This article analyzes the main causes of economic stagnation in Russia using statistical data and other available sources. Objectives: To identify the root causes of economic stagnation in Russia and identify a way out of this situation. Methodology: General scientific approaches and methods, analysis of research and scientific literature on the main causes of economic stagnation in Russia, and identification and synthesis of facts that ensure the achievement of this objective. Results: An analysis of the state of the Russian economy was conducted, and problems were identified. It was determined that, in an unfavorable scenario, one in ten companies would be in a critical situation. This huge share of companies could create credit risk, followed by a banking crisis and a shock to the entire banking system. The analysis showed that Russia lags behind developed countries in terms of monetization. Accordingly, Russia demonstrates a need for funds for normal functioning. The 2014 devaluation, significant price increases, tightening of monetary policy, Western sanctions, and the CIS have exacerbated this need. The study revealed that, under the guise of fighting inflation, the mega-regulator has been systematically pursuing a policy of deindustrialization and technological degradation for many years. Russia hasn't created the conditions for growth; on the contrary, it has created the conditions for its financial plunder. This affects both internal and external factors of economic growth and labor productivity. Conclusions: Until national goals and mechanisms for achieving them are formulated, we will continue to remain in a state of permanent economic crisis. Financial resources allow Russia to develop at a level above global standards and be sufficiently sovereign, but to achieve this, the very model of economic development must change. And here, political will is simply indispensable.

Globalization and economic growth can be considered not only as threats to environmental sustainability, but also as factors that ensure the green development of states whose governments are able to use these tools. The article highlights the relevance of green development as a core component of sustainable development, focusing on the Kingdom of Jordan. The current state of the ecology of Jordan is not positive at all, as it is experiencing dangerous natural and anthropogenic impacts. This, in turn, causes climate change, water scarcity, desertification and a decrease in biodiversity. In this article, we have assessed the factors of economic growth and globalization in the green development of the Kingdom of Jordan. This was implemented by studying the quantity and quality of natural resources and human resources available for economic activity within Jordan. Among the factors of globalization, in the context of Jordan, we considered such as: the destruction of patriarchal ties (changing the role of women in society), the development of civil society and the construction of a legal state. This research emphasizes the critical need for sustainable strategies to balance economic growth and environmental preservation, situating Jordan as a pivotal case study for developing economies. The theoretical result of the current study was the identification of a large number of problems in the processes of globalization and economic growth of the Kingdom of Jordan, which prevents the effective use of their advantages to ensure green development. This result confirmed the need for regular participation of developing countries in the programs of international organizations, which allows their governments to receive high-quality development plans and numerous expert advice on various issues. The practical result of this article is the algorithm we proposed to accelerate the green development of developing countries. It can be used by both representatives of state bodies and independent advisors or experts

The growth and advancement of a society is determined and measured to a significant extent by the socioeconomic growth of the city. This is highly depending on the transportation infrastructure of the area in question. Transportation fosters growth in every place and when transportation is inhibited, development is likewise delayed. In Nigeria, and Ibadan North local government, Ibadan of Oyo state in particular, the sole accessible means of transportation is road transport. It offers the links between physically distant amenities, enabling social engagement, and access to places of primary employments and work. Road infrastructure is a vital factor of economic growth in the research geographical area. The needs for road transport infrastructure in Nigeria over the years have expanded significantly, while the supply of road transport services have fallen drastically. There is a miss-merge between the demand and supply of road infrastructure in the studied area. The research consequently, analyzed the availability and adequacy of road transport infrastructure in Ibadan North local government, Ibadan of Oyo state, Nigeria. Through personal observation and direct measurement of the existing road infrastructure, the study analyzed 31.65 kilometers of roads in Ibadan North.

Problem setting. Ukraine's integration into European and global research infrastructures is an extremely urgent task that is crucial for the development of the country's scientific sector. The problem of integration covers several key aspects: 1. Lagging behind in research: Ukrainian science faces serious challenges, such as outdated infrastructure, insufficient funding and limited opportunities to conduct modern research. This leads to a lag in comparison with European and global countries. 2. Outflow of scientific personnel: Many talented scientists and researchers leave Ukraine in search of better working conditions and career development abroad. This creates a shortage of qualified personnel and reduces the competitiveness of the scientific community, etc. Analysis of recent researches and publications. Among domestic scholars, attention is drawn to the works of: Pavliutina Y., Holovashchenko O., Shapovalova O., etc. Publications in journals such as Research Policy and Science and Public Policy emphasise the importance of Ukraine's participation in EU programmes such as Horizon Europe to improve the competitiveness of its science. Studies conducted under such programmes show that Ukraine has the opportunity to participate in international projects, gaining access to funding and new technologies. Target of research. To study and analyse the process of Ukraine's integration into European and global research infrastructures, to identify the main challenges and opportunities that arise in this context, and to assess the impact of integration on the development of scientific activity in Ukraine. The article aims to emphasise the importance of international cooperation in science, identify key strategies to improve access of Ukrainian researchers to global research networks and resources, and consider the role of public policy and funding in supporting this integration. Article’s main body. Ukraine's integration into European and global research infrastructures is an important stage in the development of the country's scientific activities and innovation potential in the international arena. In today's world, science and technology are becoming key factors for economic growth, social progress and national security. This provides Ukrainian researchers with access to modern technologies, resources and international collaborations. Ukraine has a strong scientific base consisting of numerous universities, research institutions and research laboratories. However, despite its considerable scientific potential, the country faces a number of challenges, such as insufficient funding for science, outflow of personnel, outdated infrastructure and limited access to international projects. Ukraine has signed an association agreement with the European Union, which includes a commitment to integrate into the European scientific community. Conclusions and prospects for the development. Ukraine's integration into European and global research infrastructures is a complex but necessary process for the development of science and technology in the country. This will require efforts from the government, the scientific community and business. Only through joint efforts can we overcome the existing challenges and realise the potential of Ukrainian science at the international level.

Human capital is a critical factor of economic growth and economic development. In the last few decades, scholars, economists, and policymakers have paid close attention to the significance of human capital as they have attempted to understand the complex relationship between a country's economic growth, and quantity and quality of its labor force. Therefore, all countries are building up their economy with their spending so that they can achieve sustainable and equitable economic growth. This study aimed to investigate the impact of government spending on education and health, life expectancy at birth and secondary school enrollment on the economic growth of 48 Asian countries from 2014 to 2021. From the diagnostic test and Hausman test, the study found fixed effect model as the best model to describe regression. Due to the problem of heteroskedasticity, a robust fixed effect model was employed. The results found that gross fixed capital formation, government expenditure on health, life expectancy at birth, secondary school enrollment have positively and significantly influence economic growth, whereas government expenditure on education and population growth have negatively and significantly influence economic growth in Asian countries. Most of these countries are facing several economic, political, and social issues and among all they are facing a vicious circle of poverty. The rapid rise of the population may put strain on limited resources, while deficiencies in the distribution of funds for education could hinder economic advancement. Therefore, authorities should consider implementing population management measures and optimizing education expenditures to align with economic goals. Overall, the study provides a comprehensive and inclusive framework for understanding and fostering economic growth in Asian countries.

This research aims to measure the level of influence of processed fish product quality, TPI management, and dock infrastructure on the economic development of Branta Pesisir Village in Pamekasan Regency, East Java Province. Branta Pesisir Village has resources that are used as capital to develop the economy. However, the dock and TPI infrastructure resources are not directly within the administrative area of the Branta Pesisir Village Government and in addition the village community is able to produce processed fish products that have added economic value. Economic development can be measured through economic growth influenced by supporting factors, utilization of marine products, docks, and fish auction sites located in the village area. A quantitative approach was applied in this study with primary data analyzed using multiple linear analysis methods. The results showed that the quality of processed fish products, TPI management, and dock infrastructure simultaneously had a positive and significant effect on the economic development of Branta Pesisir Village by 63.7%, these results recommend economic development of Branta Pesisir Village by empowering the community to increase the value of economic growth factors both directly and indirectly on the capacity of fish products, the quality of TPI management and maintaining dock infrastructure so that these three variables become strong factors driving independent and sustainable economic development.

The State Governance of Intellectual Capital as a Factor of Economic Growth: A Case of the Resource-Oriented Economy of Kazakhstan

The article examines global development trends affecting income distribution and the state of economic inequality. It exposes that the dominant model of neoliberal economic liberalisation turned to be, in recent decades, a powerful factor of the growing economic inequality among different countries and, to a lesser extent, between different strata within national economies. The unfolding of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and radical technological transformations worldwide is becoming a new factor of the potential growth of inequality due to uneven impact of this factor on different sectors of the economy and types of production, and therefore on the dynamics and profitability of various professions. The study shows that the factors of economic inequality growth are matched by countervailing factors strengthening the trend of inclusive development. Technological factors can create opportunities for income equalisation under a properly constructed strategy of technological innovations and strengthening the adaptation capabilities of different groups of workers and different social strata to structural and technological shifts. The author shows that global trends are manifested in Ukraine in a specific way, primarily due to a long period of stagnation in the innovation process within the country. However, this characteristic must be eliminated in the process of technological enhancement of the defence potential, post-war economic recovery of the country on a new technological basis, and adaptation to the conditions of EU membership, bringing development trends within the country closer to global trends and European standards. In this context, an important role, according to author, should be played by the process of active implementation within national economies of the recommendations of leading global organizations and forums dealing with issues of socio-economic development, as well as the guidelines of the European Union’s cohesion policy.

In the context of the global economy and growing competition within the country and on the international market, the development of entrepreneurial ecosystems is an important factor for sustainable economic growth. The author distinguishes between the concepts of “entrepreneurial ecosystem” and “cluster”. In a new view of entrepreneurial ecosystems as dynamic structures that go through the stages of birth, formation, development, maturity, stabilization, renewal or decline, according to the author’s methodology, special attention is paid to the mechanism of prolongation of growth stages due to the influence of clusters. The integration of life cycle theory and clusters provides a new perspective on entrepreneurial ecosystems through the lens of clusters. The novelty lies in the role of clusters as an effective approach that promotes interaction between business, government and science to accelerate innovation processes, create sustainable cooperation networks, attract investment and reduce barriers to entry of new entrants to the market. To substantiate the decision to select the largest entrepreneurial ecosystems, a comparative analysis was carried out for the Novosibirsk Region in the context of the regions of the Siberian Federal District, for the Republic of Tatarstan – in the context of the regions of the Volga Federal District. An analysis of the economic sectors of the studied regions revealed that entrepreneurial companies not only operate in the main ones, but also form related industries. It is revealed that the industry association leads to the creation of new industries of the sixth technological order and the production of competitive goods and services, which creates an additional need for investments for the development of innovation activities by entrepreneurial ecosystem companies. The use of the OTSW analysis tool (according to V. L. Quint’s method) is substantiated. This article will help determine the approach when making a management decision to increase the vital activity of the entrepreneurial ecosystem. The formation of clusters will improve the interaction between ecosystem participants, develop entrepreneurship and stimulate innovation in the country’s regions.

In the modern world, the exchange of various types of information is of key importance and is one of the global connecting factors in economics, geopolitics and intercultural relations. With the increasing pace of industrialization and militarization of society, the exchange of information is becoming especially relevant in the field of management of various types of corporate and information activities. In many developed countries, information technologies are truly becoming a leading factor in economic growth. In the USA, Europe, Japan and many countries of Southeast Asia, the state is taking special measures to promote information technologies in all areas of business and public administration. Therefore, the purpose of the research is to study the impact of the ICT sector on the development of the country using the example of the EEU.

The state, dynamics and development trends of the machine-building industry of Ukraine were studied. The nature and features of the technological component of the innovative development of the industry are determined, the current state and dynamics of the innovative development of mechanical engineering are investigated. This made it possible, taking into account both components, to identify problem areas of the technological innovation development of the mechanical engineering of Ukraine. Within the framework of the study, the peculiarities of the functioning of micro, small and medium-sized machine-building enterprises (MSMEs) regarding the introduction of technological innovations into the production process and their acquisition of competitive advantages are considered. It is noted that the innovative activity of MSMEs is one of the main factors of the country's economic growth and ensuring, in the conditions of market competition, its sustainable economic and social development. The theoretical foundations, the state of innovation processes and their influence on the formation of innovative activity of industrial enterprises are considered. It is noted that innovative technologies are a key factor in the success of modern business, their implementation allows enterprises to maintain competitiveness, attract and retain customers, as well as stimulate their development and growth. It is noted that the Fourth Industrial Revolution ("Industry 4.0") manifests itself in the minimization of human intervention in production, when various systems are combined with each other, data is exchanged and the decision-making process is automated. It was found that, during the full-scale war ongoing in Ukraine, the role of MSMEs in the economy has increased significantly. Micro, small and medium-sized enterprises began to produce machine-building products for military purposes within the framework of a defense order. In the course of the study, statistical data on the functioning of machine-building enterprises of Ukraine during the last 10-12 years were analyzed, the main regularities of their changes were established, and the main factors that influenced this process were determined. Proposed ways to reduce the negative impact of these factors on the development of MSMEs in the machine-building industry, recommendations for the introduction of technological innovations and other components of "Industry 4.0" into the processes of automation of production processes at machine-building MSMEs of Ukraine in order to obtain certain competitive advantages.

Exports are one of the main factors in a country's economic growth, including Indonesia. Indonesian tuna fish exports are one of the leading export commodities marketed in international trade and have a positive impact on the national economy. This research aims to analyze the simultaneous influence of the exchange rate, inflation rate, and FDI on Indonesian tuna exports to the United States and to analyze the influence of the exchange rate, inflation rate, and FDI partially on Indonesian tuna exports to the United States. The analysis technique used is multiple linear regression analysis. The results of data analysis show that the exchange rate, inflation rate and FDI simultaneously have a significant effect on the value of Indonesian tuna exports to the United States in 1990-2020. Partially, the exchange rate has a positive and significant effect on the value of Indonesian tuna exports to the United States. Meanwhile, the level of inflation and FDI do not have a negative and partially significant effect on the value of Indonesian tuna exports to the United States.

The article conducts a comprehensive study of the relationship between innovation, economic sustainability and sustainable development, which are key factors of modern economic growth. The theoretical foundations of these concepts, their interaction and significance for the formation of a competitive economy are revealed. The main mechanisms for introducing innovations in various sectors of the economy and their role in ensuring long-term economic stability are identified. Strategic approaches to innovative development are outlined, which contribute to increasing the adaptability of economic systems to global challenges. Economic sustainability is analyzed as the ability of a system to maintain and strengthen its structure under the influence of internal and external factors. It is determined that economic sustainability largely depends on the level of technological innovations, their scale and pace of integration into production and management processes. Mechanisms for increasing economic sustainability based on the effective use of innovative resources, including financial, technological and intellectual assets, are investigated. Sustainable development is considered as a concept that includes economic, environmental and social components. The main principles of sustainable development are determined, including: rational use of resources, minimization of negative impact on the environment, creation of favorable conditions for social progress. It is proven that the integration of innovation strategies is one of the key factors in achieving sustainable development, as it contributes to increasing the efficiency of the use of natural and production resources, reducing environmental risks and increasing the well-being of the population. Particular attention is paid to practical aspects of implementing innovation strategies in various sectors of the economy. Examples of successful application of innovative technologies in industry, the agricultural sector, energy and the service sector are given. The impact of digitalization, automation and artificial intelligence on the transformation of business processes and increasing labor productivity is studied. The role of state policy in stimulating innovative activity, creating favorable conditions for the development of entrepreneurship and attracting investments in scientific and research activities is considered. The results obtained can be used to develop effective economic policies and management decisions aimed at increasing the innovation potential of the economy. Recommendations are proposed for the development of strategies for sustainable economic development, taking into account modern technological challenges and global trends. The presented conclusions can become the basis for further scientific research and practical application in the digital economy.

Subject. The article is devoted to measuring the factors of economic growth. Objectives. The purpose is to identify and measure economic growth factors in Russian regions. Methods. To analyze economic growth, the study employs the apparatus of production functions. The toolkit is based on the Cobb–Douglas production function, which, with the help of some transformations, takes a dimensionless form, namely, the resulting indicator is the growth of gross regional product, and the index of physical investment growth and employment growth in the region act as independent factors. Results. We built production functions for regions of the Central Federal District, analyzed changes in production functions for individual groups of regions. Conclusions. The findings of our research of production functions of regions of the Central Federal District for 2010–2022 showed less uniformity in parameters compared with the study of 2000–2009. Investments yield less return. The mechanisms of the classical theory of economic growth do not work as effectively as 15-20 years ago. The main economic growth depends on the amount of labor employed in the economy. The shortage of employees can be overcome only by changing the economic structure, intensification of mechanization processes, and robotization of production.

The work examines the tourist potential of the Republic of Karelia, analyzes the tourist infrastructure of the territory, for which the performance indicators of collective accommodation facilities are determined; the dynamics of their quality and quantity are revealed; a comprehensive analysis of tourist facilities by types of tourism of the Republic of Karelia is carried out. Based on the results of the study, an approach to the analysis of the recreational load in specially protected natural areas (PAS) is proposed. This approach allows for scientifically based calculations of the optimal recreational load of protected areas, taking into account the multidirectional criterion of the optimum, due to the fact that an increase in the number of collective accommodation facilities generates an increase in the intensity of tourism in the Republic of Karelia and gives an increase in profits, but at the same time leads to the effect of a decrease in the quality of travel POI (point of interest) of tourists. The proposed economic and mathematical apparatus makes it possible to find the maximum load on the common area while maintaining maximum profit from the tourist segment, which will attract balanced investments and contribute to sustainable development. To ensure the sustainable development of tourism in the Republic of Karelia, it is necessary to monitor the actual recreational load of ecologically significant areas – these include territories where specially protected natural areas are located, such as state nature reserves, national parks, trails and routes used by tourists for walking and exploring local nature. As a result of the study, it is possible to draw conclusions about the importance of maintaining a balance between the development of tourism, which is a key factor in economic growth and attracting investment to the region, as well as the need for sustainable development of the territory to preserve its natural resources and cultural heritage. The Republic of Karelia demonstrates a trend towards positive dynamics of economic development of territories, accompanied by an increase in tourist potential, which increases the anthropogenic load on specially protected natural areas. This trend, in turn, will have a negative impact on the environmental situation of the region in the near future.

Demographic processes have both direct and indirect impacts on the socio-economic development of countries, acting as one of the key factors for sustainable economic growth. In Armenia, changes in population size, reproduction rates, the established gender and age structure, migration processes, and other factors have significantly influenced the country's economic development both during the Soviet period and in the years of independence. The collapse of the USSR, economic crises, geopolitical instability in the region, and other circumstances have led to the formation of a tense demographic situation in Armenia. The article analyzes the main results of existing demographic processes in Armenia, their geographical picture. The problems associated with them are identified and ways to solve them are indicated.

Economic fluctuations affect financial development and even national development trends. A variety of forecasting methods are generally used to demonstrate the rationality and scientificity of economic development guidelines and policies. Among various forecasting techniques, the combination of Error Correction Model (ECM) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) is the most representative and effective. This paper introduces the basic principles and application methods of ECM and support vector machine (SVM) methods, applies this forecasting technology to the research of financial development and economic fluctuation factors, and finally explores the factors affecting economic growth.

The article examines the experience of applying simplified tax systems in the countries of the European Union and the world for micro and small businesses. The emphasis is on the peculiarities of the functioning of such systems in different economic conditions and regulatory frameworks. The key aspects of simplified taxation regimes are analyzed, in particular tax rates, accounting requirements, marginal incomes for being in these systems, as well as restrictions on types of activity. Special attention is paid to stimulating entrepreneurial activity, reducing the administrative burden and increasing the level of de-shadowing of the economy. Examples of such systems in Bulgaria, Italy, Romania, Georgia and Montenegro are considered, comparing their mechanisms and impact on the development of small businesses. In particular, the issues of fixed taxes, VAT exemption, restrictions on hiring employees and simplification of accounting reporting are analyzed. It is concluded that the introduction of effective simplified tax systems contributes to the creation of favorable conditions for the development of small business, which is one of the key factors of economic growth. The article also considers recommendations for improving the simplified tax system in Ukraine, taking into account the best practices of European countries. The author emphasizes the need to adapt world experience to national characteristics, which will ensure effective support for small business, reduce the tax burden and increase the level of transparency of entrepreneurial activity.

This study examines the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan using the Toda-Yamamoto causality test. Following their independence, both countries implemented significant structural reforms to transition to a market economy, recognizing the efficient use of energy resources as a strategic component for economic growth. Kazakhstan benefited from its abundant oil and natural gas reserves, resulting in an increased economic growth rate. In contrast, Azerbaijan fostered its economic development through a growth model centered on energy exports. The research analyzes the impact of oil and renewable energy consumption on economic growth through various models. The findings indicate a significant causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in Kazakhstan, while this relationship is not statistically significant in Azerbaijan. Consequently, the study concludes that energy consumption is a crucial factor for economic growth in Kazakhstan. Furthermore, the research explores how structural differences between energy consumption and economic growth influence the time needed to reach equilibrium. Results show that Kazakhstan achieves equilibrium in a shorter timeframe compared to Azerbaijan. This study aims to enhance the understanding of growth dynamics, particularly in energy-rich countries, by highlighting the effects of energy consumption on economic growth and the implications of different energy policies on this relationship.

A scientific assessment of the sensitivity of the Chinese coal market has become an important research topic. This paper combines Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) and Sobol sensitivity analysis to construct a GPR–Sobol hybrid model innovatively applied to the Chinese coal market, thus addressing a gap in the economic applications of this method. The model is used to analyze the sensitivity of factors influencing coal prices in China. The GPR–Sobol model effectively handles nonlinear relationships, enabling an in-depth exploration of key factors affecting price volatility and quantifying their impacts, thus overcoming the limitations of traditional econometric models in nonlinear data processing. The results indicate that economic growth, energy prices, interest rates, exchange rates, and uncertainty factors exhibit high sensitivity and significantly impact coal price fluctuations in China. Coal prices in northwest China are more sensitive to interest rates and geopolitical risks, while prices in east and south China are more responsive to exchange rates but less so to economic policy uncertainty. Additionally, coal prices in north, south, and east China are highly sensitive to international energy prices, indicating that coal prices are dominated by the global energy market, yet their weak response to macroeconomic indicators suggests these regions is still insufficiently mature.