Fabrication Etc Research Articles

Integration of Sugarcane Bagasse and Waste Plastic Materials for Aeronautical Applications

The main objective of this project is to produce a composite using waste and non-biodegradable materials which can be utilized for many applications such as parcel shelves, cabin linings, electrical appliances, window covers etc. Due to high fuel prices, the operation management cost of the aircraft industry has gone high. So, to minimize the cost of management by reducing weight of aircraft components, we can use low-cost composite material developed by using waste and non-biodegradable materials. This work describes the hand lay-up process of the biodegradable & non-biodegradable composite using bagasse fibers, plastic fibers, and the polymer matrix, with different composition of fiber matrix combination and different testing such as tensile, compressive, impact, hardness and vibration testing has been conducted to study the characteristics of developed composite material. As it is an eco-friendly approach, this will in turn help us to clean our earth to some extent. This obtained product has good strength to weight ratio, tensile strength, compressive strength, Impact strength, electric resistance, low cost & ease of fabrication etc.

Design and analysis of organic thin film gas sensor based on bottom gate elevated electrode structure

Environmental pollution especially the air pollution has proved to be a threat to all lifeforms on earth. Due to various anthropogenic activities, toxic and ozone depleting gases are released in our environment (like ammonia, Sulphur di oxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen di oxide etc.). To check the prevalence of such gases in the atmosphere we require sensors that could accurately detect their presence in our surroundings. For the detection of these gases various type of sensors like metal oxide-based gas sensor, optical gas sensor, electro-chemical gas sensor etc. are used. Such gas sensors are largely based on inorganic electronics technology that makes them rigid, expensive, and exclusive in nature. With advent of organic electronics such sensors have become incompatible with modern electronic devices developed with organic materials like smart watches, smart fabrics etc. Also, these sensors are stationary in nature and are operational only in a fixed position. Therefore, a new organic thin film gas sensor (OTFGS) is proposed in this article that could operate at low power and could readily be integrated with the modern personal electronic gadgets like smartphones and smart watches. This will provide the mobility to the sensor and toxic gases could be detected in real time at multiple locations rather than at specific points where stationary gas sensors are installed.

Comparative analysis of SVM and ANN classifiers for defective and non-defective fabric images classification

The present work gives a comparative analysis of two different classifiers, namely, Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to classify defective and non-defective fabric images. The image dataset is prepared by considering all the varieties of fabric materials. The morphological operations, namely, erosion and dilation are used. A total of twelve morphological features are considered for fabric image analysis. Significant morphological features are selected by adopting Feed Backward Selection Technique (FBST) that is applied in the feature reduction process. The overall classification accuracies of 94% and 86.5% are obtained using SVM and ANN classifiers respectively. The SVM classifier is found to give better classification rate than ANN classifier. The work finds applications in apparel industry, quality analysis, cost estimation, online purchase of fabric etc.

In Vitro, D-Ribose and Formaldehyde Glycating Effects on Hen Egg White Lysozyme

Background: Glycation causes severe damage to the protein structure, instigating different diseases like cataracts, nephropathy, vasculopathy, retinopathy, atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative disease, diabetes, and age-dependent complications. Formaldehyde, a pollutant present in human habitation, is produced endogenously or exogenously during cooking or incinerating wood, paints, furniture, chipboards, fabric etc. Its higher concentrations can cause cell damage that promotes the formation of DNA/Protein cross-links. The present study aimed to evaluate the glycating effects of formaldehyde on hen egg white lysozyme in comparison with known glycating agent D-ribose. Methods: In this, in-vitro study, hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) glycation with different concentrations of formaldehyde (0.25mM, 0.5mM, 1mM and 2mM) and D-ribose (0.01mM, 0.05mM, 0.1mM and 0.5mM) was examined using two different experimental conditions: concentration and time duration. Further cross-linking of protein was also analysed using SDS-PAGE technique. Results: Glycation of HEWL treated with formaldehyde increased with increasing concentrations (0.25mM, 0.5mM, 1mM and 2mM) and time duration (1, 3, 7 and 15 days). Cross linking of HEWL showed visible glycation at 2mM concentration. Cross-linked HEWL products gave dimer at 0.25mM and 0.5mM and trimers at 1mM and 2mMat 3, 7 and 15days. However, compared to formaldehyde, D-ribose glycation at different concentrations (0.01mM, 0.05mM, 0.1mM and 0.5mM) did not show the prominent cross linking of protein. Conclusion: Formaldehyde was found to be a more potent glycating agent compared to D-ribose. Compared to D-ribose, formaldehyde can produce protein misfolding and can be used in clinical research to establish the role of formaldehyde in patients with diseases.

High Perfomance Fiber- Kevlar the Super Tough Fiber

In today’s fast growing market, apart from general apparel clothing, some special applications are expected from textile fibers. Such fibers are used specifically for protective clothing and thus require certain high performance properties. This generation of fibers has been recently developed in the 20th century and are called high performance fibers. A class of these fibers have very high tenacity and high modulus which are used in applications such as bullet proof jackets, whereas another class of fibers would have high thermal or chemical resistance which can be used as flame resistant fabrics etc. High performance fibers include polymeric fibers such as aramids, aromatic copolyesters, extended chain flexible polyolefin etc.; carbon fiber; glass fibers; ceramic fibers and metallic fibers. High performance polymeric fibers being used for high mechanical properties should be highly oriented, linear aliphatic or aromatic molecules since flexible chains would give low melting polymers and thus low thermal resistance. On the other hand, carbon fibers are planar graphite structures with outstanding mechanical properties. Inorganic fibers have a three dimensional structure compared to a one dimensional and two dimensional structure of polymeric materials and carbon fibers respectively. They have very good mechanical properties but are brittle and have the highest thermal resistance. However, carbon fibers as well as inorganic fibers (except glass fibers) are very expensive. In the following sections, particularly, polymeric fibers would be discussed in detail. Although in the past there were some research works had done and papers also been published, but this paper just simplifies the things as well as highlight some superb features of the Kevlar fiber. However this is not a research article rather than a review article.

Generation of ultra-long multiple optical tubes using annular Walsh function filters

The tight focusing properties of an azimuthally polarized Bessel Gaussian beam phase modulated by annular Walsh function filter is studied numerically by vector diffraction theory. It is observed that upon suitable optimization of order and annular obstruction ratio of an annular Walsh function filter, one can generate multiple sub wavelength scale optical tubes (optical holes) with super long focal depth. Such a focal system is usable for Nano-lithography, particle trapping and transportation, as well as confocal and STED microscopy, microstructure fabrication etc.

Modeling and simulation of textile composite plates under a punching load

The work suggests a mathematical model of deforming textile composite materials (TCMs) based on aramid fibres under the punching load. This model takes account of peculiarities of deformation characteristics of the considered class of composites: the possibility of deforming without failure at finite deformations, a considerable difference between diagrams of deforming under tension and under compression, a dependence of the diagrams on a loading rate, the presence of pseudoplastic properties of materials caused by pulling threads from the fabric etc. Viscoelastic features of aramid fibres are taken into account as well. In addition, the model considers the damage and breakage of fibres in textile composites in their punching. A problem statement is formulated for dynamic deforming of textile composites. To solve the problem in its two-dimensional statement we applied the band adaptive grid method. The problem on punching a textile composite shield by a hard striker was solved numerically, and the computed results were compared with experimental data on punching the aramid textile composite plates.

Recent developments in “COMPOSITES DREAM” for meso-FE modelling of advanced materials

Composites Dream is a powerful software package of multi-scale finite element (FE) modelling and analysis for advanced composite materials. Composites Dream consists of WiseTex, MeshTex and SACOM which are originally developed by KU-Leuven and Osaka University respectively. In recent years, we are continuously developing some features to generate finite element model for several kinds of textile composites. In this paper, we present the recent developments in Composites Dream including meso FE-modelling of a cylindrical braided composites with inlay yarn, a bi-axial non-crimp fabric with stich modelled by beam element, a layered unidirectional non-crimp fabric etc. In addition, we also present a short fiber modelling capability associated arbitrary orientation tensor.

Experimental investigation and multiresponse genetic optimization of drilling parameters for self-healing GFRP

Self-healing materials heal partially or completely when damage occurs to restore the functionality of the material. Self-healing technology has found its applications in sensors, supercapacitors, solar cells, fabrics etc. Self-healing GFRP specimens were fabricated by embedding microcapsules filled with dicyclopentadiene monomer in glass fiber reinforced epoxy resin. Drilling experiments were conducted on self-healing GFRP panels comprised of varied quantities and sizes of microcapsules under different drilling conditions to find the effect of adding microcapsules in the material on the drilling characteristics. Thrust force and temperature variations during drilling were studied, and it was found that that the microcapsule concentration in the composite had marked effect on both the measured outputs. Genetic multiobjective optimization was employed to obtain the optimum pareto values to determine the optimum thrust and temperature.

Development of Nonwoven Fabric from Recycled Fibers

“Nothing is waste until and unless we know how to use it”. Recycling is a way to process, the used materials (waste) into new products to prevent waste of potentially useful materials. Textile waste recycling becomes more important phenomenon; bearing in mind the limited availability of resources to produce natural fibers as well as fossil raw materials to make synthetic fibres. Recycled textile waste can be further converted in the form of fiber for filling, recycled yarn, recycled woven fabric, recycled nonwoven fabrics etc. Therefore the present study has been conducted to prepare nonwoven fabric by using recycled cotton and polyester fibers.

STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF TOOL ROTATION IN MICRO-ULTRASONIC DRILLING OF HIGH ASPECT RATIO HOLES

Miniaturization is the need of hour as it saves the space, time, material, and energy as well. Therefore the demand of miniaturized features, components and products is rapidly increasing in industries. These micro-products includes the features such as microholes, and microchannels which are extensively used in microfluidics, Bio-MEMS, microelectronic chip (heat transfer) applications and Lab-on-a-chip. These micro-features are fabricated by conventional as well as non-conventional methods. Conventional methods include micro drilling whereas non-conventional techniques are Lithography, Chemical etching, Embossing, LIGA and Laser fabrication etc. Glass is commonly used material in these kind of application because it is chemically inert to most of the materials, have good optical properties, hydrophilic, non-porous suitable for prototyping and inexpensive as well. However being a fragile material, it is very difficult to machine by conventional method. Whereas LIGA, lithography and chemical etching are unable to generate high aspect ratio micro-features with good dimensional accuracy. Moreover these methods are time consuming and costly as well. Laser fabrication have the limitation to produce heat affected zone due to which workpiece properties change which further affect the useful life of product. Therefore there is a need to develop such process which can develop 3D complex micro-features at faster rate without altering the properties of workpiece.

Compact CMPA Design with Application of Air Gap

Microstrip patch antennas are most widely used antennas because of its application in mobile phones, low cost, ease of fabrication etc. These antennas are planar, have applications in defense, aircraft and have so many shapes like rectangular, circular, triangle, square etc. Circular shape is one of the famous shapes among all. In CMPA as frequency increases the radius of circular patch decreases. In this paper circular patch designed at 900MHz & the important parameter like reflection coefficient, VSWR, polar plot, gain (IEEE) calculated. With application of air gap between dielectric there is variation in resonant frequency of the antenna. The frequency get shifted from 900 MHz to 2.712, 2.2298, 2.268 GHz. If the radius calculated for increased frequency the radius is small in comparison of 900MHz frequency that means antenna get compact. The comparison of all four designs has been done. Hence in this paper CMPA get compact in terms of frequency using air gap.

ZrxCo0.8−xNi0.2−xFe2O4-graphene nanocomposite for enhanced structural, dielectric and visible light photocatalytic applications

Zirconium doped nickel cobalt ferrite (ZrxCo0.8−xNi0.2−xFe2O4) nanoparticles and ZrxCo0.8−xNi0.2−xFe2O4-graphene nanocomposites were synthesized by a cheap and facile co-precipitation method. Annealing was done at 750°C for 6.5h. Spinel cubic structure of prepared nanoparticles was confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) technique. Crystalline size of nanoparticles was observed in the range of 18–27nm. Graphene was synthesized by Hummer's method. Formation of rGO was confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis) and XRD. ZrxCo0.8−xNi0.2−xFe2O4-graphene nanocomposites were prepared by ultra-sonication route. Grain size of nanoparticles and dispersion of nanoparticles between rGO layers was determined by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In application studies of nanoparticles and their nanocomposites, photocatalytic efficiency of nanoparticles under visible light irradiation was observed by degradation of methylene blue. Charge transfer resistance was measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and the variation in dc electrical resistivity was analyzed by room temperature current voltage characteristics (I-V). Dielectric constant was also evaluated in frequency range from 1MHz to 3GHz. All these investigations confirmed the possible utilization of these materials for a variety of applications such as visible light photocatalysis, high frequency devices fabrication etc.

Water film coated composite liquid metal marble and its fluidic impact dynamics phenomenon

A composite liquid metal marble made of metal droplet coated with water film was proposed and its impact dynamics phenomenon was disclosed. After encapsulating the liquid metal into water droplets, the fabricated liquid marble successfully avoided being oxygenized by the metal fluid and thus significantly improved its many physical capabilities such as surface tension modification and shape control. The striking behaviors of the composite liquid metal marbles on a substrate at room temperature were experimentally investigated in a high speed imaging way. It was disclosed that such marbles could disintegrate, merge, and even rebound when impacting the substrate, unlike the existing dynamic fluidic behaviors of liquid marble or metal droplet. The mechanisms lying behind these features were preliminarily interpreted. This fundamental finding raised profound multiphase fluid mechanics for understanding the complex liquid composite which was also critical for a variety of practical applications such as liquid metal jet cooling, inkjet printed electronics, 3D printing or metal particle fabrication etc.

Analysis on Magnetoelectric Effect Induced by Torsion Moment in Self-Powered Piezoelectric Material

One kind of like-Magnetoelectric (ME) effect has been observed in the suspended piezoelectric beam when it was subjected the magnetic fields with suitable directions, frequency and amplitude. Its magnetoelectric phenomena were induced by the torsion moment. The moment appeared in the sample surface is sufficient to apply the Lorentz torque force, and thus the mangetoelectric voltage has been generated. Such results could be expected to put into widespread application in the field of self-powered magnetic sensor or transducer, because of strengths of the specimen such as low cost, linear feedback and easy fabrication etc..

Potential for Application of Special Stainless Steels for Chemical Process Equipments

The most predominant material of construction (MOC) for process equipments in chemical process industries (CPI) is plain carbon steel only. This is because of its lowest cost, easy availability, adequate thermal and mechanical properties, ease of fabrication etc. The only limitation is its low corrosion resistance. When corrosion resistance becomes the deciding factor, for overall resistance to general uniform corrosion, the common austenitic stainless steel Type 304(L) SS, 18/8(L) SS, is used. This has limitation with respect to uniform corrosion in reducing acids and to pitting corrosion, crevice corrosion and stress corrosion cracking in chloride containing media. In such situations, Type 316(L) SS, 18/8/2.5Mo/(L), shows somewhat better performance. These are called Standard Austenitic Stainless Steels. Even 316(L) SS shows unsatisfactory corrosion behavior in strong reducing acids, in concentrated chloride solutions at elevated temperatures and in fluids flowing with high velocities. In such cases, if the process conditions cannot be made milder with respect to corrosion phenomena, then there is a strong potential for upgrading the MOCs to Special Stainless Steels. These special stainless steels are either high nickel high molybdenum (~25 % Ni and ~6 % Mo) Super Austenitic Stainless Steels or low nickel (4 to 7 %) Duplex Stainless Steels. With respect to cost, the former are highly expensive than 316(L) SS because of widely varying amounts of nickel and of the presence of high molybdenum and the latter are marginally comparable with 316L SS. It is a common experience in industry that the usage of such special stainless steels is felt necessary only after facing severe corrosion problems in equipments made of standard stainless steels. The purpose of this paper is to present a few case studies of severe corrosion problems analyzed by the author resulting in recommendation of special stainless steel as the corrosion preventive step. The following case studies would be presented. Fertilizer Industry, Ammonia plant, Synthesis Gas Coolers Petrochemical Plant, Proprietary Amine manufacturing Reactor in the presence of Orthophosphoric Acid Petrochemical Plant, Proprietary Amine manufacturing process, Ammonia recovery column. Petrochemical Plant, Reboiler Tubes processing concentrated acetic acid.

Carbon Fiber Application Analysis in the Apparel Field

As a new chemical material, carbon fiber is widely used in national defense and civil industries due to the strong tensile strength of carbon and the flexibility and workability of fiber. Through collecting and sorting relevant data, this paper summarized and analyzed the application of carbon fiber in apparel industry, especially in the field of electrical heating clothing, meanwhile pointed out a few issues to be solved for carbon fiber heating clothing in terms of safety, buttery durability, construction and fabric etc.

Determination of Platinum in Human Plasma by Microchip-based Nanoflow Injection and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

Abstract A microfluidic chip-based nanoflow injection system was set up for inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The sample plug loaded into the sampling channel of the microchip was driven into ICP-MS, as soon as the multi-functional valve was changed from the load position to the inject position. The sample plug shape depends on the sampling channel. 40–200 nL sample was introduced into ICP-MS with 5–25 mm sampling channel. The proposed microchip-based nanoflow injection sampling system offers many advantages such as low sample consumption, satisfactory precisions (less than 3.0%), low sampling dead volume (nearly zero) and easy fabrication etc. With 200-nL sampling volume and a flow rate of 20 μL min −1 for the carrier, a peak profile with the highest peak height within the shortest time was obtained. The absolute detection limit of the chip-based nanoflow injection sampling system for 195 Pt was 2.54 fg under the optimized conditions, which was improved by a factor of 3200 in comparison with the conventional sampling system. A sample throughput of 48 h −1 was obtained with the nanoflow injection sampling system. Relative standard deviations of peak heights of 10 replicate trials of 10 μg L −1 standard solution and the human plasma sample S1 were 1.71% and 2.65%, respectively. The contents of platinum in six human plasma samples detected by the proposed method agreed well with those by the conventional sampling system, and the recoveries of six plasma samples ranged from 94.3% to 103.0%. These results indicate the good accuracy of the present method.

GDCh-Intensive Course Surfactants: Detergents, Cosmetics, Technical Applications

For many years the training programme of the German Chemical Society GDCh did not contain a training course on surfactants although both production and use of surfactants play a major role in Germany and interest was there from diverse sides. The sector group “Detergents” (Fachgruppe Waschmittelchemie) of GDCh was recently asked to provide such a course. After setting up a one-day course in Idstein under guidance of Professor Dr. Thomas Knepper and with contributions from experts from the Fachgruppe Waschmittelchemie in 2009 and 2010, the high interest in this event allowed the GDCh to establish a more intense two day course which covers the full spectrum of surfactant technologies including the Personal Care area. This was realised in September 2010 in Essen in the premises of Evonik Goldschmidt GmbH with a broad participation of leading scientists from surfactant research and specialists from the organising company. The participation in this course was again excellent. The participants from Germany and Switzerland came from diverse companies who produce or use surfactants. On day 1, after the welcoming words of Dr. Stefan Silber, Head of the Innovation Management and R & D of Evonik’s Business Unit Consumer Specialties and Dr. Felix M ller, Evonik Goldschmidt GmbH as the organizer of the training course, Professor Dr. Heinz Rehage from Technical University Dortmund started with the general introduction on surfactants and adressed phenomena like micells, CMC and did progress very quickly into the details of modern rheology and the options to study surfactant behaviour in detail making vesicles and liposomes visible and understandable. He went into video-enhanced contrast microscopy, NMR-spectroscopy and isothermal titration calometry as means to visualize surfactant properties. Prof. Dr. Cosima Stubenrauch from Stuttgart University continued with a detailed introduction into the secrets of emulsions and microemulsions, their applications and analytics. She addressed stability issues of emulsions as well as modern technologies like PIT emulsions and went thoroughly through the unique world of microemulsions and their special features. The stability of microemulsions was explained and their special phase diagrams. The third presentation was given by Dr. Peter Schmiedel from Henkel KGaA, who described in depth the current composition of the diverse laundry detergent products on the market, from European powder liquid systems to fabric softeners and special detergents for wool, black fabrics etc. He detailed the mechanisms of bleaching and dye transfer inhibition. He explained as well the actions and synergisms of various ingredients and gave an outlook for the further development of the laundry detergents in different parts of the world. Professor Dr. Thomas Knepper from Fresenius University in Idstein gave his insights into the special problems of surfactant analytics and explained the special environmental background of the fate of surfactants that will be usually intentionally released into wastewater and explained with examples from the Philippines what consequences the use of nonbiodegradable surfactants has for ground water pollution. He focussed as well especially on fluorinated surfactants and the approaches to avoid the bioaccumulation of these materials. Dr. Bernd Glassl from Industrieverband Kosmetik und Waschmittel (IKW, German industry group cosmetics and detergents) in Frankfurt gave finally on the first day an introduction into the special legal situation of surfactants in laundry and cosmetics, a field where European and German law contributes to a lot of details to observe when formulating products. He explained the different biodegradation test protocols and their respective use in different directives. The discussion of the contributions added value for the participants as fairly detailed questions and problems were well solved and addressed by the presenters. On the second day, it was Dr. Joachim Venzmer of Evonik Goldschmidt GmbH, Essen, who started with a presentation on silicone surfactants. He addressed properties and technical applications of this interesting surfactant class far beyond what is found in text books and explained state of art superspreading technology for agricultural applications as well as wetting and release coating, paint wetting and spreading of cosmetic oil explained some of the unique features of silicone surfactants. Dr. Sascha Herrwerth of Evonik Goldschmidt GmbH continued with a presentation on Rinse-Off cosmetic for hairand body cleansing, detailing formulas and explaining effects and properties which are under demand by consumers like foaming, mildness, conditioning and the demands which arise from new ingredients in Personal Care formulations. A special focus was on conditioning agents for shampoos as well as conditioning rinses to be used after washing the hair. The proper viscosity control was addressed as well and how to avoid the problems for rinse-off products at elevated temperatures (the sport-bag-effect). CONFERENCE AND MEETING REPORT

P‐114: A Novel Curved LCD with Highly Durable and Slim Profile

AbstractWe have developed curved liquid crystal display with highly durable glass substrates which are pretreated. Thin glasses lower than 0.5 mm thickness are too breakable to be applied to the mass production of LCDs. Thin Glass substrates for TFT‐LCD can be damaged by abnormal distortion during the process or curved LCD fabrication etc. A novel cell was prepared by lamination of flexible plastic or chemical treatment on the glass surface after polishing from 0.5 mm to 0.1 mm. We have developed 10.1 inch HDS‐LCD (highly durable and slim LCD) with 0.15 mm glass substrate, radius of curvature and maximum endurance weight are 33 cm and 2.8 kgf, respectively.