Set Of Facilities Research Articles

Teleworking, a triangle of perceptions: Managers, workers and family members

Teleworking requires changes in the previous practices associated with its actors: managers, workers and family members. Not being able to assimilate these changes can affect the satisfaction of each one and generate a set of unfavorable effects in the different roles. In this research, through a survey applied to 321 participants from nine Ecuadorian provinces, assuming an infinite population and ensuring a researcher error of less than 10%, the level of satisfaction of the three roles analyzed was characterized with respect to a group of associated variables. As a result, it can be argued that although telework generates benefits for workers and employers, it requires changes in management methods and provokes different attitudes in the family environment. Regarding managers, although they recognize teleworking as viable, they perceive that their traditional control methods require changes to assume new practices and must be based on higher levels of trust and the development of a results-oriented function. With respect to workers and their families, they recognize that teleworking gives them a set of facilities, although it could affect family relationships and become a source of stress that affects health.

“…Our support is not enough”: a qualitative analysis of recommendations from informal caregivers of women with female genital fistula in Uganda

Informal caregivers remain critical across the care continuum for complex and stigmatized conditions including female genital fistula, particularly in lower-resource settings burdened by underfunded health systems and workforce shortages. These caregivers often provide significant nonmedical support in both community and facility settings, without pay. Despite their unique insight into the lived experiences of their patients, few studies center the perspectives of informal caregivers. We asked informal caregivers of women seeking surgical treatment of fistula in Kampala Uganda for their ideas about what would improve the recovery and reintegration experiences of their patients. Economic empowerment and community capacity building emerged as primary themes among their responses, and they perceived opportunities for clinical medicine and global health to strengthen strategies for fistula prevention through reintegration. Informal caregivers urged simultaneous investment in women’s economic status and community capacity to build fistula-related awareness, knowledge, and skills to improve inclusion of both fistula patients and their informal caregivers.

Urban green spaces and social vulnerability in Brazilian metropolitan regions: Towards environmental justice

This study assesses the spatial correlation between urban green space and social vulnerability in five Brazilian metropolitan regions (MR), Distrito Federal, Manaus, Porto Alegre, Recife, and São Paulo, containing 20 % of the country’s urban population. The spatial correlation method used was exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) with the Moran index and local indicator space association (LISA). In the analyzed municipalities, the urban green spaces are not mostly concentrated in areas with better social indices. In four MR, the most representative scenario (in terms of area), was the high social vulnerability accompanied by a high number of urban green spaces. This scenario was observed in peri-urban zones in the analyzed MR. The Distrito Federal (containing the national capital, Brasilia) was the only one case where the concentration of green spaces appeared in the most socially privileged areas. Regarding the most representative scenario, the major problem is not the lack of urban green spaces but the absence of a policy for the implementation of complementary urban facilities in such green spaces. These policies are fundamental for turning urban green spaces into places for social interaction, landscape contemplation, leisure, and culture. Therefore, in the context of land use policies, when green spaces are included among the set of the urban facilities, they become promoters of environmental and spatial justice and can reduce inequality in cities.

A two-phase decision making based on the grey analytic hierarchy process for evaluating the issue of park-and-ride facility location

Planning a Park-and-Ride (P&R) system in an urban area of a city depends on a group of transportation planning professionals with different areas of expertise in mobility, agreeing on which criteria or set of criteria are the most important. In addition to analysing the criteria established as mobility policies in the Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan (SUMP), when establishing a set of facilities belonging to the P&R system. To find out which criterion is the most important one when combining the mobility criteria established in the SUMP with the criteria of transportation planners with different expertise, this paper applies the multi-criteria method known as the Grey Analytic Hierarchy Process (G-AHP). In this method, at first the main and secondary criteria are determined at two levels that allow building a hierarchical structure, then transportation professionals are surveyed, and finally, the formulation of the multi-criteria method is designed. The result of the study illustrates the effectiveness and usefulness of the proposed multi-criteria method to determine the hierarchy of criteria from most to least important to solve the problem of locating a P&R system. Also, the results are compared with two different multicriteria methods (FAHP and BWM) to see how they are alike and how they are different. The finding suggests that the planning of a P&R system and the criterion for the accessibility of public transport go hand in hand, regardless of the multi-criteria method employed.

Environmental Design for Urban Cooling, Access, and Safety: A Novel Approach to Auditing Outdoor Areas in Residential Aged Care Facilities

Strategies and guidelines for best practice environmental design typically have a singular focus and intended outcome, for example, green infrastructure management for urban cooling in a hotter climate. However, when applied to specific situations such as aged care, matters such as accessibility, wayfinding, and safety are also critical. Combining various audit tools offer multiple benefits to meet a variety of needs for thermal comfort, health, and well-being, as well as cost-effectiveness. In the absence of such a tool, using a place-based analysis, we developed a novel audit tool for external settings of residential aged care facilities (ACFs) incorporating urban cooling, Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED), and universal design criteria. To determine how ACFs perform in the face of increased levels of urban heat required evaluation of additional urban cooling measures. The Audit Tool was developed and tested in collaboration with ACFs across sub-tropical and tropical areas of Australia, varying in climate, scale, and urban density. Quality of life for residents, visitors, and staff of ACFs can be supported by the provision of green infrastructure to improve the thermal comfort of outdoor settings and, if located appropriately, reduce the need for an increase in internal air-conditioning. The aim of this article is to propose a user-friendly Hybrid Environmental Design Audit Tool (HEDAT) to support facility managers, planners, and design consultants to inform the prioritization and targeting of interventions and monitoring of implementation and outcomes.

The Challenge of Integrating Behavioral Health Care in Assisted Living Facilities

Residents of Assisted Living Facilities (ALFs) often experience a range of psychiatric disorders and behavioral symptoms, the usual care for which is marked by fragmentation from medical care, overreliance on Emergency Department visits and psychiatric hospitalizations, and variable collaboration between clinical and facility staff. Given the high and increasing burden of mental illness and cognitive disorders among ALF residents and the growth of Assisted Living industry, there is a considerable need for the integration of high-quality behavioral health care into Assisted Living and Memory Care facility settings. Geriatric mental health workforce shortages demand innovative solutions in order to embed and scale this clinical expertise in communities whose design may lack clinical infrastructure. Existing attempts to address these challenges are marked by heterogeneity and a lack of high-quality evidence.This presentation will describe two different models of the integration of behavioral health care into Assisted Living Facilities and the strategic planning approaches to their development. First, we will present the development and implementation of a Behavioral Health program for ALF-residing patients of ConcertoCare, an innovative risk-bearing in-home and virtual healthcare provider offering interdisciplinary care to geriatric patients across the US. Next, we will discuss a model of embedding a geriatric psychiatrist and neuropsychologist from an academic medical center into a for-profit memory care facility, including the process of forming the business and care models. Both presentations will address challenges and strategies of approaches to clinical care, management of staff, patients, and families, and implementation of behavioral assessments and interventions. Also discussed will be future opportunities including scalability and need for further research into best practices.

The ability of non-physician health workers to identify chest indrawing to detect pneumonia in children below five years of age in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Non-physician health workers play a vital role in diagnosing and treating pneumonia in children in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Chest indrawing is a key indicator for pneumonia diagnosis, signifying the severity of the disease. We conducted this systematic review to summarize the evidence on non-physician health workers' ability to identify chest indrawing to detect pneumonia in children below five years of age in LMICs. We comprehensively searched four electronic databases, including MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus, and reference lists from the identified studies, from January 1, 1990, to January 20, 2022, with no language restrictions. Studies evaluating the performance of non-physician health workers in identifying chest indrawing compared to a reference standard were included. We used the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2) tool to assess the methodological quality of the selected studies and conducted a meta-analysis following a bivariate random effects model to estimate the pooled sensitivity and specificity. We identified nine studies covering 4468 children that reported the accuracy of a non-physician health worker in identifying chest indrawing. Most studies were conducted in the 1990s, based at health facility settings, with children aged 2-59 months, and with pediatricians/physicians as the reference standard. Using the QUADAS-2, we evaluated most studies as having a low risk of bias and a low concern regarding applicability in all domains. The median sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 44%, 97%, 55%, and 95%, respectively. We selected five studies for the meta-analysis. The pooled sensitivity was 46% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 37-56), and the pooled specificity was 95% (95% CI = 91-97). We found the ability of non-physician health workers in LMICs in identifying chest indrawing pneumonia is relatively poor. Appropriate measures, such as targeted identification and training, supportive supervision, regular performance assessment, and feedback for those who have a poor ability to recognize chest indrawing, should be taken to improve the diagnosis of pneumonia in children. New studies are needed to assess the new generation of health workers. PROSPERO (CRD42022306954).

A service facility location problem considering customer preference and facility capacity

Most facility location models do not take customer preferences into account, and are therefore inadequate for application in service facilities. We construct a model to capture customer preferences and maximize the number of customers served. Given a set of open facilities, customers will choose facilities based on their individual preferences. As the problem is NP-hard, we design a heuristic algorithm based on maximum flow. A numerical study demonstrates the algorithm’s average performance and general applicability.

Students Satisfaction with the Laboratory Services and Facilities in the College of Business Laboratory Areas

Bachelor of Science in Hospitality Management major in Cruise Ship Services is one of the programs offered by John B. Lacson Colleges Foundation-Bacolod. This program provides higher education for students to advance their knowledge and a complete set of facilities for students to use. Several studies addressed the issue of delivering service quality in higher education due to the increasing number of enrollees. As the school undergoes accreditation with the Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities Commission on Accreditation, it seeks to assess if the program meets the stringent requirements continually; hence, it is crucial to carry out this research. The study’s main objective was to determine student satisfaction with the services and facilities in the College of Business’ laboratory areas. This study was participated by 159 BSHM students. A research-made survey questionnaire was utilized through the use of Google Forms. Frequency count, rank, mean, standard deviation, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson Product Moment Correlation were utilized in the data analyses. The findings showed that the expected service quality attributes, when taken as a whole and when students are grouped according to year level and section, are very much visible. The study revealed a very highly satisfying quality of services in the laboratory area.

Challenges in Sewer System Maintenance

A sewer system is an important infrastructure of every settlement. A sewer system is a set of construction facilities used for the quick removal of wastewater from the humans’ immediate environment and its transport to a wastewater treatment plant or direct discharge into an appropriate recipient. In order for the sewer system to perform its purpose properly, its proper maintenance is required. Maintenance of a sewer system is very demanding since the system is mostly underground which makes it difficult to be accessed and maintained. The maintenance of a sewer system can be preventive (regular) or corrective (reactive). The regular maintenance occurs at certain intervals, whereas the reactive maintenance occurs in the case of some unforeseen event. This paper presents the history of sewer systems, as well as basic and alternative types of sewer systems. Furthermore, challenges that arise during sewer system maintenance and difficulties that maintenance employees face in their work are presented in this paper, as well as the ways in which sewer systems are maintained.

The Influence of Spatial Cognitive Model Based on Eye Tracking on Wayfinding Behavior in Underground Parking Lots

Objective In view of the fact that the demand for indoor commercial underground parking lot maps is rising, the effect of underground parking lot map navigation with different spatial cognitive modes on individual wayfinding was studied from the perspective of spatial cognitive modes. Methods Firstly, Unity3D software was used to build the underground parking lot environment, and maps with different types of spatial cognitive modes were used as variables, and single factor analysis was used to record and analyze the number of hesitations of subjects in the process of wayfinding; secondly, eye-movement cognitive data of visual forms were obtained based on eye-tracking experiments; finally, the spatial cognitive modes of users and eye-movement indicators were combined to make recommendations on the design of underground parking lot maps and underground Finally, we suggest the improvement of the underground parking map design and the setting of underground parking related facilities based on the user spatial cognitive patterns and eye-movement indexes. Conclusion The map design affects the navigation effect of users in the process of finding the way in the underground parking lot, and the optimized design method of correlating spatial cognitive patterns and eye-movement tracking indicators is established to provide users with a convenient navigation experience and improve the equipment and facilities related to the underground parking lot for the shopping mall.

APA Resource Document Outlines Principles on Use of Seclusion, Restraint

APA Resource Document Outlines Principles on Use of Seclusion, Restraint

Future for inertial-fusion energy in Europe: a roadmap

Abstract The recent achievement of fusion ignition with laser-driven technologies at the National Ignition Facility sets a historic accomplishment in fusion energy research. This accomplishment paves the way for using laser inertial fusion as a viable approach for future energy production. Europe has a unique opportunity to empower research in this field internationally, and the scientific community is eager to engage in this journey. We propose establishing a European programme on inertial-fusion energy with the mission to demonstrate laser-driven ignition in the direct-drive scheme and to develop pathway technologies for the commercial fusion reactor. The proposed roadmap is based on four complementary axes: (i) the physics of laser–plasma interaction and burning plasmas; (ii) high-energy high repetition rate laser technology; (iii) fusion reactor technology and materials; and (iv) reinforcement of the laser fusion community by international education and training programmes. We foresee collaboration with universities, research centres and industry and establishing joint activities with the private sector involved in laser fusion. This project aims to stimulate a broad range of high-profile industrial developments in laser, plasma and radiation technologies along with the expected high-level socio-economic impact.

Immediate and early engagement of same-day antiretroviral therapy initiation among newly diagnosed people living with HIV in urban Zambia: a retrospective cohort study

Introduction: as Zambia moves towards attaining human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic control, it is clear significant efforts are required to facilitate achievement of UNAIDS treatment targets by 2030. To accelerate progress towards global target of 95% of people living with HIV (PLHIV) knowing their status, country is promoting community-based HIV testing and same-day antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation. However, there are uncertainties of how this strategy affects immediate and early engagement in program settings. To address this research gap, we analysed a programme data of PLHIV newly diagnosed and initiated on ART in community and health facility settings. Study objectives were to estimate the proportion of immediate engagement, to estimate early engagement among newly diagnosed PLHIV and, to examine factors independently associated with immediate and early engagement in care among newly diagnosed PLHIV offered same-day ART initiation.

Evaluating the effects of an intervention to improve the health environment for mothers and children in health centres (BECEYA) in Mali: a qualitative study.

an intervention aiming to improve the maternal and children environment in healthcare facilities (BECEYA) was launched in three regions of Mali. This study aimed to explore the perceptions and experiences of patients and their companions, community actors, and healthcare facilities staff on the effects of the BECEYA intervention in two regions of Mali. we conducted a qualitative study using an empirical phenomenological approach. Through purposive sampling, women who attended antenatal care in the selected healthcare centres, companions, and health facility staff members were recruited. Data were collected during January and February 2020 through semi-structured individual interviews and focus groups. According to Braun and Clarke's approach, audio recordings were transcribed verbatim, and a thematic analysis was conducted in five main steps. Donabedian conceptual framework of quality of care was used to present the perceived changes following the implementation of the BECEYA project. we recruited 26 participants in individual interviews (20 women attending prenatal care and maternity services, 10 per health centre, four companions, and two healthcare centre managers) and 21 healthcare centre staff members (10 in Babala, 11 in Wayerma 2) in focus groups. Themes that emerged from data analysis are perceived changes in terms of infrastructure (perceived changes in the characteristics of the healthcare facilities setting, including the infrastructure introduced by the BECEYA project), process (changes in the delivery and use of care introduced or resulting from BECEYA activities), and outcome (the direct and indirect effects of these changes on the health status of patients and the population). the study highlighted some positive effects on women users of the services, their companions, and health centre staff following the implementation of the intervention. This study contributes to showing some links between improving the environment of healthcare centres and the quality of care in developing countries.

Un/interactive Fish in Posthuman Ethical Design

In the posthuman era, what counts as ethical has dispersed and re-distributed to a nonhuman-centered network that includes nonhuman species and nonliving matter. This paper serves as a resistance and a possible way out against traditional human-pet ownership in therapeutic robot development. The paper consists of research and project-based speculative design that aims to recalibrate human relationships with others through the public interactive project Not-my-fish. In the project Not-my-fish, the others include fish, digital fish, and computers. The project is developed in a healthcare facility setting to offer an alternative healthcare modality with un-interactive interaction and flow as core concepts. The overarching research question is: what would a human-nonhuman relationship look like through the lens of Taoist-posthumanism, and how do we design such a relationship? More practically, how to create a mutually beneficial interactive system with limited human-initiated interaction in human-computer interaction? Firstly, I draw on Posthumanism, Taoism, and Contractualism as theoretical frameworks to form the foundation regarding the human-fish relationship. Second, I analyze and transcribe the theories into the project Not-my-fish in terms of un-interactive interaction. Third, I apply the concept of flow as design guidelines and feature four aspects of the flow in the human-fish interaction: ecological flow (the physical surroundings of the human-fish interaction), sensory flow (the physical senses and perception of humans and fish), social flow (the shared and unique social behavior of humans and fish), and data flow (the system’s memory load and data lifecycle). Fourth, I discuss how the participating parties, such as human individuals, computer-simulated fish, and institutional partners, could mutually benefit from this partnership. The project Not-my-fish rearticulates the relationship between humans and fish and humans and computers. It views the human-fish relationships from posthuman and Taoist perspectives to detach the idea of human-nonhuman ownership and promote reciprocity and equilibrium. Nevertheless, some challenges are presented for human partners and design aspects regarding the transition from human-centered to posthuman interactive media. However, this paper demonstrates a practical way for human society to develop a posthuman design in public interactives and serve the public good at the same time.

VIRTUAL TELEHEALTH CLINICAL EXPERIENCE TO PREPARE STUDENT PHYSICAL THERAPISTS FOR PRACTICE IN A SNF

Abstract Student training was suspended in most post-acute settings in the United States due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Through a collaborative partnership between a university and a healthcare organization we offered a virtual telehealth clinical experience to prepare student physical therapists for practice in a skilled nursing facility (SNF) setting. 35 students engaged virtually for 80 hours with two clinical instructors. The curriculum included eight virtual learning modules along with four telehealth patient encounters that exposed students to interdisciplinary teams in the SNF context. Students completed a retrospective pre/post Self-Perception of Learning Survey. Results demonstrated students’ self-perception of learning was significantly increased implying an improved ability to practice in the SNF setting. This approach advanced student learning in patient care management, interprofessional practice, and telehealth practice in the SNF setting. Future work is planned to expand the program to include 20 physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech and language pathology students.

Incidence of and Experiences with Abortion Attempts in Soweto, South Africa: Respondent-Driven Sampling Study.

Estimation of abortion incidence, particularly in settings where most abortions occur outside of health facility settings, is critical for understanding information gaps and service delivery needs in different settings. However, the existing methods for measuring out-of-facility abortion incidence are plagued with methodological challenges. Respondent-driven sampling (RDS) may offer a methodological improvement in the estimation of abortion incidence. In this study, we tested the feasibility of using RDS to recruit participants into a study about abortion and estimated the proportion of people who ever attempted abortion as well as 1-year and 5-year incidence of abortion (both in-facility and out-of-facility settings) among women of reproductive age in Soweto, South Africa. Participants were eligible if they identified as a woman; were aged between 15 and 49 years; spoke English, Tswana, isiZulu, Sotho, or Xhosa; and lived in Soweto. Working with community partners, we identified 11 seeds who were provided with coupons to refer eligible peers to the study. Upon arrival at the study site, the recruits completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire that solicited information about demographic characteristics, social network composition, health behaviors, sexual history, pregnancy history, and experience with abortion; recruits also received 3 recruitment coupons. Recruitment was tracked using coupon numbering. We used the RDS-II estimator to estimate the population proportions of demographic characteristics and our primary outcome, the proportion of people who ever attempted abortion. Between April 4, 2018, and December 17, 2018, 849 eligible participants were recruited into the study. The estimated proportion of people who ever attempted abortion was 12.1% (95% CI 9.7%-14.4%). A total of 7.1% (95% CI 5.4%-8.9%) reported a facility-based abortion, and 4.4% (95% CI 3.0%-5.8%) reported an out-of-facility abortion. The estimated proportion of people who ever attempted abortion of 12% (102/849) in our study likely represents a substantial underestimation of the actual proportion of abortion attempts among this study population-representing a failure of the RDS method to generate more reliable estimates of abortion incidence in our study. We caution against the use of RDS to measure the incidence of abortion because of persistent concerns with underreporting but consider potential alternative applications of RDS with respect to the study of abortion.

Development of a 30-Day Readmission Risk Calculator for the Inpatient Rehabilitation Setting.

Readmission to acute care from the inpatient rehabilitation facility (IRF) setting is potentially preventable and an important target of quality improvement and cost savings. The objective of this study was to develop a risk calculator to predict 30-day all-cause readmissions from the IRF setting. Retrospective database analysis using the Uniform Data System for Medical Rehabilitation (UDSMR) from 2015 through2019. In total, 956 US inpatient rehabilitation facilities and 1,849,768 IRF discharges comprising patients from 14 impairment groups. Logistic regression models were developed to calculate risk-standardized 30-day all-cause hospital readmission rates for patients admitted to an IRF. Models for each impairment group were assessed using 12 common clinical and demographic variables and all but 4 models included various special variables. Models were assessed for discrimination (c-statistics), calibration (calibration plots), and internal validation (bootstrapping). A readmission risk scoring system was created for each impairment group population and was graphically validated. The mean age of the cohort was 68.7 (15.2) years, 50.7% were women, and 78.3% were Caucasian. Medicare was the primary payer for 73.1% of the study population. The final models for each impairment group included between 4 and 13 total predictor variables. Model c-statistics ranged from 0.65 to 0.70. There was good calibration represented for most models up to a readmission risk of 30%. Internal validation of the models using bootstrap samples revealed little bias. Point systems for determining risk of 30-day readmission were developed for each impairment group. Multivariable risk factor algorithms based upon administrative data were developed to assess 30-day readmission risk for patients admitted from IRF. This report represents the development of a readmission risk calculator for the IRF setting, which could be instrumental in identifying high risk populations for readmission and targeting resources towards a diverse group of IRF impairment groups.

Prevalence of undiagnosed HIV among children in South Africa, Côte d'Ivoire and Zimbabwe: a model-based analysis to inform paediatric HIV screening programmes.

To improve the diagnosis and survival of children living with HIV (CLWH), the World Health Organization recommends testing approaches beyond traditional infant HIV testing programmes. Information about undiagnosed HIV prevalence among children of varying ages in the general population is needed to guide innovative national/subnational case-finding and testing approaches. We used the Cost-Effectiveness of Preventing AIDS Complications (CEPAC)-Pediatric model to estimate the prevalence of undiagnosed HIV in 2-, 5- and 10-year-old children in South Africa, Côte d'Ivoire and Zimbabwe in 2018. We simulated cohorts of children born in 2008 (10-year-olds), 2013 (5-year-olds) and 2016 (2-year-olds). Country-/year-specific inputs for pregnant/breastfeeding women included: HIV prevalence (4.2-32.3%), HIV incidence (0.03-0.24%/month), knowledge of HIV status (27-89%) and antiretroviral drug coverage (36-95%). Paediatric inputs included early infant testing coverage (6-95%) and breastfeeding duration (0-20 months). We projected the proportion of surviving CLWH in whom HIV remained undiagnosed and the undiagnosed HIV prevalence among surviving children of each age in the general population. For children born in 2016, we projected survival and diagnosis of all CLWH through 2026. We conducted sensitivity analyses on model parameters. In 2018, the projected proportion of surviving CLWH whose HIV remained undiagnosed in South Africa/Côte d'Ivoire/Zimbabwe was 44.2%/55.8%/52.9% among 2-year-old CLWH; 29.0%/37.8%/33.2% among 5-year-old CLWH; and 18.3%/25.4%/23.1% among 10-year-old CLWH. Projected general population undiagnosed HIV prevalence in South Africa/Côte d'Ivoire/Zimbabwe was 0.44%/0.32%/0.68% among 2-year-olds; 0.25%/0.17%/0.41% among 5-year-olds; and 0.24%/0.14%/0.38% among 10-year-olds. Among all CLWH born in 2016, 50-54% were projected to die without HIV diagnosis (and subsequently without treatment) within 10 years after birth; 80-85% of these deaths occurred in the first 2 years. Projected population-level undiagnosed HIV prevalence is low and sharply decreases after age 2, with more CLWH dying than being diagnosed. Despite low undiagnosed prevalence in the general population of older children, we project that a large proportion of CLWH remain undiagnosed, suggesting that innovative strategies targeting untested children of all ages outside of health facility settings should be prioritized. Programmes could consider routine testing of the general population of children below 2 in all settings and children of all ages in high-prevalence settings.