Surgical scarring has long been hypothesized to contribute to maxillary hypoplasia in patients with cleft lip and palate (CLP), often leading to a need for orthognathic surgery (OGS). This study aimed to identify clinical and surgical factors associated with maxillary hypoplasia in skeletally mature patients with CLP using cephalometric analysis. A retrospective review was performed of CLP patients aged ≥16 years with available cone beam CT scans. Cephalometric measurements were obtained using Mimics software. Patient records were reviewed for cleft morphology, number and type of cleft-related surgeries (ages 0-16), surgical timing, demographics, and history of OGS. Linear and logistic regressions were used to evaluate predictors of maxillary hypoplasia and OGS. Among 106 patients, 47.2% had bilateral CLP and 49.1% underwent OGS. The average number of cleft-related surgeries was 4.28. BCLP patients demonstrated significantly reduced maxillary width compared to UCLP (-2.87 mm, p = 0.001). Increasing total number of surgeries was significantly associated with decreased SNA, ANB, and facial convexity angles (p < 0.001). Surgeries performed between ages 0-5 were significantly associated with decreased SNA, facial convexity angle, and alveolar length (p < 0.02). Linear regression showed that each surgery beyond three predicted a 1.94° reduction in SNA, 0.81° reduction in ANB, and 2.82° reduction in facial convexity angle. Surgical burden was not predictive of OGS. Greater number of cleft-related surgeries, particularly in early childhood, correlates directly with maxillary growth restriction. These findings highlight the importance of optimizing surgical timing and minimizing additional interventions when feasible.

Background: Three-dimensional (3D) facial scanning is an objective, non-invasive method for quantifying facial soft-tissue changes following complete denture (CD) rehabilitation. Reliable quantification of these changes in completely edentulous patients can support more predictable aesthetic and functional outcomes. Methods: This prospective before-after observational study included 30 completely edentulous patients (12 men, 18 women; age 48-87 years; mean ± SD: 67.8 ± 9.2 years) who received new maxillary and mandibular CDs. Structured-light 3D facial scans were obtained at baseline (edentulous, without dentures) and post-rehabilitation with dentures in place, in relaxed posture (RP) and maximal intercuspation (MI). Sixty-five validated anthropometric landmarks were analyzed. Primary outcomes were lower facial height (Sn-Gn), nasolabial angle (Cm-Sn-Ls), lower facial convexity (Ls-Li-Pg), mouth width (Ch-Ch), and upper vermilion height (Ls-Sto). Pre-post changes were assessed using paired-sample tests (p < 0.05). Results: Thirty-four of 65 parameters (52.3%) demonstrated significant post-treatment changes (p < 0.05), mainly in the perioral and lower facial regions. The reported parameters were selected due to their clinical relevance in evaluating perioral support and facial profile changes after complete denture treatment. In RP, upper lip thickness increased from 3.69 ± 0.97 mm to 4.96 ± 1.11 mm (Δ = +1.27 mm; p < 0.0001) and lower lip thickness from 6.18 ± 2.69 mm to 7.36 ± 1.52 mm (Δ = +1.18 mm; p = 0.0408). The nasolabial angle decreased from 116.08 ± 9.17° to 108.06 ± 9.56° (Δ = -8.02°; p = 0.0016). In MI, mouth width increased from 55.72 ± 3.43 mm to 57.97 ± 3.13 mm (Δ = +2.25 mm; p = 0.0102). Conclusions: Complete denture rehabilitation produces measurable, clinically relevant improvements in facial soft-tissue morphology in completely edentulous patients, particularly affecting lip support, mouth width, and the nasolabial profile. Structured-light 3D facial scanning provides a reproducible approach to objective outcome assessment and may support individualized denture design.

BackgroundAngle Class II Division 1 malocclusion in adolescents can impair oral health and facial aesthetics, yet evidence on clear aligner therapy is limited. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of clear aligner therapy combined with Class II intermaxillary traction for treating Angle Class II Division 1 malocclusion in adolescents during the early permanent dentition stage.MethodsA total of 30 adolescents (14 males and 16 females; age range, 12–15 years; mean age: 12.6 years) diagnosed with Angle Class II Division 1 malocclusion in early permanent dentition were enrolled. All patients received non-extraction treatment using clear aligners combined with Class II intermaxillary traction. Treatment outcomes were assessed by comparing pre- and post-treatment cephalometric measurements using statistical analysis.ResultsThe mean treatment duration was 28.6 months. All patients achieved satisfactory occlusal outcomes, including improved overjet, overbite, and Class I molar relationship, along with notable enhancement in facial profile aesthetics. Post-treatment cephalometric analysis revealed statistically significant improvements (P<0.05) in most parameters, including sella-nasion-point B angle (SNB), point A-nasion-point B angle (ANB), gonion-pogonion distance (Go-Pog) distance, U1-SN angle, U1-NA angle, U1-L1 angle, U1-NA distance, L1-MP angle, L1-NB angle, L1-NB distance, overjet, overbite, U1-PP distance, L1-MP distance, PTM-U6 distance, upper lip to E-plane (UL-EP), lower lip to E-plane (LL-EP), nasolabial angle (NLA), and facial convexity angle (FCA). No significant changes were observed in sella-nasion-point A angle (SNA), MP-SN, or MP-FH angles (P>0.05).ConclusionsClear aligner therapy, when combined with Class II intermaxillary traction, is an effective approach for correcting Angle Class II Division 1 Malocclusion in adolescents. It not only improves occlusal relationships but also enhances facial soft tissue profile.

Objective This study used three-dimensional (3D) stereophotogrammetry to compare changes in facial soft tissues of patients with skeletal class II malocclusion with mandibular retrognathia treated with orthognathic surgery (OS) or Herbst appliance (HA).Methodology This retrospective study included 15 adults treated with bilateral sagittal split osteotomy without genioplasty (OS) and 16 adults treated with HA. The patients were treated successfully, with class I occlusal relationships with normal overjet and overbite. Three-dimensional stereophotogrammetric records acquired in habitual occlusion from before and after fixed orthodontic treatment were analyzed. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were used to evaluate skeletal parameters and sagittal oropharyngeal airway length.Results In HA-group, mandibular corpus length, anterior facial height, posterior facial height, Bº, vertical angle, and mentolabial angle increased; lower facial width, mandibular angle, mandibular convexity angle, ANBº, and Aº decreased. In OS-group, mandibular length, mandibular corpus length, and facial convexity angle increased significantly compared with those in HA-group; posterior facial height, Bº, vertical angle, and mentolabial angle also increased, but mandibular angle and ANBº decreased significantly. Only a significant difference in coordinate changes was observed for the pogonion in the sagittal direction. According to the cephalometric analysis, SNBº and Pg-NA perpendicular measurements increased significantly in the OS group compared with the HA group. In both groups, sagittal oropharyngeal airway length increased significantly post-treatment, with no significant intergroup difference.Conclusion In patients treated with OS, skeletal advancement resulted in greater increases in mandibular and corpus lengths, along with forward positioning of the pogonion. Based on 3D soft tissue and cephalometric comparisons, the Herbst appliance seems to be a viable non-surgical alternative for young adults with moderate Class II malocclusion. Both treatment modalities also contributed to significant improvements in sagittal oropharyngeal airway length.

Introduction: Successful orthognathic surgery relies on the accurate diagnosis of facial, skeletal, and dental issues. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and compare Skeletal cephalometric values for orthognathic surgery in Nepalese adults and to compare with Caucasians. Materials and Methods: One hundred adult patients (33 males and 67 females), with an age range of 18-36 years, were selected for the study. The subjects included had skeletal Class I, Average Growth Pattern, no craniofacial abnormality, and no previous history of orthodontic treatment. The Skeletal cephalometric norms for orthognathic surgery analysis values for the Nepalese population were established and compared with those of Caucasians. Results: All the cephalometric parameters, except for facial convexity angle in females, maxillary protrusion in females, mandibular prognathism, chin protrusion, mandibular plane angle, and gonial angle, were less in the Nepalese population than in Caucasians. Conclusion: The cephalometric parameters in the Nepalese adults are significantly different from those of the Caucasian population. These racial differences, which are evident in this study, should be kept in mind while charting out a plan for orthognathic surgery for the Nepalese adults.

Enhancement of facial profile represents one of the primary objectives of orthodontic treatment, particularly in the light of the growing aesthetic concerns among patients. This randomized controlled trial (RCT) aimed to evaluate and compare the effects of aesthetic (ATB) and conventional (CTB) Twin Block appliances on the facial soft tissues of patients with skeletal Class II Division 1 malocclusion. 52 pubertal patients were randomly assigned to two groups: 26 received ATB, and 26 received CTB. Pre- and post-treatment lateral cephalometric radiographs were used to assess 16 soft tissue variables. The data were analyzed via paired and independent t tests, with the significance level set at p < 0.05. Both ATB and CTB significantly improved facial convexity and mentolabial angles, with no significant difference between the groups (p < 0.05). The CTB group presented significant upper and lower lip retraction relative to the Ricketts’ E-line, whereas the ATB group did not, with no significant difference between the groups (p < 0.05). Holdaway analysis indicated significant soft tissue improvement in both groups. Notably, the ATB group demonstrated greater advancement in the lower lip sulcus (p = 0.02) and less nasal prominence (p = 0.03) than did the CTB group. No serious harm was reported. Functional treatment with both appliances caused favorable soft tissue changes. However, The ATB appliance demonstrated more advantageous outcomes in enhancing the concavity of the lower labial sulcus.Trial Registration: NCT05418413 (14/06/2022).

Background/Objectives: Combining orthognathic surgery with orthodontic therapy is a crucial approach for correcting severe dentofacial deformities that orthodontics alone cannot address. This study aimed to quantify skeletal, dental, and soft tissue alterations following orthognathic surgery and to assess correlations among cephalometric parameters to improve understanding of treatment outcomes. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted on 25 Romanian patients (44% female and 56% male; median age, 28 years) who underwent orthognathic surgery. Standardized pre- and postoperative lateral cephalometric radiographs were analyzed using WebCeph 2.0.0 software. The evaluated parameters included the SNA angle (sella–nasion–point A, indicating maxillary position), SNB angle (sella–nasion–point B, indicating mandibular position), ANB angle (maxillo-mandibular relationship), Pog-N-Perp (distance from pogonion to the nasion-perpendicular line), U1–NA° (inclination of the upper incisor relative to the maxillary base), L1–NB° (inclination of the lower incisor relative to the mandibular base), nasolabial angle, and facial convexity. Statistical analyses included paired t-tests and correlation analysis. Results: Significant anterior repositioning of the maxilla was observed, with SNA increasing from 83.6° to 86.3° (p = 0.019). The SNB angle remained stable, while ANB increased toward normalized sagittal relationships (0.9° to 3.0°, p = 0.060). Soft tissue analysis revealed a slight increase in the nasolabial angle (102° to 105°) and improved facial convexity. Strong correlations were found between skeletal parameters (SNB and ANB, r = −0.852, p < 0.001) and between skeletal and dental variables (ANB and L1–NB°, r = 0.652, p < 0.001), confirming coordinated skeletal–soft tissue adaptation. Conclusions: Orthognathic surgery significantly enhances skeletal balance and facial harmony, particularly through maxillary advancement. The integration of virtual surgical planning and interdisciplinary collaboration improves accuracy, predictability, and patient-centered outcomes in surgical orthodontics.

This study aimed to compare soft tissue measurements derived from different imaging methods—lateral cephalometric radiographs, profile photographs, and three-dimensional (3D) stereophotogrammetry (3dMD) to evaluate the accuracy and consistency in orthodontic analysis. Thirty-four patients with no craniofacial deformities or a history of trauma were selected. Lateral cephalometric images were analyzed using WebCeph, profile photographs using GIMP, and 3D images with 3dMD Vultus software. Measurements included the nasolabial angle (NLA), labiomental angle (LMA), and facial convexity angle (Conv-A), as well as linear measurements obtained from 3dMD Vultus and WebCeph images. Intra- and inter-rater reliability were assessed using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). ANOVA and post hoc tests revealed that NLA values measured with 3dMD were significantly higher than those obtained with other methods (p&amp;lt;0.05). No significant differences were found in LMA values, while Conv-A measurements showed a statistically significant difference between GIMP and WebCeph (p&amp;lt;0.05). Linear measurements between WebCeph and 3dMD showed strong agreement (ICC&amp;gt;0.85). In conclusion, although two-dimensional (2D) methods provide clinically acceptable measurements, 3D stereophotogrammetry offers higher accuracy, particularly for critical soft tissue analyses. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that 3D imaging techniques were recommended for orthodontic and maxillofacial studies requiring precise soft tissue evaluation. Based on these findings, the null hypothesis regarding the nasolabial angle was rejected, while the hypotheses for the other angular and linear measurements were accepted.

A comprehensive understanding of craniofacial growth and development is crucial for all dentists. Variability is a key principle in studying growth patterns. Cephalometrics, as a morphological diagnostic tool, quantitatively expresses this variability and plays a vital role in assessing craniofacial growth and development. This study aims to determine cephalometric principles (skeletal and dental) for the Indore population of India and to establish cephalometric values for children in the late mixed dentition stage. An observational study was performed in the outpatient department over 2 months. The lateral cephalograms of 100 children of 11-13-year age group with normal occlusion and pleasant profile were taken, and cephalometric values were established using Steiner's analysis. Data were processed utilizing SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 25.0, IBM, Chicago. The intergroup comparison utilized the Mann-Whitney U-test. The findings of this study indicated that the children of Indore had mandibular retrusion in relation to the cranial base (SNB - 76.2), accompanied by enhanced facial convexity and a horizontal growth pattern (mandibular plane angle - 21.3). The craniofacial features, which include both skeletal and dental characteristics, can be attributed to either genetic inheritance or the dietary patterns that are acquired from parents. These characteristics are unique to certain ethnic, racial, and subracial groupings, as well as to other community groups. With the growing number of children in Indore seeking professional treatment for malocclusion, it has become increasingly important to define the criteria for an esthetically pleasing and normative facial appearance within this population.

Objective The study aims to comprehensively assess skeletal, dentoalveolar, condylar, and soft tissue adaptations following treatment with the Class II corrector appliance in growing individuals diagnosed with Class II Division 1 malocclusion using cephalometric and pitchfork analyses. Materials and Methods The study was carried out as a prospective clinical study on 14 growing patients (mean age: 12.6 ± 1.8 years) diagnosed with skeletal Class II Division 1 malocclusion, with treatment outcomes assessed using lateral cephalograms following functional appliance therapy. Cephalometric analysis was used to evaluate skeletal, dentoalveolar, condylar, and soft tissue adaptations. The assessment focused on variations in the skeletal base relationship, maxillomandibular lengths, and facial forms. Pitchfork analysis was used to determine molar correction and overjet reduction percentages attributable to skeletal versus dentoalveolar changes. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to analyze pre-treatment (T1) and post-treatment (T2) cephalometric values, with p value &lt;.05 was set as significant. Results Treatment with Class II corrector provides ANB angle with mean reduction of 1.9° and Wits appraisal with mean of −1.0 mm, indicating skeletal correction. Mandibular advancement was evident with an increase in Pg/OLp by 3.41 mm. Retroclined maxillary incisors and proclined mandibular incisors were also noted. The nasolabial angle increased (mean: 5.2°), and facial convexity was reduced significantly. Pitchfork analysis revealed that 48% of molar correction was skeletal and 52% dentoalveolar. Condylar head remodeling and anterior glenoid fossa remodeling contributed to mandibular advancement. Conclusion The Class II corrector (Leone Inc.) appliance produced significant skeletal, dentoalveolar, and soft tissue changes in growing individuals with Class II Division 1 malocclusion, with skeletal effects accounting for nearly half of the treatment changes. It presents a reliable alternative for noncompliant patients.

Background and Objective: Cephalometric analysis is essential in orthodontics for diagnosing malocclusion and understanding craniofacial growth. The Bjork-Jarabak analysis is widely used to evaluate skeletal variations and establish normative data for different populations, Bjork-Jarabak analysis is essential for effective diagnosis and treatment planning. This study aimed to establish cephalometric norms for the Kurdish population in Erbil city/ Iraq, using the Bjork-Jarabak method, addressing the lack of localized data. Methods: The study enrolled 222 Kurdish adults aged 18 - 47 years at Hawler Medical University’s College of Dentistry. Participants with no orthodontic history, balanced facial profiles, and no craniofacial anomalies were included. Lateral cephalographs were taken using the Newtom Giano machine and analyzed with WEBCEPH Imaging Software “A.I. Web-based Orthodontic &amp; Orthognathic Platform”. Cephalometric measurements, including the Jarabak quotient, facial height ratio, and polygon “Jarabak sum”, were compared to Bjork-Jarabak norms. Gender-specific analyses were also conducted. Results: Most cephalometric measurements significantly differed from Jarabak norms, except SNB. Gonial angle, Bjork sum, and facial length on the Y-axis were lower, while ramus height, ANB, posterior and anterior facial heights, and facial concavity were higher. Males had greater posterior facial height, mandibular body length, and ramus height, whereas females had higher facial convexity. Normodivergence was observed in, 85.6 %, with males showing more hypo- and hyperdivergence. Significant cephalometric differences were found between male and female Kurdish participants. Conclusion: The study reveals significant cephalometric differences in the Kurdish population compared to Bjork-Jarabak norms, showing a hypodivergent profile and gender-based variations. These findings emphasize the need for population-specific standards to improve orthodontic diagnosis and treatment outcomes. Keywords: Cephalometric analysis, Bjork-Jarabak Norms, Hyperdivergent profile, Kurdish Population

A 17-year-old female presented with concerns about spacing on her upper teeth, crowding, and facial asymmetry. Clinical and radiographic evaluations revealed Angle Class I malocclusion with a skeletal Class II base, anterior crowding in the lower arch, central diastema associated with a high labial frenulum, proclined incisors, and a deep bite. The patient also had a unilateral chewing habit for the past two years. Treatment: A non-extraction orthodontic plan was carried out using pre-adjusted MBT fixed appliances. Treatment began with scaling, oral hygiene education, and frenectomy. Archwire sequencing, torque correction, elastic use, and bite-opening mechanics were employed to align teeth, close diastema, and achieve occlusal and facial balance. Retention was maintained using fixed lingual retainers. Results: Post-treatment assessment showed improved facial profile, reduced facial convexity, normalized maxillomandibular skeletal relationship (Class I), decreased incisor proclination, and an increased nasolabial angle. However, the lips remained slightly anterior to the aesthetic line. Conclusion: This case demonstrates that a well-planned, non-extraction orthodontic approach, combined with surgical adjuncts and individualized biomechanics, can effectively manage Class I malocclusion with skeletal Class II features and achieve both functional and esthetic outcomes.

&lt;b&gt;Introduction:&lt;/b&gt; Facial analysis is a critical component of plastic surgery. When planning a rhinoplasty procedure, a patient&apos;s current facial proportions, along with factors such as race, ethnicity, age and gender, must be considered. Achieving an ideal facial balance requires positioning these factors harmoniously for each unique patient.&lt;b&gt;Aim:&lt;/b&gt; The aim of this study is to explore the impact of external nasal reshapingfollowing rhinoplasty on facial proportions, aligning them more closely withnormative values.&lt;b&gt;Material and methods:&lt;/b&gt; A photographic analysis was conducted on images taken before surgery and six months postoperatively. Measurements were made using a semi-automated method, where facial topographic points were selected and angles and proportions were automatically calculated and compared to normative data. The study included 93 patients (76 women and 17 men) who underwent rhinoplasty. For each patient, the following parameters were assessed before and after surgery: nasofrontal, nasomental, legan facial convexity, nasolabial, nasofacial, mentocervical angles, Goode ratio, facial height ratios, nasal index and various nasal to facial proportions.&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; In female patients, rhinoplasty resulted in a significant decrease in nasofrontal angle, Legan facial convexity, undernose face ratio and intercanthal to nasal breadth ratio, while nasomental angle, lower facial height ratio and nasal index showed a significant increase. In male patients, significant changes were observed in Legan facial convexity, lower facial height ratio, undernose face ratio and intercanthal to nasal breadth ratio, all of which decreased postoperatively&lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt; The key angles are essential for determining the ideal nasal position and must be carefully considered in preoperative evaluations. While traditional facial proportions are useful, they should be applied flexibly, considering each patient&apos;s unique features and aesthetic goals. The future of rhinoplasty combines these principles with personalized approaches that respect diverse beauty standards.

PurposeThe purpose of this was to construct finite element (FE) models based on computed tomography (CT) data of individual patients during orthodontic treatment and to evaluate the relationship between strain energy density (SED) in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc and the facial morphology of three skeletal patterns (Class 1–3) by cephalometric analysis.MethodsCephalometric analyses were performed on 53 patients. FE models based on the CT images of each patient were constructed, and the mean SED in the bilateral TMJ disc was calculated. The relationships between SED and the cephalometric parameters were evaluated.ResultsSED was significantly greater in Classes 1 and 2 than in Class 3 (p < 0.05). Positive correlations were observed between SED and convexity, ANB angle (p < 0.01), and gonial angle in Class 1 (p < 0.05). A negative correlation was observed between SED and facial angle in Class 3 (p < 0.05). Overall, correlations were found between SED and facial angle, convexity, mandibular angle, Y-axis, SNB, ANB angle, and overjet (p < 0.05).ConclusionIncreased SED in the TMJ disc was associated with clockwise mandibular rotation and superior posterior positioning. Mandibular morphology primarily affected SED, with facial angle, convexity, and ANB being useful predictors of TMJ dysfunction.

This study is among the first to systematically evaluate the indirect anatomical effects of hyaluronic acid injections on the glabellar and nasolabial regions. It focuses on changes in wrinkle severity and anatomical parameters to enhance safety and efficacy. In this study, we analyzed pre- and post-treatment photographs of 31 women with a mean age of 45.97 ± 7.10, who received hyaluronic acid treatment. The study was designed retrospectively. Photographs taken before the procedure and one month after treatment were obtained from the clinical archive. Digital anatomical measurements were performed on these images. The anatomical measurements focused on the glabella (including facial convexity, total facial convexity, and facial concavity) and the nasolabial regions (including nasolabial and nasolabial fold angles on both the right and left sides). Wrinkle Severity Rating Scale (WSRS) evaluations were also conducted for both the glabella and nasolabial folds. Evaluations were performed by analyzing photographs taken before, 4 weeks after, and 12 weeks after hyaluronic acid filler application. In the glabellar region, hyaluronic acid injections into the temporal and zygomatic areas significantly reduced wrinkles, especially 12 weeks post-treatment (P = .004), indicating an indirect improvement in glabellar wrinkles. A positive correlation between age and wrinkle improvement was found (r = 0.601, P = .000), suggesting more pronounced effects in older individuals. In the nasolabial region, significant reductions were observed in both the right (P < .001) and left (P < .001) nasolabial folds post-treatment, with age also correlating with improvement (right: r = 0.693, P = .000; left: r = 0.496, P = .005). The S300 and S500 formulations reduced wrinkles, with the S500 showing greater efficacy than the S300. The findings of our study suggest that hyaluronic acid fillers can indirectly reduce the depth of nasolabial folds, and this effect can be achieved particularly when applied using techniques that are suitable for anatomical and vascular structures. This approach may be considered a viable alternative in aesthetic procedures, as it has the potential to enhance treatment safety by reducing the risk of complications associated with direct interventions.

The aim of this study was to identify the determinants of harmonious facial profile in children aged 12-14-year-old Indonesian with Javanese ethnic group using photogrammetry. This observational, cross-sectional study included 150 standardized facial profile photos of Indonesian Javanese children (75 boys and 75 girls) that were classified into three groups: less harmonious, harmonious, and very harmonious. Facial convexity angle, nasofacial angle, nasolabial angle, and mentolabial angle as determinants of facial profile were measured with Corel Draw Graphics Suite X7. The results of this study were statistically analyzed using the ANOVA test with a 95% confidence level in SPSS software. Facial profile determinants were significantly different (p < 0.05) among groups. Facial convexity angle and nasofacial angle were different in boys, whereas in girls, the differences were observed in the facial convexity and nasolabial angle. In boys, harmonious facial profiles were defined with facial convexity angle (166.87 ± 5.13°) and nasofacial angle (29.91 ± 3.09°), meanwhile, in girls, harmonious facial profiles were determined by total facial convexity angle (113.57 ± 7.71°) and facial angle (168.87 ± 5.78°). Determinants of facial profile harmony in Indonesian Javanese children aged 12-14-year-old were facial convexity angle and nasofacial angle in boys and facial profile angle and nasolabial angle in girls. Determinants of harmonious facial profile in Indonesian Javanese children a valuable data for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment evaluation. How to cite this article: Andini AD, Kuswandari S. Determinants of Harmonious Facial Profile in Indonesian Javanese Children: Photogrammetric Analysis of 12-14-year-old Students. J Contemp Dent Pract 2025;26(2):132-136.

Rosacea, a prevalent chronic inflammatory skin condition primarily affecting the central facial convexities, is categorized into four clinical subtypes: erythematotelangiectatic rosacea (ETR), papulopustular rosacea (PPR), phymatous rosacea (PhR), ocular rosacea (OR). While ultraviolet (UV) radiation is recognized as a risk factor for rosacea, the differential skin sensitivity to UVA and/or UVB between healthy individuals and rosacea patients remains ambiguous. This study comprised 70 patients diagnosed with rosacea and 100 healthy controls. The minimal erythema doses (MED-UVA and MED-UVB) were ascertained using an SUV-2000 solar UV simulator. A comparative analysis was conducted on the MED-UVA and MED-UVB results between the rosacea patient group and the healthy control group, as well as among rosacea patients with varying clinical subtypes. Furthermore, the correlation between MED values in rosacea patients and factors such as age, skin type, antinuclear antibodies (ANA), and the Clinical Erythema Assessment (CEA) scale was evaluated. In comparison to the healthy control group, the rosacea group demonstrated significantly lower MED-UVA (p < 0.05) and MED-UVB (p ≤ 0.001) values. However, no significant differences were observed in the MED-UVA (p > 0.05) and MED-UVB (p > 0.05) values among patients with varying clinical subtypes of rosacea, specifically between ETR and PPR. Patients diagnosed with rosacea demonstrate a decreased minimal erythema dose to both UVA and UVB, suggesting heightened sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation. Consequently, it is advisable for individuals with rosacea to minimize sun exposure in order to mitigate or prevent exacerbation of the condition.

BackgroundFacial aesthetics is one of major motivations for seeking orthodontic treatment. However, even for experienced professionals, the impact and extent of incisor and soft tissue changes remain largely empirical. With the application of interdisciplinary approach, we aim to predict the changes of incisor and profile, while identifying significant predictors.MethodsA three-layer back-propagation artificial neural network model (BP-ANN) was constructed to predict incisor and profile changes of 346 patients, they were randomly divided into training, validation and testing cohort in the ratio of 7:1.5:1.5. The input data comprised of 28 predictors (model measurements, cephalometric analysis and other relevant information). Changes of U1-SN, LI-MP, Z angle and facial convex angle were set as continuous outcomes, mean square error (MSE), mean absolute error (MAE) and coefficient of determination (R²) were used as evaluation index. Change trends of Z angle and facial convex angle were set as categorical outcomes, accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score were used as evaluation index. Furthermore, we utilized SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method to identify significant predictors in each model.ResultsMSE/MAE/R2 values for U1-SN were 0.0042/0.055/0.84, U1-SN, MP-SN and ANB were identified as the top three influential predictors. MSE/MAE/R2 values for L1-MP were 0.0062/0.063/0.84, L1-MP, ANB and extraction pattern were identified as the top three influential predictors. MSE/MAE/R2 values for Z angle were 0.0027/0.043/0.80, Z angle, MP-SN and LL to E-plane were considered as the top three influential indicators. MSE/MAE/R2 values for facial convex angle were 0.0042/0.050/0.73, LL to E-plane, UL to E-plane and Z angle were considered as the top three influential indicators. Accuracy/precision/recall/F1 Score of the change trend of Z angle were 0.89/1.0/0.80/0.89, Z angle, Lip incompetence and LL to E-plane made the largest contributions. Accuracy/precision/recall/F1 Score of the change trend of facial convex angel were 0.93/0.87/0.93/0.86, key contributors were LL to E-plane, UL to E-plane and Z angle.ConclusionBP-ANN could be a promising method for objectively predicting incisor and profile changes prior to orthodontic treatment. Such model combined with key influential predictors could provide valuable reference for decision-making process and personalized aesthetic predictions.

The nose, eyebrow, and forehead are critical elements of the T-zone, vital for enhancing facial three-dimensionality. Many Asians seek a more contoured and sculpted facial appearance by T-zone augmentation. The novel poly-L-lactic acid microsphere and hyaluronic acid suspension (PLLA-b-PEG/HA) has proven to be a safe and effective dermal filler, making it an appealing choice for individuals aiming for T-zone augmentation. To retrospectively assess the efficacy and safety of PLLA-b-PEG/HA injection into the T-zone for aesthetic enhancement. Fifteen participants were included in this study. A comprehensive clinical evaluation was performed, including measurements of total facial convexity angle and radix height, the FACE-Q scales for satisfaction with the nose, forehead, and eyebrows, the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS), and a 7-item satisfaction scale. Tissue in the peri-eyebrow area was examined 12 months posttreatment for comparison with normal tissues. Significant increases in radix height and total facial convexity angle were observed at each follow-up visit (p < 0.05). FACE-Q scores also showed significant improvements from baseline in the eyebrows, forehead, and nose at each posttreatment visit (p < 0.001). The GAIS improvement rate remained high, with 80.00% reported by participants and 86.67% by blinded evaluators 12 months after treatment. The satisfaction rate was 73.3% at this time interval. Pathological examinations demonstrated newly formed collagen fibers and microvessels, with no abnormal pathological structure. The PLLA-b-PEG/HA demonstrates efficacy in enhancing the T-zone (nose, eyebrow, and forehead) with a favorable safety profile.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on the Middle Eastern population, including the United Arab Emirates (UAE), have been relatively limited. The present study aims to investigate genotype-face morphology associations in the UAE population through Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS). Phenotypic data (44 face measurements) from 172 Emiratis was obtained through three-dimensional (3D) scanning technology and an automatic face landmarking technique. GWAS analysis revealed associations of 19 genetic loci with six face features, 14 of which are novel. The GWAS analysis revealed 11 significant relationships between 44 face parameters and 242 SNPs, exceeding the GWAS significance threshold. These phenotypes were previously associated with body height, craniofacial defects, and facial characters. The most significant associations of these genetic variations were related to six main facial features which were facial convexity, left orbital protrusion, mandibular contour, nasolabial angle D, inferior facial angle B, and inferior facial angle A. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first GWAS study to investigate the association of SNP variations with face morphology in the Middle Eastern population.