fact that elementary school age children see everything in an integrated manner, even though not in detail. This research uses a qualitative approach with descriptive research type. The research subjects were school principals, science and science teachers for classes IA, IB and IVA, IVB. Data collection was carried out by observation, interviews and documentation. The data analysis techniques are carried out by data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of the research show that: First, at SD Negeri 01 Namrole, the Independent Curriculum has been implemented by implementing project-based learning, diagnostic, formative and summative assessments, subject-based learning, science, report cards, ATP and Teaching Modules carried out in groups. Second, the role of teachers in implementing the Independent Curriculum. There are 13 teacher roles, namely corrector, inspirer, informator, organizer, motivator, initiator, facilitator, guide, demonstrator, class manager, mediator, supervisor and evaluator. in planning, implementing and assessing learning are difficulties in analyzing CP, formulating TP and compiling ATP and Teaching Modules, determining learning methods and strategies, lack of ability to use technology, limited student books, lack of ability and readiness to use learning methods and media, teaching materials are too broad , determining class I and IV projects, lack of time allocation for project-based learning, determining the form of assessment and form of assessment in project-based learning. Third, the efforts applied by teachers in overcoming problems in implementing the Independent Learning Curriculum are regular meetings with KKG, PMO assistance and specifically coaching school principals, using alphabet books, writing on the board, typing, making worksheets, and creating formats for their own projects, continuing the project. at home, make notes, and take part in training to implement the Merdeka Curriculum.

Neurolinguistic channels: an important tool in the teaching-learning process in the Clinical Propedeutics and Medical Semiology course

Introduction: the ways in which we perceive, store, and encode information in our minds are known as neurolinguistic channels: visual, auditory, and kinesthetic. The learning style can be developed through teaching-learning strategies and one way to do this is to build on the student's neurolinguistic channel. Objective: to identify the neurolinguistic channel of students and teachers. Correlate the neurolinguistic channels of students and teachers. Correlate the neurolinguistic channels of students and teachers with the results of the test question. Method: an observational, analytical, and cross-sectional study was carried out with an intentional universe of 61 students of the 5th semester of the Medicine career in the subject Clinical Propaedeutics and Medical Semiology and 3 professors of the Faculty of Medical Sciences "Miguel Enríquez". Data analysis was performed descriptively, qualitative variables were expressed in numbers and percentage, and non-parametric chi-square statistics were performed. Results: it was observed that in cases where the student-teacher channels coincided, 51,3 % of the students obtained grades between 4 and 5 points; whereas when the channels didn't agree, 73,7 % of the students obtained a grade of 2. The comparison shows a trend towards statistical significance (Χ2=3,31; p=0,1915). Conclusions: the auditory canal predominated in the students. A tendency towards better academic results was evidenced when there is convergence between the neurolinguistic channels of the teacher and the student

Flip Science Module Using an Integrated PBL Model for Market Snacks to Improve Problem Solving Skills

Science education at junior high school level has a strategic role in forming students' problem-solving abilities. This research aims to see the effect of the Flip science module using a PBL model integrated with market snacks to improve middle school students' problem solving abilities. The experimental method carried out in this research used a one group pretest-posttest design. This research was conducted at SMPN 6 Yogyakarta in the even semester of 2023. This research was conducted in one class, namely class VIII D. The sampling technique used cluster random sampling. random sampling. The class is determined by the school with the assumption that the class is assumed to have the same abilities based on even gender. The data analysis technique for measuring problem solving abilities uses a normalized gain score. The research results show that the Science flip module flip module using a PBL model integrated with market snacks can improve students' problem solving abilities based on the results of a gain score of 0.7 in the high category. The results of this research can be used by teachers to improve the problem solving abilities of junior high school students in science subjects

Convergence of the right and left external jugular veins to the midline: a rare finding of anatomical variation

Venous blood from the head and neck are drained mainly by the internal and external jugular veins. The external jugular vein is located in the anterolateral region of the neck taking a complex pathway perpendicularly down the neck to join the subclavian vein, however, there can be anatomical variations that affect its course. To describe an anatomical variation in the left and right external jugular veins discovered during the dissection of a cadaver in Human Anatomy class. The present study is a case report describing an anatomical variation in the external jugular veins observed during a routine dissection for Human Anatomy class at the Faculty of Medical Sciences of Minas Gerais on an adult male cadaver of unknown age, preserved in formaldehyde solution. the dissection showed that the right and left external jugular veins converged toward the midline, joining just above the level of the jugular notch. Knowledge of variations in the neck superficial venous system is crucial to avoid complications from medical procedures. The present variation was not found described in the literature.

Adverse effects of COVID-19 vaccines in university students

Background Existing data on adverse effects of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines among university students are limited. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of adverse effects that may arise from administering COVID-19 vaccines to university students in Thailand. Methods An online survey study was conducted among students from 12 Health Sciences faculties, and from 16 non-Health Sciences faculties of two universities from October 2021 to January 2022 to assess types and adverse effects of COVID-19 vaccines received by the students. Results There were 1,439 participating students; 522 (36%) were from Health Sciences faculties, and 917 (64%) were from 16 non-Health Sciences faculties. The types of the first-dose vaccine received were inactivated (49%), viral vector (46%), and mRNA (5%), while the types of the second-dose vaccine received were viral vector (53%), inactivated (40%) and mRNA (7%). The first-dose vaccines’ most common adverse effects of inactivated, viral vector, and mRNA vaccines were muscle pain (47%, 82%, and 58%, respectively). The second-dose vaccines’ most common adverse effects were cough (47%) for inactivated vaccines and muscle pain (49% for viral vector vaccines and 56% for mRNA vaccines). Viral vector vaccines were more likely to cause fever, muscle pain, diarrhoea, headache, and rashes than the others. The mRNA vaccines caused injection site pain more than inactivated vaccines. The majority of adverse effects occurred 24-48 hours after vaccination (68%), were more severe with the first dose compared with the second dose, and resolved spontaneously without any treatment at a hospital. Conclusions The adverse effects experienced by the students were various according to the types and number of doses of COVID-19 vaccines. The adverse effects were mostly non-severe and occurred less for the second dose compared with the first dose.

COLLABORATIVE WORK AS A FACILITATOR IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THINKING STYLES AND CREATIVE THINKING: A MEDIATION ANALYSIS

ABSTRACT: In facing the labor predictions for 2030, future graduates will need to reinvent themselves creatively to be open to entrepreneurship and innovation from any discipline. Research shows that people with creative confidence are better oriented to this challenge. This article examines the important relationship between collaborative work and creative confidence, demonstrating its effect on different thinking styles. Regardless of gender or academic major, the mediation results suggest that respect, proactivity, and shared leadership in collaborative work enhance the relationship between styles not previously associated with creative confidence. The study was performed with students enrolled in the Faculty of Economic Sciences and Business of the University of Granada. Partial least squares structural equation modeling was used, as this method is recommended for complex non-parametric exploratory studies. Keywords: Creative Thinking, Collaborative Work, Thinking Styles, Innovation and Entrepreneurship

How Can We Remove Psychological Entrepreneurship Barriers on Entrepreneurship Intention for Health Organizations in the Future?

Entrepreneurial orientation significantly influences business financial performance, particularly in global markets, making it pivotal across economies. Developed nations provide a conducive environment for entrepreneurship, supported by educational systems and skill development programs. Conversely, in developing countries, cultural and social disparities create unique challenges, shaping entrepreneurial intentions. Psychological barriers such as risk aversion, fear of failure, and resistance to change hinder potential entrepreneurs, particularly in health science faculties. A study conducted in Turkey aimed to explore these barriers among health science students. Data collected from 788 students revealed that psychological factors explained 72% of entrepreneurial intentions. Regression analysis confirmed the significance of risk avoidance, fear of failure, attitude towards change, and stress avoidance in shaping intentions. Despite these barriers, heightened entrepreneurial intentions among health students were associated with greater success in overcoming obstacles. The findings emphasize the importance of addressing psychological barriers in fostering innovative and entrepreneurial healthcare professionals. By understanding these dynamics, educational institutions, policymakers, and healthcare practitioners can better support the development of an entrepreneurial healthcare workforce. The intersection of healthcare and entrepreneurship presents opportunities for transformative solutions, potentially enhancing patient outcomes and advancing the healthcare sector. Despite challenges, emerging trends suggest a growing interest in leveraging innovation for positive change in healthcare, highlighting the potential for impactful contributions to the industry’s evolution.

Nurturing Natural Beauty: Empowering MAN 1 Model Bengkulu's Female Students with Red Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) Cosmetics Crafting Workshop

Introduction: The use of lipstick, blush-on, and various colored cosmetic products is highly popular among teenage girls. However, the adverse effects of hazardous colorants in cosmetics include respiratory irritations, skin irritations, eye injuries, gastrointestinal toxicity, and carcinogenic properties. Red Dragon Fruit contains a significant amount of red anthocyanin antioxidants, making it a viable natural colorant for food, cosmetics, and textiles. This community engagement project aimed to enhance the understanding of teenage girls, especially students of MAN 1 Model City of Bengkulu, regarding illegal cosmetics containing harmful and prohibited ingredients. It also aimed to improve the girls' skills in crafting natural Lip Tint and Blush-On preparations from Red Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus Polyrhizus), promoting a return to nature in cosmetic choices. This initiative was expected to inspire creative ideas among teenagers for designing alternative economic activities centered on producing natural and halal cosmetics made from herbal ingredients. Methods: The project involved educational and awareness-raising activities about the dangers of forbidden cosmetic ingredients, followed by workshops on making Lip Tint and Blush-On formulations. These workshops were led by faculty members from the School of Medicine and the School of Pharmacy, with assistance from students of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences at the University of Bengkulu. Results: Evaluation results showed that workshop participants experienced a 63.2% increased in knowledge and gained the ability to independently create Lip Tint and Blush-On products from red dragon fruit. Conclusion: The workshop successfully produced natural Lip Tint and Blush On and the project also heightened the students' interest in the Pharmacy Program.

Bacterial Communities on Degraded Prehistoric Rock Paintings in Maros-Pangkep Global Geopark

391 Bacterial Communities on Degraded Prehistoric Rock Paintings in Maros-Pangkep Global Geopark Nur Haedar1*, Muhammad Iqram1, Ambeng1, Yusriana2, Dody Priosambodo1, and Rustan Lebe3 1Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245 Indonesia 2Archaeology Department, Faculty of Cultural Science, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245 Indonesia 3Indonesian Heritage Agency, Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology, Jakarta 10110 Indonesia The Maros-Pangkep karst region is a natural landscape located inside the UNESCO Global Geopark, extending across two regencies in South Sulawesi. There are at least 135 prehistoric caves, of which about 78 of them still have traces of relics in the form of rock paintings. One thing that has made this region renowned is the presence of the world’s oldest ancient rock painting, ca. 40,000 years old, in an ancient cave. Unfortunately, many paintings have been experiencing degradation marked by color changes and exfoliation, which are thought to be partially caused by the colonization of bacterial biofilms. The present study, therefore, aimed to delineate the bacterial diversity of biofilms present in ancient rock paintings. Samples were collected from three different caves in the region and analyzed using Oxford Nanopore Technology, sequencing the full-length 16S rRNA gene (V1–V9 regions). The results showed that Firmicutes was the dominant bacterial taxon in both Leang Jing and Leang Parewe, representing 95 and 82% of the total bacterial community, respectively. In Leang Bulu Sipong, we observed a high relative abundance of both Betaproteobacteria (30%) and Firmicutes (44%). Among the taxa detected, some genera – including Cupriavidus, Bacillus, Lysinibacillus, Paenibacillus, Geobacillus, and Pseudomonas – are linked to the carbonate precipitation and rock weathering, which could give a clue on the role of bacterial activities in corroborating the biodegradation on the ancient rock arts. Despite the result of microbial diversity in the rock paintings, it is necessary to do further study on the mechanism of degradation performed by the bacteria. This will support the effort of local authorities to conserve local heritage aged a thousand years.

Participatory Strategies to Integrate Gender+ Into Teaching and Research

This article explores the use of participatory approaches to promote gender equality in academia, focusing on initiatives implemented in two universities. First, we look at the experience of the University of Deusto (Spain) in developing a handbook to integrate a gender perspective into teaching and research practises through an equality, diversity and inclusion lens (EDI). This initiative, carried out as part of the university’s Gender Equality Plan, featured active involvement from scholars representing the faculties of Law, Psychology, Social Sciences and Humanities, Engineering, Business, and Theology, as well as the university’s Social Responsibility Unit. It serves as a valuable example of how participatory strategies can effectively engage a wide array of institutional stakeholders in change-oriented actions. Promoting increased participation fosters a sense of ownership of the process and outcomes among stakeholders and strengthens institutional recognition. Second, we analyse the introduction of a "gender+-responsive curriculum" developed at the University of Genoa (Italy), as part of the university’s Gender Equality Plan. This initiative seeks to promote inclusion across all disciplinary subjects by incorporating current research that examines subject matters through the lens EDI, where relevant. The pilot implementation was undertaken in an undergraduate course focused on hydraulic engineering and hydrology, drawing guidance from various resources, including academic publications and EU-funded project reports. This initiative highlights the practical implications and challenges associated with interventions aiming to challenge conventional teaching and research norms from an EDI perspective, particularly in STEM fields. By exploring the experiences, obstacles and solutions associated with a gender+-responsive curriculum, we broaden our understanding of academia’s potential to advance gender equality, diversity, and inclusion. In examining the two experiences, we emphasise the theoretical underpinnings that underscore the importance of participatory approaches for promoting meaningful and enduring changes in academic institutions. Additionally, we highlight the ongoing challenges associated with implementing such changes and offer initial insights into potential strategies for overcoming these obstacles. Our goal is to ensure that gender and other intersecting diversity factors are not relegated to the edges of institutional priorities, but are instead mainstreamed into wider institutional practices.

Psychological Stress and Its Relationship with Academic Achievement among Students Enrolled in Sports Psychology Courses at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at the Hashemite University

Psychological Stress and Its Relationship with Academic Achievement among Students Enrolled in Sports Psychology Courses at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at the Hashemite University

Mathematical Thinking Among Pre-Service Teachers: A Critical Component of Teacher Preparation

This research examined pre-service mathematics teachers' mathematical thinking abilities, focusing on problem-solving, mathematical representation, reasoning, mathematical communication, and mathematical connection. Additionally, the study aimed to determine whether there were significant differences in mathematical thinking between pre-service students majoring and minoring in mathematics. The research employed a quantitative approach and involved 277 pre-service mathematics teachers enrolled in the Mathematics Teaching course at the Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris in Malaysia. The research design utilized a survey method, and data were collected through a mathematical thinking questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using statistic descriptive including mean and standard deviation, while inferential statistics use t-test analyses. The study results revealed that the overall mean is 4.506, followed by standard deviation is 0.541, indicating that the pre-service teachers show a higher positive mathematical thinking. The result also shows a significant relationship between problem-solving, mathematical representation, reasoning, mathematical communication and mathematical connection. The findings also indicated significant differences in mathematical thinking between pre-service mathematics teachers based on gender. Lastly, the result shows that the study recommended the inclusion of mathematical thinking development in teacher education programs to enhance the mathematical thinking abilities of pre-service mathematics teachers. In conclusion, mathematical thinking is an essential aspect of teacher preparation, as it contributes to ensuring the quality of the next generation.

Education about planetary health and sustainable healthcare: A national Delphi panel assessment of its integration into health professions education in South Africa

Background. Education about planetary health (PH) and sustainable healthcare (SH), or education for sustainable healthcare (ESH), enables health professionals to help protect public health and healthcare from climate change and environmental degradation. The Association for Medical Education in Europe Consensus (AMEE Consensus) Statement on Planetary Health and Education for Sustainable Healthcare has proposed a set of ESH learning objectives, activities and assessments for adaptation to different health professions education (HPE) contexts. The national audit phase of a mixed methods study in South Africa (SA) found that awareness of ESH and its curriculum development is emerging. The African Medical Education Directives for Specialists (AfriMEDS) is a competency framework for undergraduate medical students in SA that defines key competencies and enabling competencies related to seven roles of a health professional. Objectives. To recruit a national Delphi panel of health professions educators to assess the applicability of the AMEE Consensus learning objectives, activities and assessments to HPE in SA; to elicit panellists’ perceptions of the main barriers and opportunities for ESH in faculties; and to compare learning objectives recommended by AMEE and the panel for key competencies and enabling competencies within the AfriMEDS framework. Methods. Nine educators from three different disciplines and six national faculties of health sciences participated in two rounds of a Delphi process and in follow-up discussions. In round 1, they rated the AMEE Consensus learning objectives, activities and assessments, and proposed additional ones. In round 2, they rated the score-ranked AMEE lists, as well as relevant additions from round 1. All panellists participated in further discussions regarding applicability, and highlighted the potential barriers and opportunities for integrating ESH into their faculties. The lead author then matched the panel’s learning objectives with enabling competencies related to all seven health professional roles described by AfriMEDS. Results. All panellists recognised the importance of ESH in SA and the need for eco-ethical leadership by health professionals. All 13 AMEE Consensus learning objectives, as well as three additional objectives from the panel, were matched most frequently with AfriMEDS-enabling competencies related to the roles of leader and manager (n=9), communicator (n=8) and healthcare practitioner (n=7). Panellists highly ranked learning activities and assessments that are authentic, multiprofessional and require systems thinking. They perceived the lack of capable educators and curriculum overload to be the main barriers to integration of ESH, as well as the need for strong leaders, disciplinary champions and trained educators. Conclusions. Situating the selected learning objectives within the AfriMEDS competency framework provides a good basis for developing aligned learning activities and assessments of ESH. Strong leadership, capable educators and multidisciplinary collaboration are important enablers of integrating ESH into HPE in SA.

Antibacterial activity of Spondias pinnata leaf extract on the in-vitro growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria

Background: Infectious diseases caused by both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria infection continue to be a significant cause of health problems. Over the past decades, there has been a growing interest in Spondias pinnata research. It has also been demonstrated that the essential oil and leaf extract of Spondias pinnata has strong antibacterial properties. This study aims to assess and analyze the antibacterial activity of Spondias pinnata leaf extract on the growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in vitro. Methods: The design of this research is an experimental study with a post-test-only control group design at the Biomedical Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitas Warmadewa, and the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Udayana. The samples in this study were Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Salmonella typhimurium bacteria in which antibacterial activity of Spondias pinnata leaf extract was tested by using the Kirby-Bauer method. Results: The active compounds contained in the extract of Spondias pinnata leaf include saponins, phenols, terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins. Antibacterial activity of 60% extract concentration on Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans) had a strong inhibitory effect. Antibacterial activity of 40% and 60% extract concentrations on Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhimurium) had moderate inhibitory effects. Conclusion: Spondias pinnata leaf extract had antibacterial activity potential on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, aligning with its increased concentration.