Chin augmentation is increasingly performed using both surgical (osseous genioplasty and alloplastic implants) and non-surgical (injectable fillers) techniques to improve facial harmony and profile. However, the long-term effectiveness, complication profiles, and patient satisfaction across these approaches remain incompletely characterized. We conducted a systematic review registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251135340) and reported according to PRISMA guidelines. MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were searched from January 1975 to December 31, 2024, for English-language studies evaluating chin augmentation for aesthetic or functional indications. Eligible designs included randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and case series with ≥10 patients reporting aesthetic outcomes, patient satisfaction, and/or complications after surgical or non-surgical chin augmentation. Data were extracted using a standardized form, and risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane tool for RCTs and the IHE Quality Appraisal Checklist for case series. Owing to substantial clinical and methodological heterogeneity, no meta-analysis was performed and results were synthesized narratively, stratified by intervention type. Fifty-six studies (4,844 patients) were included. Surgical procedures (osseous genioplasty and alloplastic implants) generally produced durable improvements in chin projection and lower-face balance with high satisfaction, but were associated with complications such as infection, hardware or implant problems, bone resorption, and persistent neurosensory deficits. Filler-based augmentation (mainly hyaluronic acid and calcium hydroxylapatite) yielded rapid contour enhancement and high short-term satisfaction, with mostly transient adverse events (edema, bruising, pain), but rare serious vascular complications. Across all modalities, evidence quality was limited by retrospective designs, small sample sizes, non-standardized outcome measures, and inconsistent complication reporting. Both surgical and non-surgical chin augmentation techniques can achieve favorable aesthetic outcomes and high patient satisfaction, but with distinct durability and risk profiles. No single technique appears clearly superior; treatment should be individualized. High-quality prospective studies with standardized aesthetic and patient-reported outcome measures are needed to better compare techniques and optimize safety. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Although prior research has identified population-level trends in facial emotion recognition (FER) in middle childhood, it is unclear whether all children follow a similar developmental trajectory. To address this gap, we used a person-oriented approach to identify qualitatively distinct FER profiles based on accuracy and bias. The sample (N = 3,717, 51% girls, baseline Mage = 8.20, SD = 0.86) came from a Finnish social-emotional learning intervention study, with data collected across three waves (2013-2015). We applied latent profile analysis and random-intercept latent transition analysis to examine FER profiles and their stability across early school years. Moreover, we assessed whether parenting and children's social-emotional adjustment were associated with FER profile membership and transitions. We found five FER profiles: balanced accuracy (14%-26%), sadness bias (34%-38%), positively biased (34%-38%), anger bias (3%-4%), and low accuracy (2%-7%). While the three largest profiles showed moderate stability, children in the anger bias and low accuracy profiles were more likely to transition to other profiles. Compared with the positively biased profile, children in the anger bias profile experienced lower parental warmth and fewer peer problems and showed less prosocial behavior. These findings suggest substantial heterogeneity in children's FER development and link emotion-specific patterns to children's social functioning. Understanding that children may follow distinct developmental trajectories could help design targeted interventions to support children's social skills. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Supplemental Material for Facial Emotion Recognition Profiles in Middle Childhood: Links to Parenting and Social–Emotional Functioning

Aim To review the impact of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists on the facial profile and oral cavity and to highlight their relevance to dental practice.Methods A narrative review of the medical and dental literature was undertaken, alongside review of UK regulatory guidance, to assess the effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists on oral and facial tissues.Results GLP-1 receptor agonists are increasingly prescribed in the UK for the management of obesity and diabetes. Despite their widespread use, there is limited dental literature addressing their effects on the facial profile and oral cavity. Consequently, dentists and dental care professionals are increasingly likely to encounter patients taking these medications without clear guidance on associated oral or facial implications.Conclusion As prescribing of GLP-1 receptor agonists increases, awareness of their potential oral and facial effects is essential for dental practitioners. Improved knowledge will support appropriate patient management and highlight the need for further dental-focused research.

Non-surgical genioplasty is one of the best choices in cases of chin retrusion, and it represents a solution for the aesthetic amelioration of facial profile. Recent concerns arose about the risk of bone resorption and vascular occlusion. Different procedures and products may lead to different results. This study reports the experience of a single facial plastic surgeon (M.G.) using non-surgical techniques to fill the chin. This retrospective study assesses 225 patients injected from January 2019 through March 2024 in private clinics in Milan (Italy), London (UK), and Dubai (UAE). Forty-five patients were injected with hyaluronic acid (Genefill DX 1x1 ml, BioScience GmbH, Dümmer, Germany), 90 underwent a lipofilling procedure, and 90 underwent a Dermgraft procedure, that is, a personalized lipofilling, modified by the main author. Half of the last 180 patients underwent shock waves before fat harvesting. Patients were followed up for 12 months, and facial angles and satisfaction data were analyzed. Three experts scored the results over time. After all the treatments, facial angles were corrected, but the maintenance of the results varied for the different treatments. Notably, at 3 months, the levels of satisfaction were higher for the HA filler treatment, while at 1 year, the levels of satisfaction were very high for the Dermgraft. Liquid genioplasty is a safe technique to correct chin retrusion, with good results and high levels of patient satisfaction. The maintenance of the results varies according to the type of product injected. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

From bite marks to vertical facial phenotype: Investigating the relationship between craniofacial and dental arch parameters using conventional wax and digital models.

Rationale:A digitally planned lingual protocol using a single 2-step offset bend (“digital plus one bend”) was developed to substitute first premolars for congenitally missing maxillary canines, aiming for a cost-effective, reproducible approach that avoids customized brackets and robot-bent wires.Patient concerns:A 31-year-old woman reported crooked upper teeth and a visible retained “baby tooth,” seeking an esthetic, affordable treatment without complex customized appliances.Diagnoses:Bilateral congenital absence of maxillary permanent canines, mild maxillary spacing, and severe mandibular crowding; molar relationship initially class I.Interventions:Management included extraction of both mandibular second premolars and lingual appliance therapy in the maxilla with stock self-ligating brackets. A virtual setup repositioned the maxillary first premolars buccally to clear bracket interference; in vivo, a manually applied 2-step offset in the working archwire guided the premolars into their planned lingual positions.Outcomes:After 14 months, treatment objectives were achieved: resolution of mandibular crowding and maxillary spacing, bilateral class I molar relationships, coincident dental midlines, and functional canine guidance via first-premolar substitution, with a stable facial profile. At 1-year post-debond, occlusion, smile esthetics, and periodontal health remained stable.Lessons:The digital plus one bend protocol provides a simple, low-cost lingual solution for maxillary canine agenesis, avoiding bulky composite bases and expensive CAD/CAM systems. The technique is readily reproducible in clinics equipped with basic digital tools and competent wire-bending skills.

In the Asian aesthetic facial profile, petite and youthful faces are highly valued. Various surgical techniques aimed at reducing the skeletal framework size-such as reduction malarplasty and angle resection-have been widely applied. However, these facial contouring surgeries sometimes yield minimal or insignificant effects. We have analyzed the patient group in which these procedures are less effective and propose practical strategies to differentiate surgical indications for narrowing facial width. In this retrospective study, 110 patients who underwent reduction malarplasty for facial width narrowing were reviewed. Outcomes were evaluated using medical records, photographs, and facial bone computed tomography (CT) images. Data analysis focused on the following facial profiles: 1) facial soft tissue width, 2) bizygomatic width, 3) inter-coronoid distance, and 4) inter-condylion distance. The effectiveness of facial narrowing was associated with the inter-coronoid distance and inter-condylion distance. The coronoid/condylion width ratio (inter-coronoid distance divided by inter-condylion distance) was correlated with both the effectiveness of facial narrowing and patient satisfaction. In the group with a high coronoid/condylion ratio, the reduction in the distance between bilateral zygions did not efficiently translate into decreased facial soft tissue width. Reduction malarplasty can result in an aesthetically pleasing face. However, in patients with a high coronoid/condylion width ratio (indicative of a well-developed ramus and coronoid strut), the effectiveness of malar reduction is diminished. For these cases, correcting horizontal mandibular divergence is essential to reduce facial width. Orthognathic maxillo-mandibular surgery may serve as a more effective surgical modality for modifying overall facial features.

Background: Three-dimensional (3D) facial scanning is an objective, non-invasive method for quantifying facial soft-tissue changes following complete denture (CD) rehabilitation. Reliable quantification of these changes in completely edentulous patients can support more predictable aesthetic and functional outcomes. Methods: This prospective before-after observational study included 30 completely edentulous patients (12 men, 18 women; age 48-87 years; mean ± SD: 67.8 ± 9.2 years) who received new maxillary and mandibular CDs. Structured-light 3D facial scans were obtained at baseline (edentulous, without dentures) and post-rehabilitation with dentures in place, in relaxed posture (RP) and maximal intercuspation (MI). Sixty-five validated anthropometric landmarks were analyzed. Primary outcomes were lower facial height (Sn-Gn), nasolabial angle (Cm-Sn-Ls), lower facial convexity (Ls-Li-Pg), mouth width (Ch-Ch), and upper vermilion height (Ls-Sto). Pre-post changes were assessed using paired-sample tests (p < 0.05). Results: Thirty-four of 65 parameters (52.3%) demonstrated significant post-treatment changes (p < 0.05), mainly in the perioral and lower facial regions. The reported parameters were selected due to their clinical relevance in evaluating perioral support and facial profile changes after complete denture treatment. In RP, upper lip thickness increased from 3.69 ± 0.97 mm to 4.96 ± 1.11 mm (Δ = +1.27 mm; p < 0.0001) and lower lip thickness from 6.18 ± 2.69 mm to 7.36 ± 1.52 mm (Δ = +1.18 mm; p = 0.0408). The nasolabial angle decreased from 116.08 ± 9.17° to 108.06 ± 9.56° (Δ = -8.02°; p = 0.0016). In MI, mouth width increased from 55.72 ± 3.43 mm to 57.97 ± 3.13 mm (Δ = +2.25 mm; p = 0.0102). Conclusions: Complete denture rehabilitation produces measurable, clinically relevant improvements in facial soft-tissue morphology in completely edentulous patients, particularly affecting lip support, mouth width, and the nasolabial profile. Structured-light 3D facial scanning provides a reproducible approach to objective outcome assessment and may support individualized denture design.

The objective of this research was to evaluate some physical charteristics of Muong-Te pigs in Lai-Chau province. The investigation was performed at Ung Thin Cooperative from October 2021 to June 2025. The research was conducted on 361 Muong Te pigs, including 332 females and 29 males, in Muong Te district, Lai Chau province, to evaluate their morphological characteristics. The method of standard observation and measurement were employed to determine the morphological traits. The results revealed that the phenotypic traits of Muong Te pigs were as follows: white spots on the head accounted for 20.13%, while non-spotted individuals represented 79.87%. The frequency of white spots on the left foreleg, right foreleg, left hind leg, and right hind leg were 34.56%, 33.22%, 35.23%, and 35.23%, respectively, with tail spots observed in 15.10% of pigs. The number of teats varied, with 10 teats in 33.89%, 12 teats in 42.78%, and 14 teats in 18.06% of individuals. Regarding other external features, rough skin was observed in 63.64% of pigs; straight hair in 100%; sparse hair density in 54.55%, and medium hair density in 43.94%. No pigs exhibited a mane. The majority had a straight facial profile (94.72%), long snout (60.56%), horizontal ears (91.20%), slim abdomen (89.39%), straight back (79.40%), and well-formed hooves (61.54%). Mean body measurements were as follows: body length 101.80 cm, shoulder height 59.24 cm, back height 58.55 cm, head length 28.66 cm, ear length 13.03 cm, and tail length 28.22 cm. In conclusion, Muong Te pigs are characterized by a straight facial profile, long snout, horizontal ears, slim abdomen, straight back, and white spots on the legs. The average number of teats was 12, ranging from 10 to 16. Their body measurements correspond to those of Vietnamese indigenous pig breeds.

RetinaFace is a multi-task and single-stage face detection model that detects faces and landmarks. However, it has limitations in detecting non-face content in output bounding boxes and mislocalizes facial landmarks for profile faces. To address these issues, Refined-RetinaFace (R-RetinaFace) is proposed. R-RetinaFace adds a post-optimization module that resizes bounding boxes and ensures all landmarks are within them. R-RetinaFace outperforms RetinaFace on SDUMLA-HMT and CASIA-3D-FaceV1 databases. On SDUMLA-HMT, R-RetinaFace achieves an ideal detection rate of 98.02%, a moderate detection rate of 1.32%, and a poor detection rate of 0.66%. On CASIA-3D-FaceV1, R-RetinaFace achieves ideal detection rates of 92.2%, moderate detection rates of 7%, and poor detection rates of 0.8%. In contrast, RetinaFace did not achieve ideal detection on both databases. It achieved only moderate and poor detection rates. On SDUMLA-HMT, RetinaFace achieves a moderate detection rate of 96.32% and a poor detection rate of 3.68%. On CASIA-3D-FaceV1, RetinaFace achieves a moderate detection rate of 83.9% and a poor detection rate of 16.1%. These results put R-RetinaFace a state-of-the-art method for face detection

Introduction. Narrowing maxilla, which occurs as a result of an incorrect functional state of the dental system, can affect the development of general somatic pathology and social adaptation of growing patients. In particular, the infantile type of swallowing (ITS), today, is considered by many authors as a premorbid condition the specified dental pathology. This fact define the need to improve and implement an interdisciplinary approach at the stages of diagnosis and treatment of functionally determined occlusion anomalies in children with tongue dysfunction. The aim of the study : is to analyze the relationship between swallowing dysfunction and the development of dental pathology in children 6–12 aged. Materials and methods . Were examined 326 children (8,1±1,6 aged) with mixed dentition for frequency estimates of occlusion anomalies caused by narrowing maxilla and types of ITS. Clinical examination, radiological methods, electromyography, kinesiography of the lower jaw and the developed method of ultrasound diagnostics of the leading type of swallowing at children with mixed dentition (patent application for invention № 2025107573 dated March 28, 2025). Statistical analysis was performed using parametric and nonparametric methods of descriptive and correlation statistics. Results. Frequency of occurrence of the infantile type of swallowing (ITS) in children with mixed dentition was 42,9 %. Its anterior type was 66,4 %, lateral type — 20,7 %, complex type — 12,9 %. Statistically significant differences were no found between the age and gender of patients (p&lt;0,05 95 % CI). In 88 % of the examined children with ITS were identify incorrect anatomical and functional balance in the maxillofacial region, which most often led to formation of complex malocclusions — in 32,9 % and vertical incisor disocclusion — 29,3 %, in which the anterior type of ITS was significantly more common (p&lt;0,001). With increasing patient age, the relative frequencies (proportions) of the indicated pathologies significantly increase (p&lt;0,05), but we don′t have a statistically significant relationship with the gender of patients (p=0,7 95 % CI). Conclusion . As a result of the comprehensive diagnostics of the dental system pathology in growing patients with narrowing maxilla and infantile type of swallowing, including the new method of ultrasound diagnostics of the leading type of swallowing in children, was determined a relationship between functional disorders of tongue position during the act of swallowing and the development of dentoalveolar anomalies in three mutually perpendicular plane. In 88 % of patients with this pathology showed disproportion in the facial profile and dental arches, asymmetric movements of the lower jaw and the work of the maxillofacial region muscles in accordance with the anterior, lateral or complex type of infantile swallowing.

IntroductionHyperdivergent skeletal class II malocclusion in adolescents is characterised by mandibular retrognathia with excessive vertical growth and clockwise mandibular rotation, which can worsen facial profile and airway-related morphology. Although mandibular advancement approaches are commonly used, they may increase the vertical dimension and are suboptimal for patients with long-face patterns. This randomised controlled trial aims to evaluate a micro-implant-assisted protrusion correction technique designed to flatten the occlusal plane and promote counterclockwise mandibular rotation, thereby improving facial profile and pharyngeal space.Methods and analysisThis trial is registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR; ChiCTR2100054105). This is a two-arm, multicentre, randomised, parallel-controlled trial. Ninety adolescents will be recruited from Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Zhongshan Hospital (Fudan University), and Xinhua Hospital (Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine), and will be randomly allocated (1:1) to the test or control group. The control group will receive conventional anterior teeth retraction, whereas the test group will receive a micro-implant-assisted vertical control protocol with occlusal plane flattening. The primary outcome is the change in the A point–nasion–B point angle. Secondary outcomes include changes in the occlusal plane, incisor and molar heights, and facial height. Measurements will be assessed at baseline, at the end of treatment and at 12 months after treatment completion.Ethics and disseminationThis study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Shanghai Stomatological Hospital (approval no. (2022)006). The results of this study will be made available in peer-reviewed journals.Trial registration numberChiCTR2100054105.

Genial swing orthomorphic osteotomy: a novel technique for retrogenia-associated obstructive sleep apnoea.

Evaluation of facial profile and incisor inclination preferences in orthodontically treated borderline nonextraction and extraction Class I and mild Class II malocclusions.

Skeletal Class-II malocclusion is a prevalent type of malocclusion characterised by either a retrognathic mandible, a prognathic maxilla, or both. The present orthodontic case study describes a 15-year-old female patient with a Class II malocclusion and a retrognathic mandible, accompanied by rotated teeth, increased overjet and overbite. The patient presented with a pronounced mentolabial sulcus, a steep nasolabial angle and a convex facial profile. Cephalometric examination revealed a Class II skeletal base and limited growth potential, indicated by Cervical Vertebral Maturation Index (CVMI) Stage V. The treatment employed a non extraction, non surgical strategy using 0.022-inch McLaughlin, Bennett, and Trevisi (MBT) self-ligating brackets and the AdvanSync™ 2 hybrid Fixed Functional Appliance (FFA). This approach improved the mandible and arch alignment to correct skeletal and dental discrepancies. Treatment resulted in the establishment of a Class I canine and molar relationship, correction of rotations and expansion of the dental arches. Cephalometric analysis revealed a decrease in the A point, Nasion, B point (ANB) angle, an increase in the Sella-Nasion-B (SNB) angle and an increased mandibular length, reflecting significant skeletal advancement. The case demonstrates the effectiveness of the AdvanSync™ 2 appliance in post-pubertal patients when growth is no longer a significant factor in treatment. It underscores the value of integrating FFAs with self-ligating systems to achieve predictable and efficient skeletal and dental corrections, emphasising patient comfort and non surgical intervention in managing skeletal Class-II malocclusions.

Asymmetry of the alveolar ridge in Class II maxillary defects reconstructed by an osseo-myocutaneous flap: A CBCT evaluation.

There is limited data on the relationship between skincare routines and facial skin biophysical parameters among Malaysians, particularly with respect to gender differences. The objectives of this study are to determine various types of skincare routines among Pharmacy students at UiTM Puncak Alam, to determine the facial skin biophysical profile differences between genders, and to compare the differences in facial skin biophysical properties between three different skincare routines: single, simple, and advance. In this cross-sectional study, 115 pharmacy students at UiTM Puncak Alam underwent biophysical skin measurements including transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin hydration, elasticity, and melanin content, using an MPA 580 multi-probe adaptor system. The measurements were taken at the submalar region of the left side of the cheek. There is a significant correlation between skincare routine and skin condition. The advance routine group recorded the lowest TEWL (11.66 ± 2.16 g/h/m²) and highest skin hydration (63.59 ± 11.34 AU) and elasticity (0.90 ± 0.03 AU) compared to simple and single routine groups (p &lt; 0.001). No significant differences were observed in melanin content among the routine groups. Gender analysis revealed that males had higher skin hydration and melanin content compared to females (p &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, skincare routine type and gender influence skin biophysical characteristics, emphasizing the importance of tailored skincare practices for maintaining optimal skin health.

Background: Creating a tragus in microtia reconstruction is technically difficult, and its importance as a visual landmark is uncertain. Objective: To compare the attention given to ears in photographs with and without a tragus, as measured by eye tracking of gaze patterns. Methods: Participant eye movements were tracked (Tobii Pro) while viewing photographs of a profile face and close-up view of the ear. The tragus was absent in half of the images. Gaze patterns were visualized as heat maps, and t-tests compared areas of interest on the face and ear. Results: Fifty adults (27 female, ages 21-83) without medical training participated. While viewing a profile face for 10 s, participants looked at a normal ear for 2.19 s (1.5-2.9) (mean, 95% CI) and an ear without a tragus for 2.25 s (1.6-2.9) (p = 0.81). On close-up view, the tragus received the least attention (0.19 s, 0-0.19), while gaze at the canal increased from 0.82 s (0.39-1.3) to 1.39 s (0.96-1.8) when the tragus was absent (p = 0.02). Conclusion: When the tragus was absent, gaze patterns of the profile face were not impacted; however, the ear canal was more exposed and received more attention on close-up view of the ear. This may influence aesthetic goals in auricular reconstruction.

BackgroundAngle Class II Division 1 malocclusion in adolescents can impair oral health and facial aesthetics, yet evidence on clear aligner therapy is limited. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of clear aligner therapy combined with Class II intermaxillary traction for treating Angle Class II Division 1 malocclusion in adolescents during the early permanent dentition stage.MethodsA total of 30 adolescents (14 males and 16 females; age range, 12–15 years; mean age: 12.6 years) diagnosed with Angle Class II Division 1 malocclusion in early permanent dentition were enrolled. All patients received non-extraction treatment using clear aligners combined with Class II intermaxillary traction. Treatment outcomes were assessed by comparing pre- and post-treatment cephalometric measurements using statistical analysis.ResultsThe mean treatment duration was 28.6 months. All patients achieved satisfactory occlusal outcomes, including improved overjet, overbite, and Class I molar relationship, along with notable enhancement in facial profile aesthetics. Post-treatment cephalometric analysis revealed statistically significant improvements (P<0.05) in most parameters, including sella-nasion-point B angle (SNB), point A-nasion-point B angle (ANB), gonion-pogonion distance (Go-Pog) distance, U1-SN angle, U1-NA angle, U1-L1 angle, U1-NA distance, L1-MP angle, L1-NB angle, L1-NB distance, overjet, overbite, U1-PP distance, L1-MP distance, PTM-U6 distance, upper lip to E-plane (UL-EP), lower lip to E-plane (LL-EP), nasolabial angle (NLA), and facial convexity angle (FCA). No significant changes were observed in sella-nasion-point A angle (SNA), MP-SN, or MP-FH angles (P>0.05).ConclusionsClear aligner therapy, when combined with Class II intermaxillary traction, is an effective approach for correcting Angle Class II Division 1 Malocclusion in adolescents. It not only improves occlusal relationships but also enhances facial soft tissue profile.