Face Discrimination Research Articles

Age as a potential modulator of alcohol-related deficits.

Although their individual significance is well-documented, the interaction effects of age, sex, and alcohol use disorder (AUD) have undergone little systematic investigation. Here, we extend prior work interrogating sex and group (AUD vs. community comparison [CC]) by probing the main and interaction effects of age on emotion processes as well as two conventional neuropsychological tests. Main effects for age and group were anticipated; however, interaction effects comprise our primary focus. While sex differences in AUD prevalence are commonly reported, sex differences within AUD samples are inconsistently found. Therefore, we pose our inquiry regarding sex as exploratory. In this study, 54 CC (n=30 women) and 55 AUD (n=14 women) subjects completed a battery that included an emotional face discrimination task, the Trail-Making Test-B (TMT-B), and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). The initial/full models included the main and interaction effects of age (as a continuous variable; 25-59 years of age), sex, and group (AUD, CC). In analysis of the emotional face discrimination task, performance on a non-affective face discrimination task was entered as a covariate. Analysis of emotion identification revealed group and age main (p=.02; d=.53 & .003; d=.50, respectively) and interaction effects (p=.05; d=.41). The latter suggested that age and emotion processing performance were positively correlated in the AUD group, but unrelated in the CC group. Notably, neither sex, main, nor interaction effects achieved significance. Using the full model, analysis of the TMT-B and DSST failed to show sex effects or reveal expected performance decrement in the AUD group. To clarify the latter, simple models including only group as well as correlations between age and performance by group for each task were conducted. These analyses demonstrated the expected AUD-related deficits and suggested differential relationships between age and neurocognitive performance as a function of both group and task. Outcomes across tasks emphasize the need to reframe aging effects, particularly in the context of AUD.

Accessibility of Citizens With Parmalim Beliefs to Civil Rights in Indonesia

The term Parmalim or malim defines the followers of the Malim religion, the contemporary form of the traditional Batak religion. Parmalim (Ugamo Malim) was one of the adherents of the belief long before Indonesia was established as a nation. The Parmalim people face discrimination in their social lives, which limits their ability to access and participate in government policies. This research aims to explain the Civil Rights of the Parmalim Belief Communities in Indonesia. The research method employs descriptive analysis in conjunction with a qualitative approach. The review of interview results as primary data on stakeholders is used to collect research data. The authors then gathered secondary data for this study from journals, books, and documents or reports related to the research topic. Data analysis techniques are used to reduce, present, and draw conclusions. The study's findings reveal several indications of the Parmalim community's problems: First, there needs to be more awareness among the general public about the Parmalim belief community as an integral part of the environment. Second, the state's attitude took far too long to recognize the Parmalim Community in administrative documents. Third, people who follow the Parmalim belief have not received directions and guidelines on where they should seek refuge, resulting in discrimination. Fourth, people who believe in Parmalim's beliefs in education, the economy, employment, and health have limited access, which has a psychological impact. Fifth, the Parmalim community has lost access to natural resource management due to development. As a result, they do not foster an inclusive but exclusive social culture.

Short periods of perinatal acoustic experience alter the developmental trajectory of auditory cortex

Compared to hearing subjects, psychophysical studies have revealed specific superior visual abilities following hearing loss early in development. The neural substrate for these superior abilities resides in auditory cortex that have been reorganized through crossmodal plasticity. Furthermore, the cartography of auditory cortex is altered following the loss of auditory input early in life. This study examined how perinatal exposure to brief periods of acoustic stimulation alters the developmental trajectory of auditory cortex. Movement detection, localization in the visual periphery, and face discrimination learning are superior in congenitally deaf cats. To examine the role of acoustic experience in mediating these enhanced functions, hearing animals were chemically deafened at increasing ages postnatal. Animals had 1–16 weeks of acoustic exposure prior to deafness onset. Overall, >9 weeks of acoustic experience resulted in no enhanced visual abilities. With >4 weeks of acoustic exposure, enhanced motion detection was not evident. As acoustic experience increased during development, the overall size of auditory cortex, and the size of individual auditory areas also expanded. These results demonstrate that increasingly longer periods of perinatal acoustic experience result in reduced enhanced visual abilities and an increased size of auditory cortex.

Speaking “broken” English: linguistic minorities building cross-cultural alliances in US higher education

We draw on our lived experiences as faculty of communication studies from Asia, living and working in the United States, to explore how U.S. higher education constituted our identity as linguistic minorities. We also draw on tenets of collaborative autoethnography, producing insight on three levels of linguistic discrimination against non-standard English accents: institutional quality control of our accents/dialects, disciplinary requirements for publishing in English, and everyday communication with locals. The article highlights the value of collaborative autoethnography as a method of inquiry and reflection in a transnational context, providing a rare account of the ways in which international faculty members’ experience resonates with and transforms local-born Southerners who also face discrimination for their stigmatized dialects. We critique the blind spot that privileges hegemonic English in our scholarly communication and propose listening-oriented communication pedagogy to empower voices from the margins within the academia.

Making sense of glass ceiling: A bibliometric analysis of conceptual framework, intellectual structure and research publications

In life and employment, women face discrimination. The glass ceiling prohibits women from obtaining top management and leadership positions in male-dominated sectors. This study has conducted bibliometric analyses to analyze and highlight the glass ceiling literature. Authors searched international conferences and journals for relevant papers. This study evaluates 1,199 publications from the Scopus database’s core collection between 1988 and 2021 to visualize the Glass ceiling. This research analyses co-occurrence, co-citation, and bibliographic coupling to discover the field’s most important subjects, authors, and works. The extent of the glass ceiling, current publication patterns, significant regions, key articles, and critical publications were also studied. This research reveals that the glass ceiling is evolving. This research delivers vital insights and conclusions on the glass ceiling’s future. Also, rich and developing nations have significant knowledge differences.

The relationship between fair skin and poor serum Vitamin D levels in Pakistani women.

Madam, the European beauty standard of fair skin has plagued Pakistan for centuries. Home remedies and formulated products promising white, youthful skin have increasingly infiltrated homes worldwide, particularly affecting women.1 However, regardless of creams and lotions, nothing guarantees white skin as effectively as avoidance of the sun does. Unfortunately, an unhealthy fear of sun exposure is commonplace in Pakistani homes, so much so, that their effects can be measured. As of 2020, 53.5% of Pakistani women are vitamin D deficient.2 Vitamin D deficiency is multifaceted due to poor diet, lack of vitamin D supplementation, and decreased sun exposure.3 It is important to note that society's treatment of women with tan skin is a possible underlying force that causes women to fear the sun. A cross-sectional study conducted in Pakistan explored how low self-esteem in Pakistani women is directly linked to their beliefs about the colour of their skin4. Millions of women face discrimination in their work environments and social circles because of their skin tone, pushing them to remain conscious of their colour, and further promoting their obsession with fair skin. In Pakistan, a fair skin complexion was found to be statistically significant (p=0.041) in contributing to poor serum vitamin D levels5. As Pakistan shows more hostility towards women with deeper complexions, they are forced to suffer vitamin D deficiency's mental and physical consequences. While the lasting stigma of dark skin cannot be undone overnight, Pakistanis must understand the dangers of fair skin. Women should be encouraged to celebrate their skin tone and be able to enjoy the outdoors, without the fear that doing so may change how society perceives them. Federal and local governments should encourage families to spend time in nature and advertise safe sun exposure while pushing for strict legislation against the marketing of whitening products. The Pakistani beauty industry must shift its focus from white skin to healthy skin. An interracial nation like Pakistan should have an equal representation of all skin tones and celebrate the diversity that comes with the vast geography of its country.

Comparative chloroplast genome analysis of Citrus (Rutaceae) species: Insights into genomic characterization, phylogenetic relationships, and discrimination of subgenera

Citrus species are fruit trees with great economic value worldwide and have been domesticated and cultivated for several years. Although numerous phylogenetic taxonomy studies have been conducted since the establishment of the genus Citrus, the determination of phylogenetic relationships of Citrus species and the discrimination of Citrus subgenera face some challenges due to species hybridization, polyembryony, and asexual reproduction. In this study, the complete chloroplast genomes of 16 Citrus species were de novo assembled, then several unique characters were identified. For example, infA and rpl22 gene losses occurred in Citrus species; the trnQ-UUG gene may have played a significant role in the evolution of Citrus species; the rpoC1 gene in chloroplast genomes of Citrus species was under positive selection; and several highly variable loci (trnK-UUU–trnQ-UUG, atpF–atpH, trnG-GCC–trnfM-CAU, accD–psaI, petD–rpoA, and rpl32–trnL-UAG) were found in the chloroplast genomes of the Citrus species. These variable loci could serve as potential markers for phylogenetic studies. The genus Citrus was subdivided into seven subgenera based on phylogenetic analyses of the complete chloroplast genomes of Citrus species: Poncirus, Fortunella, Papeda, Citron, Cephalocitrus, Aurantium, and Sinocitrus. This study may help with the identification, taxonomy, use, and evolution of Citrus species.

A Study of Gender Stereotypes in Gender Inequality

We are said to be the people of the modern age where we understand our rights and enjoy our freedom, but is this the real case? As we all live in a society or a community of people where we are expected to be someone in a framework of that particular community-based defined guidelines, this can be the case with religion, caste, or gender such situation can be called or defined as stereotypes, in simple we can define stereotypes as a particular type of person. Similarly, in the case of Gender, a gender stereotype is something that categories a person as a male or female or other just on the way they act, behave or handle their personality as every gender is expected to act or behave according to their defined gender and if he or she fails to do so it acts as a platform for gender inequality otherwise called as gender discrimination. Gender inequality is the main tool or a strong platform for gender inequality hence it becomes very necessary to understand gender stereotypes and their impact on gender discrimination and gender inequality. In this research paper, we will try to understand gender stereotypes and their impact on gender inequality. The main aim of this study was to understand the various faces of gender-based inequality faced by women on daily basis because of gender stereotypes. Hence this research paper draws a conclusion from uncovering the two faces of gender discrimination one of them is gender stereotypes and the other is gender inequality.

Primary Care Practice for Gender-Diverse Patients Using Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy

Transgender and gender-diverse individuals face discrimination, bias, stigma, socioeconomic barriers, lack of knowledgeable, and/or supportive gender-affirming health care across the nation. Many primary care providers have not been educated about gender-affirming hormone therapy and the health care considerations using these necessary hormones for patients ≥16 years old. This review highlights basic gender-affirming hormone therapy management with monitoring parameters and some common primary care practice applications for transgender and gender-diverse patients. Evidence-based guidelines, resources, and advocacy links are provided and in alignment with the latest version of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health Standards of Care.

Invited Commentary: From Unacceptable to Intolerable

Invited Commentary: From Unacceptable to Intolerable

Caring for the Transgender Patient: It Is More Than Using the Right Pronouns!

Features| February 2023 Caring for the Transgender Patient: It Is More Than Using the Right Pronouns! Kara Segna, MD; Kara Segna, MD Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Lalitha Sundararaman, MBBS, MD Lalitha Sundararaman, MBBS, MD Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar ASA Monitor February 2023, Vol. 87, 19–20. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ASM.0000919536.69245.89 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Search Site Citation Kara Segna, Lalitha Sundararaman; Caring for the Transgender Patient: It Is More Than Using the Right Pronouns!. ASA Monitor 2023; 87:19–20 doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ASM.0000919536.69245.89 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll PublicationsASA Monitor Search Advanced Search Topics: transgender persons Trans individuals often face stigma and discrimination in their daily lives. Ideally, the health care setting should be a safe haven wherein they can be who they are – but is it always so? Unfortunately, the answer is still not a clear and resounding yes! Why are transgender patients stigmatized by society? The answer resides in how people are socialized to understand and enact gender. According to the Harvard Business Review, gendered behavior is learned. From a young age, boys and girls are encouraged to display stereotypically gendered behaviors and discouraged from displaying non-normative ones. My (KS) kindergartener was amazed that her male classmate's favorite color was pink. There is no biological predilection toward color, yet there is a designation as to what is socially acceptable. Moreover, children pick up on subtle signals from their parents and others who enforce gender stereotypes. For example, when donning female garments during dress... You do not currently have access to this content.

Immediate and Future-Oriented Tactics of Syrian Students in Istanbul as an Integrational Bridge between the Past and Future

This study mainly analyses the power relations between native Turks and Syrian students in the public spaces of Turkey. The bulk of the literature sees migrants as passive victims who face exclusion and discrimination. However, this research not only sees migrants as active agents in power relations, but also examines both present and future constructions of migrants. Drawing on in-depth interviews and participant observation of 30 Syrian students in Istanbul, I show how these students produce immediate and future-oriented tactics. While immediate tactics exist to provide temporary protection in daily relations, the migrants also have long-term solutions for the future with their “make a difference” capacity based on the resources they have. In this regard, “future-oriented tactics” not only protect against discrimination but also offer a means of long-term integration into society. This is an important contribution to migration studies in terms of power relations.

Relational and Distributive Discrimination

Recent philosophical accounts of discrimination face challenges in accommodating robust intuitions about the particular way in which it is wrongful—most prominently, the intuition that discriminatory actions intrinsically violate equality irrespective of their contingent consequences. The paper suggests that we understand the normative structure of discrimination in a way that is different from the one implicitly assumed by these accounts. It argues that core discriminatory wrongs—such as segregation in Apartheid South Africa—divide into two types, corresponding to violations of relational and distributive equality; and that a pluralistic view of the internal structure of each type should be adopted. This normative structure serves to appropriately vindicate the mentioned intuitions; it also contributes to clarifying the normative underpinnings of legal concepts associated with discrimination (including the distinctions between direct and indirect, or ‘disparate treatment/impact’ discrimination, and intentional vs. unintentional discrimination), and developing a more productive public discourse around allegations of discrimination.

APA Board Discusses ‘Roadmap for the Future,’ M/UR Nomenclature

APA Board Discusses ‘Roadmap for the Future,’ M/UR Nomenclature

HIV and access to fertility treatment in the European and Swedish contexts

Across Europe many people living with HIV face discrimination in accessing fertility treatment. This short communication presents an updated mapping of regulations across Europe, along with a consideration of the Swedish context. Overall, the accessibility and availability of MAR for people living with HIV in Europe is complicated and, in some countries, inconsistent. We encourage sharing best practice from countries with less restricted access. We also call for an end to discrimination based on outdated medical knowledge, and for more clearly defined and readily available guidelines surrounding fertility treatment entitlements for people living with HIV.

Predictors of Perceived Discrimination in Medical Settings Among Muslim Women in the USA.

Minority groups based on immigration status, gender, or religion often face discrimination in healthcare settings. Muslim women, especially those who wear hijab, are more likely to experience stereotyping and discrimination in and outside of healthcare, but little is known about the sociodemographic predictors of this discrimination. We examined sociodemographic factors and religiosity as predictors of discrimination in medical settings among Muslim American women. Muslim women (n = 254) were recruited from Muslim organizations in Chicago to self-administer a survey on perceived discrimination, religiosity, and sociodemographic characteristics. Many participants reported that they were treated with less courtesy than non-Muslims (25.4%) and that a doctor or nurse did not listen to them (29.8%) or acted as though they were not smart (24.3%). A multivariable regression model revealed that self-rated religiosity was negatively associated with discrimination. Race/ethnicity trended towards predicting perceived discrimination such that Arabs and South Asians reported less discrimination than African Americans. The current study sheds light on the important role of religiosity in shaping Muslim women's experiences in medical settings and points to the buffering effect of religiosity and the additive consequences of racial/ethnic identity in experiences of religious discrimination.

Gender Nonconformity Leads to Identity Denial for Cisgender and Transgender Individuals

In modern Western cultures, gender is largely viewed as binary, and individuals who challenge the gender/sex binary face discrimination and marginalization. Across three preregistered studies ( N = 1,096), we examine gender discrimination against gender-nonconforming people. Studies 1 and 2 show that behavioral and appearance-based gender nonconformity leads to the misgendering of cisgender and transgender women and men. This was true for the gendered perception of these targets and the binary assignment to gender/sex-based spaces and policies (e.g., access to bathrooms or gender/sex-based leadership training). Surprisingly, whether the target was transgender or cisgender did not affect these results. Study 3 replicated findings for transgender targets and showed that adherence to gender stereotypes is seen as a necessity for transgender individuals who want their gender identity recognized by others (e.g., on official documents or through pronoun use).

Woke culture and the history of America: From colonisation to depersonalisation

The recent racial attacks that took the lives of several African-Americans in the USA have unleashed a whole social movement in defence of the rights of minorities who face discrimination. What began as a plea in favour of the black population has become a convulsive current throughout America, seeking to cleanse its history by disassociating it from its founding sins, which include slavery, but above all, colonization as a whole. This amalgam of revisionist and vindictive currents has awakened a new culture. The Woke movement has initiated the battle for the narrative: they cancel any tendency contrary to their principles, silence freedom of expression and tear down any statue that represents any symbol of oppression or authority, Christopher Columbus at the head. These are the premises of post-modern society: wounded by the culture of victimisation, it promotes ideological tribalism that destroys the truth. We are witnessing a phenomenon that seeks to deconstruct history, resignify the present and depersonalise the future. The black legend resurfaces with new force and America runs the risk of blurring its identity traits. Listening to the voices of experts is essential in order to interpret the shadows of a legacy in the light of truth, which shows us the deep richness of a common culture.

Parallel Universes? Alison Bechdel’s Dykes to Watch Out For (1983-2008) and Diane DiMassa’s Hothead Paisan: Homicidal Lesbian Terrorist (1991-1996)

Cartoonists Alison Bechdel and Diane DiMassa, writing in a socially and culturally heteronormative context, give life to a fantasy: worlds that, instead of excluding dykes from public space, are entirely organized around lesbian characters. Both reflect the debates within lesbian feminist groups, the tensions between lesbian and straight feminists, and the strategies that can be deployed in the face of discrimination. They create utopian (Bechdel) and dystopian (DiMassa) universes that parallel and question contemporary US realities. DiMassa presents a caricatured, degraded version of US society, focusing on its relation to minorities, as seen through the eyes of a “homicidal lesbian terrorist” intent on reclaiming their right to exist in the world. Bechdel’s syndicated bi-monthly strip is a twenty-five-year running commentary on US politics viewed from a lesbian perspective, that also discusses such feminist and/or LGBTQ+ issues as gender relations, the sodomy laws, trans rights, marriage equality, etc., and that shows her characters evolving on a number of these issues, as many Americans have since the 1980s. For all their provocation and humor, these comics from the margins have remained eerily topical.

Dealing With Discrimination in Physical Health Care Services: Strategies of People With Mental Health and Substance Use Conditions

Discrimination against people with mental health and substance use conditions (MHSUC) by health professionals contributes to the poor physical health outcomes this group experiences. We surveyed people with MHSUC in Aotearoa New Zealand to explore how they experienced and responded to discrimination from physical health services. Participants identified 6 strategies used to avoid or minimize the impact of discrimination. Avoidance strategies included not seeking help, not disclosing MHSUC diagnoses and changing or seeking out health professionals who did not behave in discriminatory ways. Minimizing strategies were being a “model patient,” taking a support person to consultations or advocating for what they needed, even in the face of discrimination. Physical health services must focus on providing non-discriminatory care to reduce the need for compensatory strategies and improve care of physical illness for people with MHSUC.