This article explores the impact of human capital on the process of economic expansion of Peru’s central region between 2009 and 2022, using data from INEI and MEF. A non-experimental design with panel data was applied, along with two econometric approaches: The Feasible Generalized Least Squares estimation method (FGLS) as well as the Generalized Least Squares (GLS) estimation, which was used to analyze how human capital stock and investment influence real GDP. The analyzed dimensions were education and health, measured through institutional indicators, teaching staff, health coverage, and public expenditure. The results reveal positive and significant effects, with the models explaining 82% and 78% of GDP variability, highlighting public spending on education as the main determinant. In summary, human capital—both in terms of stock and investment—constitutes an essential factor in regional economic growth, reinforcing the need to strengthen public and economic policies in Peru’s central macro-region.

Longitudinal follow-up study on the natural growth pattern of multiple pulmonary ground-glass nodules with at least one nodule measuring 6mm or larger.

Driving factors of renewable energy consumption growth: Dynamic panel data analysis

Knowledge Graphs (KGs), as a tool for organizing and integrating multidimensional data, have become increasingly important in addressing multifaceted challenges in geographic research. However, most existing KGs rely on static data to organize information, overlooking the dynamic and spatiotemporal properties inherent in real-world scenarios, thereby resulting in incomplete representations of spatiotemporal knowledge. Similarly, traditional economic analysis methods struggle to unravel the complex relationships among numerous factors. Thus, to address these limitations, we integrated multidimensional spatiotemporal data and combined the complex relationships between multiple factors of economic activities to construct a regional economic spatiotemporal knowledge graph (REST-KG), enabling the modeling of systemic economic interactions. Utilizing relational graph convolutional networks (R-GCNs), we trained knowledge representations on REST-KG to further identify the main driving factors of economic growth and predict future trends in key economic indicators. Our findings reveal that the primary drivers of China's economic growth exhibit temporal variations across different periods. Notably, night lights and employment emerge as the most significant factors influencing GDP growth from 2001 to 2021. Concurrently, the influence of traditional statistical indicators on GDP is progressively diminishing. Our prediction results for China's average annual GDP growth rate from 2022 to 2025 (with absolute error under 0.3%) show that China's economy will maintain stable and sustained growth. Furthermore, economic inequality, marked by inter-city disparities, narrowed significantly from 2000–2012 but has since widened slowly, with projections of further increases without targeted policies. An external shock module enhances predictions under disruptions. These findings indicate that China's economy is progressing toward balanced and sustainable development, yet targeted policy interventions remain essential to achieve further common prosperity.

Cancer patients may suffer negative consequences; however, they also report positive aspects of psychological adjustment, such as posttraumatic growth. One of the most widely used instruments for measuring this is the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI). Cross-cultural adaptation and Mexican validation of the PTGI-X in the palliative oncology population. A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in 2 phases: the first involved translation and cross-cultural adaptation (expert judgment/piloting), and the second involved validation of the scale. In the latter, the sample comprised 236 advanced-stage oncology patients, and the following analyses were performed: 1) items under the classical test theory, 2) discrimination and internal consistency indices, 3) confirmatory factor analysis, and 4) convergent and divergent validity. Discrimination coefficients (pBis) ranging from 0.32 to 0.72 were obtained from the translated and adapted version. Cronbach's alpha was 0.94. The 5-factor theoretical model was assumed; the confirmatory factor analysis yielded a scaled χ2 of 749.01 (df = 265; χ2/df = 2.83), CFI = 0.93, TLI = 0.93, RMSEA = 0.088, and SRMR = 0.065. Bivariate correlations were employed, showing moderate positive associations between the scale factors (r = 0.60 and 0.79) and low-magnitude positive correlations between the factors of posttraumatic growth and perception of quality of life (r = 0.14 and 0.18). The PTGI-X-Mx showed satisfactory psychometric properties in patients with advanced oncological disease receiving palliative care.

Green growth is an essential issue for many countries due of climate change and global warming. The complexity of environmental problems is increasing along with the rate of economic growth that ignores ecological sustainability. The financial sector is of key supporting factor for green growth. Likewise, Indonesia, as a developing country, requires the financial sector to play of role in achieving sustainable green development. This study aims to analyze the banking performance sector and green growth in Indonesia during the period 1990Q1-2023Q4. This study uses time-series data and the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) to analyse the data. The results of the analysis show that the banking performance sector has a positive and significant influence on green growth in both the short and long terms.

The article investigates the contribution of women’s entrepreneurship to human capital formation and inclusive growth in Kazakhstan. The purpose is to assess the current landscape of women’s participation in business, identify regulatory, institutional and market barriers, and propose context-adapted incentives under digitalization and the transition to a knowledge economy. Methodologically, the study combines analysis of gender-disaggregated national statistics and the regulatory framework with international indices, case studies of best practices, and empirical tests of associations between women’s entrepreneurship and metrics of productivity and innovation. The findings register persistent gender gaps in access to finance and wages, entrenched sectoral segregation, and the underrepresentation of women in high-value industries and in mediumand large-scale firms, alongside pronounced regional heterogeneity in the intensity of women-led MSME activity. The study’s originality lies in integrating a gender approach into human capital theory and in the formal specification of a causal mechanism. Quantitatively validated, this mechanism shows how women’s entrepreneurship -by strengthening human and social capital (managerial, financial, and STEM/ICT skills and professional networks)–raises productivity and innovation and ultimately fosters inclusive economic growth. The practical significance is presented as a set of recommendations: improving gender-disaggregated monitoring, deploying targeted financial instruments, embedding gender-responsive procurement, expanding incubation and acceleration, advancing STEM/ICT skills, and investing in care infrastructure. Integrating these recommendations into MSME support programs, regional policy and gender-equality strategies strengthens human capital and the resilience of long-term growth. The results can inform sustainable development policy, MSME support programs and gender-equality strategies.

The article examines the role of foresight studies in the energy sector, with a particular focus on Kazakhstan. Energy is defined as a key factor of economic growth, technological modernization, and environmental sustainability. The dual role of Kazakhstan’s energy sector is emphasized: on the one hand, it serves as the foundation of the national economy and exports; on the other hand, it is a source of risks associated with outdated infrastructure, high energy intensity, and dependence on fossil fuels. The research methodology included an analysis of international trends, expert surveys, and in-depth interviews with scientists and industry representatives. The obtained results made it possible to identify priority areas of scientific research and technologies aligned with the global transition toward low-carbon and digital energy. The findings of the study can be used to develop national innovation policy and enhance the long-term competitiveness of Kazakhstan.

Objective. To study the clinical and anamnestic features in patients with various forms of fetal stunting to determine the risk factors for the development of this pregnancy complication. Material and methods. The study included 329 patients, who, depending on pregnancy outcomes, were divided into 3 groups: The 1st group (main group) included 165 women whose pregnancy was complicated by insufficient fetal growth (IFG). The main group was divided into 2 subgroups: 1a — 72 patients, whose pregnancy was complicated by the development of a fetus of low gestational age (LGA), 1b — 93 patients, whose pregnancy was complicated by fetal growth retardation. The 2nd group (comparison) included 164 patients whose pregnancy ended with the birth of a live full-term baby without signs of insufficient growth. The somatic and obstetric anamnesis and the course of pregnancy were studied in all patients. Results. It was shown that patients younger than 20 years of age were more likely to occur in the SGA and FGR subgroups (odds ratio — OR 5.8; 95% confidence interval — CI 1.450—23.039; p=0.010 and OR 4.4; 95% CI 1.102—17.322; p=0.039, respectively). An analysis of the maternal history showed that preterm birth was more common in the SGA group than in the comparison group (OR 2.8; 95% CI 1.077—7.165; p=0.038). Insufficient fetal growth in the previous pregnancy was more common in women of the main group and increased the chance of this pregnancy complication in the present pregnancy: 4.3 times (OR 4.3; 95% CI 1.282—14.330; p=0.016) for FGR and 3.7 times (OR 3.7; 95% CI 0.994—13.306; p=0.072) for a fetus of low weight for this gestational age. Uterine scarring was more common in patients of the SGA group than in the comparison group (OR 2.4; 95% CI 1.143—4.867; p=0.029). Early toxicosis and gestational diabetes mellitus were more common in patients in the FGR group than in the comparison group (OR 3.1; 95% CI 1.622—6.011; p<0.001 and OR 2.1; 95% CI 1.181—3.829; p=0.014). Conclusion. The study identified new risk factors for breast undergrowth. It is necessary to take into account the patient’s age, the presence of a scar on the uterus, premature birth, insufficient fetal growth in a previous pregnancy, early toxicosis, and gestational diabetes mellitus in order to timely assess the risk of insufficient fetal growth.

3D-printed porous tubular scaffolds enhance bone healing in rat femur defects: Effects of lumen diameter over time.

Extreme weather events and early childhood growth in low- and middle-income regions: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, utilizes biofilm formation as a key mechanism to withstand host-derived stresses. To identify novel factors involved in this process, we performed a CRISPRi screen in the model organism Mycobacterium smegmatis. This screen identified trypsin HtrA as a critical factor for growth and biofilm formation. Deletion of htrA led to a profound upregulation of the cell wall amidase Ami3. We demonstrated that Ami3 is a crucial negative regulator of biofilm formation, as overexpression of ami3 recapitulated the biofilm and growth defects of the ΔhtrA strain. Furthermore, we found that the essential role of periplasmic protease HtrA for normal growth could be suppressed by novel mutations in pmt, a gene encoding a phosphomyoinositol mannosyltransferase, at residues F53 and N55, distinct from the previously reported D68 site. Our findings establish a novel regulatory pathway in which HtrA modulates mycobacterial biofilm formation by controlling the levels of Ami3 and reveal new genetic interactions within this network.

Drought is a key limiting factor for growth of plant and crop production. In an effort to produce drought tolerant tobacco, an expression cassette comprising the Arabidopsis DREB1A cDNA under the Figwort Mosaic Virus (FMV) and Rice SalT promoters were transformed into tobacco via Agrobacterium mediated transformation. FMV is a strong and constitutive promoter and SalT is a stress inducible promoter that can be used for enhancing expression of AtDREB1A gene in tobacco. PCR was used to confirm the putative transgenic T0 plants and copy number was determined by Southern blot hybridization. RT-PCR confirmed the gene expression in transgenic tobacco lines. The selected transgenes with one copy number were subjected to osmotic stress. Seed germination results showed that transgenic seeds were able to germinate on 300 mM mannitol while control seeds were unable to germinate. Transgenic plants exhibited higher drought tolerance and produced more seeds than control plants when water was withheld for 10 days. Various physiological tests revealed higher drought stress tolerance in transgenic plants than their wild type counterparts. The current study showed that overexpression of AtDREB1A gene under FMV and SalT promoters increases drought tolerance in transgenic tobacco and offers applications in developing drought tolerant crops.

Abstract Among various abiotic stresses, low temperature stress is a limiting factor for crop growth and productivity in temperate and subtropical climatic conditions. Low temperature conditions cause freezing injuries, oxidative stress from lipid peroxidation, and excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This damages the cell membrane and cellular components, leading to electrolyte leakage. However, frost-tolerant species accumulate compatible solutes such as glycine betaine, proline, and sugars as a frost response in plants. These substances act as cryoprotectants by stabilizing cell structures, inhibiting ice crystal formation within plant tissues, and reducing cellular dehydration caused by freezing. Plants also activate an antioxidant defence system involving enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidases to combat oxidative stress. Understanding the physiological and molecular mechanisms of cold stress signalling in plants, along with the various responses, including physiological and biochemical, is essential for effective frost damage mitigation. This review emphasizes the physiological and biochemical responses of plants under low temperature stress.

The taxation system, which includes the aggregate of taxes and levies and the specifics of their administration, is one of the indirect means of state regulatory policy regarding the stimulation of the development of the national agrarian sector of the economy and the formation of economic potential, which gains significant relevance in the conditions of wartime. This article investigates the impact of the tax mechanism on the formation of the economic potential of agricultural enterprises in Ukraine according to their main specialization areas. The significance of the links between the magnitude of the main tax rates and the efficiency of agrarian enterprises' functioning is substantiated. The sector-specific features and dynamics of net profit formation of Ukrainian agricultural enterprises, particularly by individual types of economic activity, for the period 2020–2024 are examined. An analysis of sales volumes and production costs for agricultural products in Ukrainian enterprises across different specialization areas is conducted. The estimated amounts of potential tax payments for agricultural enterprises in Ukraine under the general taxation system with basic tax rates and without tax benefits for the investigated period are determined. According to the research results, it is calculated that potential tax revenues to the budget could increase by more than 5 times (based on 2024 input data) by reducing tax benefits on exports for pulse and oilseed crops, without a significant loss of profitability for their cultivation in large enterprises. The differentiation of profit tax rates for enterprises in the industry, considering their specialization areas, is substantiated, along with the gradual reduction of VAT tax benefits on the export of agricultural raw materials. This aims to ensure a more optimal sectoral production structure with an emphasis on increasing the share of animal husbandry in the inter-sectoral balance, which will contribute to the growth of accumulated value added in forming the economic potential in the agrarian sector and the state's food security in the long term. The determined magnitude of the change in profit tax rates, depending on the enterprises' specialization and the reduction of tax benefits on export-oriented crop production, will contribute to the development of the domestic market for agricultural raw materials and the increase of processing capacities, which is an important factor in economic growth.

Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS) significantly affects newborns, particularly when it comes to feeding. This underscores the need for comprehensive strategies to support growth, development, and the mother-infant bond. Despite the prevalence of NOWS, evidence-based feeding guidelines are scarce, and maternal perceptions of feeding behaviors remain underexplored, limiting tailored interventions. Explore maternal perceptions of infant feeding behaviors in infants with NOWS. This pilot, qualitative descriptive study used data from semi-structured interviews with eight women receiving treatment for opioid use during pregnancy. Interviews were conducted in community settings, transcribed, and analyzed through qualitative, latent content analysis. Initial coding in Excel identified subthemes, which were synthesized to establish the final themes. Most of the sample self-identified as Hispanic and were not working at the time. Analysis of participant accounts revealed the overarching theme, "Everything we do revolves around feeding." Sub-themes included: "Because all babies are different. Not all babies are the same," "It's good to know what to look out for," "It took a lot of learning," and "…There's all different kinds of problems in the NICU." These findings highlight maternal perceptions of infants with prenatal opioid exposure, emphasizing the role of feeding and the challenges in distinguishing normal behaviors from withdrawal symptoms. The findings of this study highlight feeding as a crucial factor for growth and development in infants with NOWS, offering insights into interventions to address feeding challenges and improve outcomes for infants and families.

BackgroundPi (inorganic phosphate) is an essential mineral nutrient and a key limiting factor for plant growth. Environmental factors of carbon and energy status provided by sucrose influence plant growth and stress adaption; however, the mechanisms by which plant seedlings cope with Pi-starvation stress in conjunction with these factors remain largely unknown.ResultsThis study investigates the interplay between sucrose status and Pi-starvation response using a combined Pi/sucrose treatment. Through comparative transcriptomic and physiological analyses, we demonstrated that: (1) the upregulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis under Pi-starvation is significantly attenuated under sucrose deficiency, coinciding with reduced anthocyanin and ROS (reactive oxygen species) accumulation; (2) photosynthesis is downregulated under Pi-starvation with sufficient sucrose supply but upregulated under sucrose limitation, with chlorophyll content decreasing under sufficient sucrose supply and increasing under deficiency; (3) ATP-consuming anabolic pathways are downregulated under Pi-starvation with sufficient sucrose supply but showed no significant changes under sucrose deficiency; and (4) plant-pathogen interaction pathways, typically upregulated during Pi-starvation, are downregulated under insufficient sucrose supply. Additionally, we identified PIF3 (phytochrome-interacting factor 3) as a potential regulator of Pi-starvation responses, with loss-of-function mutants exhibiting retarded growth and gain-of-function mutants showing enhanced growth under Pi-starvation.ConclusionThese results highlight the critical role of sucrose status in modulating plant Pi-starvation response and provide new insights into the adaptive mechanisms by which plants coordinate C/Pi balance to cope with nutrient stress, thus extending and complementing previous research on Pi-starvation response mechanisms.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12870-025-07677-2.

Leadership extends beyond seniority or hierarchical position within an organization. It is not acquired at a particular pay grade. However, leaders play vital roles in shaping an organization's success. Their behaviours profoundly impact employees' ability to meet and exceed expectations in achieving organizational goals. Effective leaders adhere to guidelines and empower their followers. True leadership is not solely defined by personality traits, attributes, or titles, but rather by the power derived from competence, effectiveness, relationships, excellence, innovation, and ethics. While historically male-dominated, women are increasingly being promoted to leadership positions due to societal, economic, and demographic changes. One area of leadership studies that has gained significant attention is emotional intelligence (EI). EI, whether as a personality trait or human ability, is considered a decisive factor for mental health, personal growth, and professional success. Previous research suggests that female leaders often exhibit high levels of emotional intelligence in decision-making and their interactions with employees. However, there are inconsistent findings and empirical evidence in this regard. This working research aims to be conducted in Sarawak, focusing on female leaders working in federal agencies and state offices. The study intends to investigate the mediating role of organization culture and test relevant theories pertaining to emotional intelligence. By contributing new knowledge to the field of emotional intelligence research, this study seeks to enhance understanding of the relationship between emotional intelligence, leadership, and organizational culture.

Asparagopsis taxiformis has high potential to mitigate enteric methane emissions from livestock due to its high bromoform content. However, the current supply of gametophytes is limited due to insufficient biomass. Year-round production of gametophyte can address insufficient biomass through a continuous supply of initial biomass from tetrasporophyte. In this study, we evaluated the effects of temperature (10, 20, and 30°C) and photoperiod (8:16, 12:12, and 16:8 h light:dark cycles), as well as irradiance (10, 20, 40, 80, 160 μmol photons · m-2 · s-1) and nutrient conditions (high nutrient: 500 μM nitrate and 30 μM phosphate; low nutrient: 50 μM nitrate and 3 μM phosphate) on the growth and reproduction of tetrasporophyte of A. taxiformis. Temperature was a key factor in both growth and reproduction, whereas photoperiod was a key factor in reproduction. Growth of tetrasporophyte was inhibited by 10°C regardless of photoperiod. The development of tetrasporangia was only observed at 20°C with an 8:16 h light:dark cycle. At 20°C with an 8:16 cycle, irradiance affected the development of tetrasporangia at high nutrient concentration. The development of tetrasporangia was observed at 20 and 40 μmol photons · m-2 · s-1, with the highest growth rate observed at 160 μmol photons · m-2 · s-1 without the development of tetrasporangia. These results suggest that controlling irradiance at 20°C on an 8:16 h light:dark cycle under high nutrient concentration can regulate the growth and reproduction of A. taxiformis tetrasporophyte during cultivation.

IntroductionDiagnosing a child’s disease is a traumatic event that impacts parents’ psychological well-being and mental health and is associated with burden. This protocol of a longitudinal study aims to observe posttraumatic stress levels in mothers of children with a genetic disease. It will also explore posttraumatic growth in these mothers and identify its key predictors.Materials and methodsThe project is a sequential study that integrates both cross-sectional and longitudinal designs. The study will involve mothers of children aged 0–3 years who have been diagnosed with a genetic disease by a physician specialist before their first birthday. Two measurements will be taken with a 6-month interval between the first and second assessments. The study will use a questionnaire-based approach. The research assessment will be conducted using: the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI), the Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA), the Kansas Inventory of Parental Perceptions (KIPP), and the Family Resilience Assessment Scale (FRAS).DiscussionThis study may provide valuable insights into how mothers cope with a child’s genetic disease, both from a time perspective and a parental perspective. It could inform the development of targeted support strategies to help mothers manage the challenges of raising a child with a genetic disease, particularly in areas such as crisis intervention or therapy. We hypothesize that improving the mother’s time perspective could improve the mother’s well-being and thus enhance the overall functioning of the family system and support the child’s development.