Factory Settlements Research Articles

The Distribution Sheet and Lists of Homeowners of the Votkinsk Plant, as a Source for Studying the Sociology of Factory Settlements in the second half of the XIX century

The Distribution Sheet and Lists of Homeowners of the Votkinsk Plant, as a Source for Studying the Sociology of Factory Settlements in the second half of the XIX century

Study of factory settlements of the Perm region near the Kama river

The formation in the Urals of domestic factory production, which began with the salt industry, as a fundamental fishery in the territory, was considered, and was fully realized in mining industrial metallurgy, which received a whole direction called «Mining civilization». This period gave rise to the spread of new types of settlements City-plants, which were formed around the enterprise, and the territory developed as originally industrial. However, the problem of preservation of some factory settlements and as such enterprises arose for the authorities of the former Molotov region (1940-1957) «Gordian knot», due to the construction of the Kama hydroelectric power plant and the creation of a reservoir, As a result, not only agricultural land and pastures, but also historical settlements, factory areas and many unexplored archaeological sites were flooded. Therefore, in this article the historical, cartographic analysis of former factory settlements was also conducted and the damage of flooding and flooding of territories was revealed, as well as the preserved heritage of «factory civilization».

Study of factory settlements of the Perm region near the Kama river

The formation in the Urals of domestic factory production, which began with the salt industry, as a fundamental fishery in the territory, was considered, and was fully realized in mining industrial metallurgy, which received a whole direction called «Mining civilization». This period gave rise to the spread of new types of settlements City-plants, which were formed around the enterprise, and the territory developed as originally industrial. However, the problem of preservation of some factory settlements and as such enterprises arose for the authorities of the former Molotov region (1940-1957) «Gordian knot», due to the construction of the Kama hydroelectric power plant and the creation of a reservoir, As a result, not only agricultural land and pastures, but also historical settlements, factory areas and many unexplored archaeological sites were flooded. Therefore, in this article the historical, cartographic analysis of former factory settlements was also conducted and the damage of flooding and flooding of territories was revealed, as well as the preserved heritage of «factory civilization».

Information potential of the database on the 1959 All-Union Population Census as a source for historical and demographic studies of the urban environment

The purpose of this database is to create an electronic source that focuses on the socio-demographic characteristics of the Ural City based on materials from the All-Soviet Population Census of 1959, using the example of Arti, a town-type settlement in the Sverdlovsk Region. The selection of this particular object is due to its ability to record the transformation processes from a rural factory settlement to a town, against the backdrop of a relatively homogenous ethnosocial environment. The appeal to the original census materials is justified by their higher information content, as compared to published data that has undergone editing. The discovered Artinsky district archive file contains information on the town of Arti alone and represents a sample with an unclear formation process, similar in nature to a natural process. The study of methods for organizing and conducting a census indicates a relatively high level of reliability in its primary data. Historical and genetic methods, methods of source analysis, and mathematical statistics are used. A study of the distribution of data by gender and social groups, conducted using mathematical statistical methods in comparison to published data, allows us to conclude that the sample of materials formed from the census of Arti's urban-type settlement accurately reflects the properties of the entire population covered by the survey. The database created based on the materials of the 1959 All-Union Population Census is similar in content to the original source, with the addition of aggregated information about the composition and structure of families, as well as information about housing conditions. The features of both the source and database are focused, to a greater extent, on historical and demographic research, particularly family history. Due to its informative nature, the database can become a useful tool for researchers in this field.

Трудовые отношения и конфликты на концессионных предприятиях лесной промышленности Архангельской губернии в 1920-е годы

This article dwells on the labour relations at the timber enterprises of the Arkhangelsk Province granted by the Soviet government as a concession to foreign entrepreneurs in the 1920s. The main sources include archival (concession contracts and reports, results of inspections of concessionary enterprises by the authorities, shorthand reports of meetings of Soviet party and trade union organizations, materials of factory rates commissions and investigative and judicial authorities), as well as published sources, primarily, contemporary (publications in newspapers and magazines). Emphasis is placed on the authorities’ attitude to labour conflicts. Timber enterprise concessions were of great international importance to the central government and economic importance to the local authorities; therefore, unlike at other concessionary enterprises, the authorities often supported the “capitalists”. The concessionaires, in their turn, being interested in attracting skilled workers to their enterprises and seeking to normalize relations with the population and the authorities on the territory designated for forest exploitation, were accommodating the employees by spending substantial funds to build housing as well as social and cultural facilities in the factory settlements. Labour relations and conflicts are examined in the article using the example of four personnel categories: skilled workers; labourers at the sawmills; peasants engaged in logging and delivering timber to the factories (loggers and rafters, united in artels); administrative and clerical employees. In addition, a conclusion is made about the specificity of labour conflicts caused by the post-revolutionary social expectations of the population.

Factory Settlements of State-Owned Enterprises in Ural in the 20-50s of the XVIII Century.

The subject of the study are residents of factory settlements of state-owned factories in the Urals. The aim of the study is to reconstruct the social and living conditions of living and working conditions of employees and factory workers. The basis of the study is the office documents of the Siberian Oberbergamt (Office of the Chief Executive of the Board since 1734), stored in the State Archive of the Sverdlovsk region. Special attention is paid to the conditions of the formation of settlements around the factories, the main categories of the population and their quantitative composition are determined. The duration of working hours, occupations of residents on weekends and holidays are considered. The system of receiving salaries of the officer mining corps, employees, the amount of remuneration of the main categories of workers has been studied. The analysis of prices for basic foodstuffs, clothing, shoes, household economy, living conditions of residents of factory settlements is presented. The novelty of the study is to identify the average wage for various categories of workers. The available materials on the living conditions of the inhabitants of the mining Urals allow us to conclude that the population of factory settlements was heterogeneous in social structure. The population of factory settlements mainly had their own housing, which varied by category of positions held. The remuneration of most of the factory workers varied from 18 to 30 rubles. The household economy of the population of factory settlements was also under the management of the Office, which kept records of pasture lands. The number of holidays and days off for factory workers was regulated by the provisions of the Instructions to the Factory commissioner dated October 16, 1723. A special contribution of the author in the study of the topic is the compilation of summary tables on the number of population of state-owned factories in the Urals, identifying the features of the activities of V.I. Gennin and V.N. Tatishchev on the organization of working hours and rest time of factory workers.

Verbal School at Alapaevsky Plant (1735—1744)

The history of the organization of the verbal school at the Alapaevsky factory, where children from the Sinyachikhinsky and Susansky factories, located 10 and 16 versts from it, were studied. The results of the children census in 1734, who lived in the territory of factory settlements and ascribed settlements, are disclosed. Based on the formation of an information base about students, the social and age composition of the students of the Alapaevskaya school was analyzed, all the main and additional admissions of children to school in 1735—1742 were identified. It has been established that in 1742 138 children were taught to read and write by the exiled Ivan Belyaev. The methods of teaching literacy are described. It is reported about the escapes of students from school, about the attempts of parents of raznochintsy, assigned to factories, to free their children from education in connection with the need to pay a chevage. The fate of students is traced: group transfers to an arithmetic school, where 72 % of children who have mastered literacy continued their education, the distribution of some of the underachieving and “age” students “to work” until the end of their studies. The consequences of chronic overspending of funds entitled for the activities of schools by the factory states in 1735 are revealed. The question was raised about the need to study the events of the last two years of the school’s activity, as well as the life of 50 of its students, who began teaching literacy in 1741—1742.

THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE POLICE IN THE FACTORY SETTLEMENTS OF THE URAL IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY

The local Ural material on the 19th century police has attracted researchers only since the second half of the 1990s. Yet, it mainly concerned the South Ural, as special studies in the Middle Ural and in the Vyatka Ural have not been carried out. This article aims to fill in this lacuna. The object of this study is the transformation of the factory police in the 19th century. The relevance of this topic for historical science lies in the active character of the processes, associated with modernization, and the timeliness of the police reform. To study this, the author has used such historical methods, as historical-genetic, historical-comparative, and historical-typological. This article has examined the measures taken by the authorities of the Urals to improve the police supervision of factory settlements in the second half of the 19th century. The author has compared the pre-reform and new police states, emphasizing the development of the Izhevsk and Votkinsk factory settlements police. The results show that the slowness in carrying out police reforms led to an increase in unrest and crime in factories. The redistribution of local police resources, intended for the countryside, to the cities and factories of the Ural could somewhat mitigate the negative consequences of the inaction of the central government. Thus, the liquidation of the mountain police in the middle of the 19th century significantly weakened police forces in factory settlements, which were restored only in the 1890s.

ОБЩЕСТВА ТРЕЗВОСТИ В ЕКАТЕРИНБУРГЕ И ЕКАТЕРИНБУРГСКОМ УЕЗДЕ ПЕРМСКОЙ ГУБЕРНИИ В 1907–1914 гг.

The aim of the article is to show the importance of temperance societies in Yekaterinburg Uyezd of Perm Governorate, a geopolitically significant region of Russia, during the peaceful period between the end of the revolution of 1905–1907 and the beginning of the First World War. The objectives of the study are to identify the significant characteristics of the temperance societies: (1) the time when they appeared; (2) their number, size, social composition, and ideological orientation; (3) their activities; (4) their significance. The author used a combination of authentic and representative sources: the notes of Yekaterinburg Ecclesiastical Consistory secretary to the Clerical Office of the Holy Synod Chief Procurator of 10 February 1911, about church temperance societies of the eparchy with the charters of nine of them; the biweekly journal Ekaterinburgskie Eparkhial’nye Vedomosti [Yekaterinburg Eparchy Journal]; the materials and reports of all-Russian temperance congresses and unions; reference books. The methodology of the study included the compilation of a list of temperance societies on the basis of a dedicated questionnaire, the analysis and synthesis of the resulting data. The temperance movement was young; as of 01 January 1911, the average age of the society was two and a half years, which means they appeared somewhere in mid-1907. By 01 January 1911, 17 societies (1682 members), or 3.6 societies per 100,000 people, were identified. Sixteen of them were Orthodox parochial, and one, in Yekaterinburg, was non-religious (secular). Out of ten known leaders of societies, six (60%) were priests, two (20%) peasants, one was a worker (10%), and one was a teacher (10%). As for the members of 16 church societies, nine rural societies (56.2%) had mostly peasants, six factory settlements (37.5%) had workers, one (6.25%), in Konevsky village, had mostly peasants and alluvial miners. Thus, most members of the societies were workers and peasants. The main activities of the societies in 1907–1910 were: anti-alcoholic talks, sermons, and the acceptance of temperance vows. In 1911–1914, some societies started to implement mutual help and charity activities, hold public events: sacred processions, temperance festivals, sober weddings; they inspired public censures against bootlegging (illegal wine sale), state-owned wine shops, and private beerhouses. During this period, the number of temperance societies and their membership grew, their influence increased. In the spring of 1914, there were as many as 40 societies with more than 5,000 members. Apart from external reasons, this was facilitated by the support of Mitrophan, the active governing Archbishop of Yekaterinburg and Verkhoturye (1910–1914). Thus, temperance societies in Yekaterinburg Uyezd, as well as in the whole Russia, had a protective and reforming character. They counteracted alcoholic and other (acts of violence, etc.) destruction of the community. As a result, the territories in which these societies were spread and active experienced the gradual physical and spiritual recovery of the community on the local and regional levels.

“There is Peculiar Bespopovshchina Here...”: From the History of the Old Believers of the Nizhnesaldinsky Plant

Old Believers have been one of the most important components of the religious landscape of Russia for several centuries. Between the 18 th and early 20 th centuries, one of the largest centres of Old Believers in the Russian Empire was the mining Urals. Despite the large number of studies on the phenomenon of Old Belief, it should be noted that it is not well studied. This mostly applies to local centres and individual concords. This article attempts to reconstruct the history of Old Believers in the factory settlement of the Nizhnesaldinsky Plant with reference to both already known and new sources. Founded in the second half of the 18 th century by N. A. Demidov, the Nizhnesaldinsky Plant was originally inhabited by natives of the Volga Region, a significant number of them being Old Believers. The role of the “Old Believer factor” in the history of Nizhnyaya Salda is evidenced by this fact: an Old Believer chapel appeared there simultaneously with the construction of the village, and an Orthodox church was only built 5 years later. It should be noted that initially all Nizhnaya Salda Old Believers belonged to the Beglopopovtsy movement (receiving priests who fled from the official Church), but in the early 19 th century, part of the Оld Believers of Nizhnyaya Salda transitioned to Bespopovtsy (Pomortsy), and in the second half of the 19 th century completely transformed into the radical movement of Stranniki (runners). The article reveals the motivations and reasons for these transitions. It also provides information about changes in ideological attitudes and analyses statistical data. Special attention is paid to the period between the 1930s and early 1940s, when the Soviet authorities brutally dealt with the Salda Stranniki. However, the Old Believers managed to survive the repression and adapt to the new conditions.

Development of Village Information System Based on UAV Image and Geographic Information System (Case Study: Katonsari Village of Demak Regency)

To display comprehensive information, the Village Information System (VIS) does not only display statistical data. VIS that can manipulate data and spatial information is not yet popular. Generally spatial data in the form of maps are only used complementary data rather than arranged in the form of spatial databases. The Village Information System that was built for Katonsari Village of Demak Regency of Central Java Province as a case study area. Spatial data for the system are based on aerial photogrammetry of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). Non spatial data are based on sub-district administration book and random sampling survey. Based on the mapping with the UAV, the remaining rice field are only around 50 %, while the remainder is used for residential and factory settlement. The UAV also provides information the land and building tax data made by government is no longer in line with that current conditions. Based on the results of these studies it was concluded that UAVs was efficient, fast and accurate spatial data sources for Village Information System. VIS can provide village potentials in the form of GIS more efficiently and easy to access.

Mass Factory Housing: Design and Social Reform

In the past, housing and homeownership have been used as media for social reform. This article looks at the socio-political agenda behind the birth of company towns and the role of architecture and urban design in shaping the social life of the inhabitants. The study examines Cité Ouvrière, a nineteenth-century mass factory settlement in Mulhouse (France), which provided workers with access to property. Through literature, archival, and design research, this article traces the incremental transformation of a uniform working-class housing scheme into an ethnically diverse and formally heterogeneous city quarter.

Detection of Changes in Surface Water Bodies Urban Area with NDWI and MNDWI Methods

Land surface water bodies, an essential part of the Earth’s water cycle such as rivers, lakes, swamp, and reservoirs, influence the global ecosystem and climate global significantly. Makassar, one of the most populated cities in Indonesia, recently experiences massive development that affects the existence of vegetation area and urban aquatic ecosystem. This study attempts to detect the urban surface water bodies and to monitor the change by using Landsat OLI TIRS. In order to extract the high accuracy of data, the image data utilized in this study was acquired by Landsat 8 OLI TIRS sensor on 14 December 2000, 27 December 2009 and 06 January 2019 from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) portal analyzed by Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI). These methods are scientifically used to classify the data into two categories consisted of water and non-water objects. The result shows that in the last nine years, urban surface water bodies increased around 129.8 ha distributed mostly in Manggala area. Due to rapid urban development such as housing, makes the urban runoff concentrating in low land and creates giant swamp as well as an urban wetland. In coastal areas however decline of the water body due to dominantly by massive reclamation, housing and factory settlement. The increase of urban surface water bodies can lower the urban heat while massive development in the built-up area can worsen the urban heat.

Горнозаводская промышленность Прикамья: к вопросу о становлении историографической традиции

Some problems of the tradition of studying the mining industry of Prikamye in the context of the economic policy of the state in the pre-revolutionary period of Russian historiography (the second half of the 18th - early 20th centuries) are considered. The relevance of the study is due, in particular, to the tercentenary of the publication on December 21 (10), December 1719 by Peter I of Berg-Privilege, which for the first time established the legal foundations of mining in Russia, as well as the need to describe the latest trends and results of the interaction of physical nature and the human community, which are of contradictory character. The main attention is paid to the analysis of those works of encyclopedic scientists, participants in academic expeditions, historians, geographers, economists, statisticians, mining engineers and representatives of other fields of knowledge that contain information at the regional level. It is concluded that the study of the mining industry and its impact on the natural and social environment began in parallel with the further development of resources in the second half of the 18th century, mainly Prikamye, the Urals and Siberia and, as a result, the emergence of new factory settlements. It is shown that the works of scientists were of an interdisciplinary nature, had a pronounced practical orientation and were largely determined by the need to ensure the fiscal interests of the empire. It is alleged that a complex of fundamental and applied problems was raised, which determined the content of research in the subsequent period.

Próba uprzemysłowienia Uniejowa w latach 20.–30. XIX wieku

Podjęta w latach 1823–1824 próba zorganizowania w Uniejowie osady fabrycznej i uprzemysłowienia miasta nie powiodła się. Wytwórczość bawełniana i lniarska, zainicjowana przez cudzoziemskich rzemieślników, nie znalazła odpowiedniego wsparcia ze strony władz miejskich i wojewódzkich. W artykule scharakteryzowano grupę pierwszych uniejowskich „fabrykantów” i zakres podjętej przez nich działalności oraz wskazano przyczyny niepowodzenia w industrializacji miasta.

Red Weddings in Bashkiria: the Experiments of Soviet Power

The author analyses the introduction of the Soviet civil ceremony of “Red” weddings in postwar Bashkiria in order to eliminate religious beliefs, ethnic customs, and territorial differences by means of uniting youth for the purpose of solving existing social problems. The author refers to Bashkir periodicals of the 1920s, field materials, funds of the national archive of the Republic of Bashkortostan, and publications on the ethnography of the peoples of the republic. Red weddings in Bashkiria were first mentioned on 2 October 1923. In 1924, they were organised in towns, canton centres, and factory settlements among Komsomol members, non-party people, and clerks. In rural areas, attempts to impose new rituals on the public failed. As was explained by Bashkir newspapers, Komsomol leaders in the countryside were economically dependent on their parents and had to agree to their conditions. Additionally, this failure to introduce new practices was explained by the fact that it proved impossible to “develop” and “bring up” one of the spouses, usually a non-Komsomol member. According to field and archival materials, rural areas continued observing their old traditions in the 1920s, keeping patriarchal customs, and conservative worldview. This was particularly true about the Bashkir Trans-Urals, which still preserved a nomadic lifestyle, polygamy, and bride price. In Priuralye Bashkir settlements, there were rare cases of so-called demonstration Red weddings. Overall, the author finds data about Red wedding practices among Russians, Bashkirs, Tatars, Ukrainians, Chuvash, and Estonians. By the late 1920s, Red weddings had stopped as they were discredited in the public’s opinion and there had been a change in the political course of the country.

Human – river relations at various stages of development of water front factory settlements in Łódź

Abstract The purpose of this article is to analyze and clarify the circumstances which led to the current condition and degradation of the watercourses and rivers of Łódź. These rivers were the decisive factor in initiating and stimulating the industrial development of the city. A detailed analysis examined changes in the management of river waters in the vicinity of the socalled water-front factory settlements (referred to locally as “posiadła”) in the River Jasień valley. This was the location of one of the first industrial settlements within the city of Łódź and took place shortly after the city was included by the Polish Kingdom authorities (in 1821) in the group of so-called factory cities intended for the development of the textile industry - initially with emphasis on the cloth and linen making industry, with further transformation into the cotton industry. The article presents the forms and methods of use of the River Jasień in the period from the beginning of the 19th century up to the present. The specification assumed therefore the period of agricultural usage in the form of water mills, through textile manufacture, industrial production and the period after the fall of the textile industry. The River Jasień is an outstanding example of the way, in which people have “treated” the river during the successive stages of technological development of textile production. How close to the river they settled at the early stages of industrial development, slowly “moving away” from the river, leading to its gradual degradation, and abandoning it, restraining it to a covered channel, to ultimately forgetting it ever existed. The changes in these man - river relationships, as described in this document, can lead to conclusions for the future direction for the current spatial policy of the city. Also about these riverside post-industrial areas, with regard to the need to restore their original values and the need to protect and conserve their unique natural character and cultural heritage.

Technical Staff Training at the Ural Private Mining Plants in the First Part of the XIX Century

The paper discusses the level and quality of employees’ technical training at the private factories in the Ural region in the pre-reform period of the XIX century, which appears to be one of the least explored aspects in the history of education. Analyzing the existing data and preserved documents, the author attempts to fill the above gaps and demonstrates the dynamics of the private schools development in the factory settlements of the region, their curricula and the government’s attitude to the issue of the factory serfs’ training. The research findings reveal that despite the government’s resistance the number of educated professionals and technicians was gradu- ally increasing in the first half of the XIX century. It was especially noticeable in the large private factories owned by the Demidovs, Stroganoffs and Vsevolozhskys. In the middle of the century, the expertise and skills of the top and senior managerial and technical staff had met the existing requirements. However, the top managers and factory owners anticipated the forthcoming changes in the personnel policy due to the engineering and industrial development in the last half of the century.

On the past and the future of the urban agriculture movement: Reflections in tribute to Jac Smit

First paragraph:In the second half of the 19th century and early 20th century, a number of reformers responded to the horrific conditions of life in the expanding industrial cities of Europe and North America by calling for the transformation of modern cities through a rationalized system for producing built environments that can accommodate growing populations while improving living conditions. As Carolyn Steel has rightly pointed out, food has long shaped our cities (Steel, 2008), and food did hold a central place in the theories of many of the key early thinkers about cities and land.[1] These theories were intimately connected to urban reforms through a range of progressive but paternalistic urban design interventions that consciously sought to weave the green shade and restfulness of the countryside into city parks, street tree plantings, urban allotment gardens, and green river and canal banks. On a darker note, the healthy relaxation touted by garden enthusiasts also served to shift the burden of sustenance away from industrialists and fair-wage policies and onto the shoulders of urbanizing families, especially the women in them (cf. Bellows, 2004). But on balance, garden spaces in densely populated cities and factory settlements offered valuable nourishment and quiet retreats from the chaos of work and cycles of economic instability and war.[1] Just to cite some key theorists who gave a central place to the food system in their thinking about urban settlements: Henry George, von Thünen, Ebenezer Howard, Patrick Geddes, Frank Lloyd Wright.

Culture industry cities: From discipline to exclusion, from citizen to tourist

Using historical and contemporary examples (the 19th‐century Vienna Ringstraße and ‘rent barracks’, the early 20th‐century ‘Red Vienna’ Gemeindebau, yesterday's Plattenbau East and West, today's urban sprawl, the recent international prison architecture and the new Berlin Potsdamer Platz) cities are analyzed as ‘domination built in stone’, that is, examples of ‘culture industry’. With few exceptions the ruling class also determined labor architecture, that is, how the proletariat lived in factory settlements, public housing and urban sprawl. History shows that claiming a ‘right to the city’ needs more than a struggle against the very effective claim of capital on the same city: radical new ideas for a politicized ‘architecture from below’.