Opening Of Eyes Research Articles

Clonidine or remifentanil for adequate surgical conditions in patients undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery: a randomized study.

BackgroundDeliberate hypotension is one way to achieve a bloodless surgical field in endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). We compared two anaesthesia regimens to induce deliberate hypotension and attempted to determine the most efficient one.MethodsFifty-nine patients undergoing ESS were minimized into two groups. In the CLO group, patients received I.V. sufentanil 0.15 µg/kg together with I.V. clonidine 2–3 µg/kg. In the REMI group, patients received remifentanil at a rate of up to 1 µg/kg/min. Fromme scores were collected 15 min after the incision and at the end of the procedure. Mean arterial pressure readings (MAP), heart rate readings, time to eyes opening, time to extubation, pain scores, analgesic requirements, and oxygen needs were collected and compared.ResultsThere were no significant differences in Fromme scores between the two groups. The averaged MAP from 15 min to the end of the procedure was significantly lower in the REMI group; these patients also received more ephedrine. Significantly fewer patients in the CLO group needed oxygen therapy to keep their Pulse Oximeter Oxygen Saturation within 3% of their preoperative values. Patients in this group also needed less piritramide in the recovery room, and their pain scores were lower at discharge from the recovery room.DiscussionAlthough both anaesthesia regimens offered a similar quality of surgical field, this study suggests that clonidine had a better average safety profile. Furthermore, patients who received this regimen required fewer painkillers immediately after surgery.

Reactivity of alpha rhythms to eyes opening (the Berger effect) during menstrual cycle phases

The impact of the menstrual cycle on the alpha EEG reactivity to eyes opening (Berger effect) was studied in relation to hormonal and EMG indices. Repeated measurements of salivary progesterone and cortisol, forehead EMG, and EEG alpha-activity indices in 76 healthy women aged 18–27 were obtained in resting eyes closed (1min) and eyes open (30s) conditions. Ten recording sessions occurred, at 2–3day intervals, during 1–2 menstrual cycles. For example, if a participant had a menstrual cycle length of 30–32days, she could finish the investigation during 1cycle, but if she had a 24day cycle, she would finish the investigation over 1 1/2cycles. 6 women extended their investigation into a second cycle. The personal points of each woman's phase data were averaged before being used in group analyses.EEG and EMG responses to eyes open showed that magnitude of α-1 amplitude suppression corresponds to increasing EMG and salivary cortisol concentration only at the Follicular phase, when low alpha frequency waves are dominant in combination with low progesterone level. The magnitude of alpha suppression in response to eyes open in the upper α-2 frequency range does not vary with the menstrual cycle. The Luteal phase corresponds to the highest level of salivary progesterone and is associated with enhancement of the α-bandwidth. The most prominent reaction of salivary cortisol level, forehead EMG, and alpha EEG power to opening of the eyes occurs in the Follicular phase. This research reveals the dependence of the EEG Berger effect on the hormonal state and EEG alpha frequency.

FOUR Score Predicts Early Outcome in Patients After Traumatic Brain Injury.

The aim of the study was to determine whether the Full Outline of UnResponsiveness (FOUR) score, which includes eyes opening (E), motor function (M), brainstem reflex (B), and respiratory pattern (R), can be used as an alternate method to the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) in predicting intensive care unit (ICU) mortality in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients. From January 2015 to June 2015, patients with isolated TBI admitted to the ICU were enrolled. Three advanced practice nurses administered the FOUR score, GCS, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II), and Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System (TISS) concurrently from ICU admissions. The endpoint of observation was mortality when the patients left the ICU. Data are presented as frequency with percentages, mean with standard deviation, or median with interquartile range. Each measurement tool used area under the receiver operating characteristic curve to compare the predictive power between these four tools. In addition, the difference between survival and death was estimated using the Wilcoxon rank sum test. From 55 TBI patients, males (72.73%) were represented more than females, the mean age was 63.1±17.9, and 19 of 55 observations (35%) had a maximum FOUR score of 16. The overall mortality rate was 14.6%. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 74.47% for the FOUR score, 74.73% for the GCS, 81.78% for the APACHE II, and 53.32% for the TISS. The FOUR score has similar predictive power of mortality compared to the GCS and APACHE II. Each of the parameters-E, M, B, and R-of the FOUR score showed a significant difference between mortality and survival group, while the verbal and eye-opening components of the GCS did not. Having similar predictive power of mortality compared to the GCS and APACHE II, the FOUR score can be used as an alternative in the prediction of early mortality in TBI patients in the ICU.

Expanded Safety and Efficacy Data for a New Method of Performing Electroconvulsive Therapy: Focal Electrically Administered Seizure Therapy.

ObjectiveElectroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is the most rapid and effective antidepressant treatment but with concerns about cognitive adverse effects. A new form of ECT, focal electrically administered seizure therapy (FEAST), was designed to increase the focality of stimulation and better match stimulus parameters with neurophysiology. We recently reported on the safety and feasibility of FEAST in a cohort (n = 17) of depressed patients. We now report on the safety, feasibility, preliminary efficacy, and cognitive effects of FEAST in a new cohort.MethodsOpen-label FEAST was administered to 20 depressed adults (6 men; 3 with bipolar disorder; age 49.1 ± 10.6 years). Clinical and cognitive assessments were obtained at baseline and end of course. Time to orientation recovery was assessed at each treatment. Nonresponders switched to conventional ECT.ResultsParticipants tolerated the treatment well with no dropouts. Five patients (25%) transitioned from FEAST to conventional ECT due to inadequate response. After FEAST (mean, 9.3 ± 3.5 sessions; range, 4–14), there was a 58.1% ± 36.0% improvement in Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression scores compared with that in the baseline (P < 0.0001); 13 (65%) of 20 patients met response criteria, and 11 (55%) of 20 met remission criteria. Patients achieved reorientation (4 of 5 items) in 4.4 ± 3.0 minutes (median, 4.5 minutes), timed from eyes opening. There was no deterioration in neuropsychological measures.ConclusionsThese findings provide further support for the safety and efficacy of FEAST. The remission and response rates were in the range found using conventional ECT, and the time to reorientation may be quicker. However, without a randomized comparison group, conclusions are tentative.

Abstract PR256

Background & Objectives: To evaluate the feasibility of bispectral index (BIS) guided closed-loop target controlled infusion (TCI) of propofol for general anesthesia in children. Materials & Methods: Twenty children aged 1-12 years old, ASA gradeI-II, scheduled to elective surgery under general anesthesia, were dived into 2 groups according to their age: group A, aged 1-3 yrs, and group B, aged 4-12yrs (n = 10). The BIS monitor (VISTA, Aspect Medical System, Inc., USA) was connected to a closed-loop TCI system (CONCERT-CL, VERYARK Technology Co., Ltd., Guang Xi, China), and the system automatically regulated the plasma target concentration of propofol to achieve a target BIS of 50 during maintenance of anesthesia. Results: There were 68.3% ± 11.8% and 90.4% ± 6.7% of time with BIS between 40-60 in group A and B respectively (P < 0.05); The MEAPE, Wobble and global score (GS, GS = (MEAPE + Wobble)/% of time of BIS 40-60) were higher in group A than in group B (13.5 ± 2.5 vs 7.8 ± 1.7, 10.7 ± 2.2 vs 7.1 ± 1.8 and 35.2 ± 8.1 vs 16.8 ± 5.1 respectively, P < 0.05). The heart rate and blood pressure were maintained stable (fluctuation less than 20% of the baseline) in both groups. No significant differences in propofol dose (11.5 ± 3.3 vs 11.2 ± 3.5 mg·kg-1·h-1), time to tracheal extubation(17.4 ± 4.9 vs 14.0 ±4.6 min), eyes opening(27.8 ± 7.2 vs 20.0 ± 8.2 min), and recovery of consciousness(30.2 ± 7.6 vs 25.3 ± 9.4 min) were observed between group A and B (P > 0.05). Conclusion: This study demonstrated the feasibility of BIS guided closed-loop target controlled infusion of propofol for general anesthesia in children, and the efficiency of the system was better in children aged over 4 years old. Disclosure of Interest: None declared

Sex difference of EEG response to eyes opening depends on neurohormonal condition in women

Sex difference of EEG response to eyes opening depends on neurohormonal condition in women

Feasibility of an ultra-low power digital signal processor platform as a basis for a fully implantable brain-computer interface system.

A fully implantable brain-computer interface (BCI) can be a practical tool to restore independence to those affected by spinal cord injury. We envision that such a BCI system will invasively acquire brain signals (e.g. electrocorticogram) and translate them into control commands for external prostheses. The feasibility of such a system was tested by implementing its benchtop analogue, centered around a commercial, ultra-low power (ULP) digital signal processor (DSP, TMS320C5517, Texas Instruments). A suite of signal processing and BCI algorithms, including (de)multiplexing, Fast Fourier Transform, power spectral density, principal component analysis, linear discriminant analysis, Bayes rule, and finite state machine was implemented and tested in the DSP. The system's signal acquisition fidelity was tested and characterized by acquiring harmonic signals from a function generator. In addition, the BCI decoding performance was tested, first with signals from a function generator, and subsequently using human electroencephalogram (EEG) during eyes opening and closing task. On average, the system spent 322 ms to process and analyze 2 s of data. Crosstalk (<;-65 dB) and harmonic distortion (~1%) were minimal. Timing jitter averaged 49 μs per 1000 ms. The online BCI decoding accuracies were 100% for both function generator and EEG data. These results show that a complex BCI algorithm can be executed on an ULP DSP without compromising performance. This suggests that the proposed hardware platform may be used as a basis for future, fully implantable BCI systems.

Effects of perinatal exposure to Zamzam water on the teratological studies of the mice offspring.

Zamzam water is well documented for plenty of medicinal value for curing illness. In the present study, the effects of perinatal consumption of Zamzam and normal drinking water by the pregnant mice on their offspring’s physical parameters, early sensory motor reflexes, locomotor activities, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in the homogenize brain tissue and blood parameters were compared. To achieve that; Zamzam water was given to female Swiss-Webster strain mice as the only source of drinking fluid and the control animals were administered plain tap water. Treatment started from the first day of pregnancy and continued until the postnatal day fifteen of delivery. All offspring were subjected to various tests. The rate of body weight gain remained relatively unaffected until the second week of weaning period, however; in the last week the offspring exposed to Zamzam water gained significant body weight as compared to their control offspring. Furthermore, the opening of eyes and appearance of body hairs in Zamzam exposed pups remained unaffected as compared to the controls. The sensory motor reflexes in Zamzam exposed pups after birth and during the first two weeks of weaning period were significantly increased. Locomotor Activity Test performed in the male and female offspring after weaning period showed a significant decrease in the male and increase in the female on most of the elements of this test due to Zamzam exposure. AChE activity in the homogenized brain tissue and blood parameters were unaffected as compared to the controls, the present Zamzam effects in the offspring are possibly via in utero action and/or via mother’s milk.

Electroencephalographic markers of robot-aided therapy in stroke patients for the evaluation of upper limb rehabilitation.

Stroke is the leading cause of permanent disability in developed countries; its effects may include sensory, motor, and cognitive impairment as well as a reduced ability to perform self-care and participate in social and community activities. A number of studies have shown that the use of robotic systems in upper limb motor rehabilitation programs provides safe and intensive treatment to patients with motor impairments because of a neurological injury. Furthermore, robot-aided therapy was shown to be well accepted and tolerated by all patients; however, it is not known whether a specific robot-aided rehabilitation can induce beneficial cortical plasticity in stroke patients. Here, we present a procedure to study neural underpinning of robot-aided upper limb rehabilitation in stroke patients. Neurophysiological recordings use the following: (a) 10-20 system electroencephalographic (EEG) electrode montage; (b) bipolar vertical and horizontal electrooculographies; and (c) bipolar electromyography from the operating upper limb. Behavior monitoring includes the following: (a) clinical data and (b) kinematic and dynamic of the operant upper limb movements. Experimental conditions include the following: (a) resting state eyes closed and eyes open, and (b) robotic rehabilitation task (maximum 80 s each block to reach 4-min EEG data; interblock pause of 1 min). The data collection is performed before and after a program of 30 daily rehabilitation sessions. EEG markers include the following: (a) EEG power density in the eyes-closed condition; (b) reactivity of EEG power density to eyes opening; and (c) reactivity of EEG power density to robotic rehabilitation task. The above procedure was tested on a subacute patient (29 poststroke days) and on a chronic patient (21 poststroke months). After the rehabilitation program, we observed (a) improved clinical condition; (b) improved performance during the robotic task; (c) reduced delta rhythms (1-4 Hz) and increased alpha rhythms (8-12 Hz) during the resting state eyes-closed condition; (d) increased alpha desynchronization to eyes opening; and (e) decreased alpha desynchronization during the robotic rehabilitation task. We conclude that the present procedure is suitable for evaluation of the neural underpinning of robot-aided upper limb rehabilitation.

Features of reproduction and postnatal ontogenesis in the Gromov vole (Alexandromys gromovi Vorontsov et al., 1988)

The research was carried out on a laboratory colony of voles Alexandromys gromovi Vorontsov et al., 1988 from Khabarovsk Territory. Nine couples of the first and second laboratory generations were involved in reproduction. Nineteen litters (79 pups) were weighed and measured every day for two weeks. Weight, length of the body, tail and foot were recorded. Special aspects of pups development (time of ears separation, dactyl’s apostatis on the fore- and hindlimbs, teething of upper and lower incisors, eyes opening, hairline formation) and behaviorial patterns were registered. Results were compared with literature data on voles A. mongolicus and A. middendorffii («mongolicus» bunch), which are closest to A. gromovi on molecular-genetic data, and A. maximoviczii (A. gromovi was previously seen as its subspecies). Similarities of young ones growth and signs of maturity (separation of ears, teething of incisors, eyes opening) were revealed during the comparison with A. mongolicus. The biggest difference was observed between A. gromovi and A. maximowiczii.

CT-Guided Percutaneous Radiofrequency Thermocoagulation for Recurrent Trigeminal Neuralgia After Microvascular Decompression: A Cohort Study.

This article evaluates the long-term outcomes of computed tomography (CT)-guided percutaneous radiofrequency thermocoagulation (PRT) for patients with recurrent trigeminal neuralgia (TN) after microvascular decompression (MVD).This is a retrospective study of 41 patients with intractable TN who after MVD underwent CT-guided PRT procedures between 2002 and 2012.The mean length of follow-up after PRT was 44.4 months. Immediate pain relief was in 37 patients (90.2%); the percentage of patients who remained in “excellent” or “good” pain relief condition after CT-guided PRT procedure was 85% at 1 year, 80% at 2 years, 51% at 5 years, and 41% at 10 years. Six patients received the second PRT and all achieved “excellent” or “good” pain relief. In total, 34 of these patients (82.9%) received multi-PRT procedure and remained satisfied with their pain relief during the follow-up period. Postoperative complications included facial numbness in 36 patients, limited eyes opening in 1 patient, ear paresthesia in 1 patient, no tears in 1 patient, and taste hypesthesia in 1 patient; these symptoms were all improved in the process of follow-up and their life had not severely affected. No mortality was observed during and after CT-guided PRT procedures.CT-guided PRT should be considered as an alternative treatment for patients with recurrent TN after MVD.

Age-related differences in electroencephalogram connectivity and network topology

To better understand age-related differences in brain function and behavior, connectivity between brain regions was estimated from electroencephalogram source time series in eyes closed versus eyes open resting condition. In beta band, decrease of connectivity upon eyes opening was more pronounced in younger than in older participants. The extent of this decrease was associated with reaction time in attention tasks, and this relationship was fully mediated by participants' age, implying that physiological processes, which lead to age-related slowing, include changes in beta reactivity. Graph-theoretical analysis showed a decrease of modularity and clustering in beta and gamma band networks in older adults, implying that age makes brain networks more random. The overall number of nodes identified as hubs in posterior cortical regions decreased in older participants. At the same time, increase of connectedness of anterior nodes, probably reflecting compensatory activation of the anterior attentional system, was observed in beta-band network of older adults. These findings show that normal aging mostly affects interactions in beta band, which are probably involved in attentional processes.

8. Neurophysiologic mechanism of neural efficiency in humans: Can it explain performances of athletes and patients with neurodegenerative diseases?

Problem identification Purpose of our research is the development and testing of procedures for the study of functional brain organization in elite athletes and patients with cerebral neurodegenerative processes to test “neural efficiency” hypothesis (i.e. selective cortical activity in experts). Methodology Cortical activity in elite athletes and patients with Alzheimer‘s disease (AD) was indexed by the study of electroencephalographic (EEG) oscillations in the resting state condition and during events. Results ATHLETES ( Del Percio et al., 2008 , Del Percio et al., 2009 , Del Percio et al., 2010 , Babiloni et al., 2009 , Babiloni et al., 2010 ). More resting state eyes-closed posterior cortical alpha (8–12 Hz) power was observed in elite athletes than in amateur athletes and non-athletes, thus suggesting that athletes’ brain is more inhibited in this condition. Furthermore, there was a reduced event-related alpha desynchronization as a sign of less cortical activation in elite athletes than in amateur athletes and non-athletes, during both cognitive and motor events, with some exceptions to be better understood. AD PATIENTS ( Babiloni et al., 2004 , Babiloni et al., 2007 , Babiloni et al., 2010 , Babiloni et al., 2013 ). Less resting state eyes-closed posterior cortical alpha (8–10 Hz) power was observed in prodromic and overt AD than in normal elderly subjects, thus suggesting that patients’ brain is less inhibited in this condition. Furthermore, there was a reduced event-related alpha desynchronization as a sign of less cortical activation in the former than in the latter ones during eyes opening. Conclusions “Neural efficiency” as a sign of more selectivity and inhibitory capability of brain oscillatory processes may explain at least in part high cognitive-motor performance in athletes and some cognitive-motor abnormalities in AD patients. Keywords EEG; Cognitive-motor processes; Elite athletes

Driver Fatigue Detection Algorithm Research Based on the Characteristics of Eyes

In driver fatigue warning system, it is a very effective method for detecting Driver fatigue state through the driver's facial expressions and body movements. The main content of this article is to detect the two basic states of the eyes opening and closing and presents the LBP texture detection operator. Firstly we get the face image sequences using infrared video and extract the eye region using ADABOOST. The SVM is used in classifying feature vector of the eyes open and closed detecting of driver fatigue. A large number of experimental results show that the proposed method has high detection accuracy and timeliness.

EEG activation response under different neurohumoral states

In order to determine under which neurohumoral conditions the response to usual opening of the eyes stimulates the Berger effect, the electroencephalographic, electrocardiographic, and electromyographic responses to eyes opening have been recorded simultaneously with the psychometric indices of emotional tension and cognitive performance in 59 healthy women aged 18–27 years every two or three days during one or two menstrual cycles determined according the progesterone level in the morning. For excluding the influence of the Novelty factor, the monitoring began at the menstrual phase of the cycle in 29 women and at the luteal phase in the other 30 women. A single examination has been performed in a separate group of 30 women to study the relationship of these parameters with the current progesterone and cortisol levels in saliva. Two-factor ANOVA has shown that the magnitude of amplitude suppression and the bandwidth of the low-frequency α EEG range in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle are greater than in the luteal one and depend on the Novelty factor. The indices of the Berger effect of the upper-frequency α range do not depend on the neurohumoral state or the Novelty factor. The amplitude suppression and the bandwidth of the lowfrequency α range alone are predictors of the activation in the response to eyes opening because the changes are unidirectional and are interrelated with the autonomic and hormonal characteristics of the activation. It has been demonstrated that eyes opening is a stimulus for the activation only in the neurohumoral state corresponding to the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. This study has established the dependence of the central and autonomic activation on the individual α frequency EEG profile and the neurohumoral state.

Influence of different dose dexmedetomidine on postoperative acute agitation and time to eyes opening in pediatric sevoflurane anesthesia

Objective To investigate the effective dose of dexmedetomidine on reducing agitation after sevoflurane anesthesia in patients undergoing repair of indirect inguinal hernia .Methods 105 patients （ ASAⅠ-Ⅱ） were randomly assigned into three groups ,35 cases in each group .In the observation group 1 and observation group 2, the patients received intravenous injection of dexmedetomidine 0.15μg/kg and 0.30μg/kg respectively.In the control group,the patients received intravenous injection of 0.9% normal saline solution 2mL before surgery.All patients were induced by 3%sevoflurane and maitained by 1.2%sevoflurane and hiatus sacralis block .During the operation, the BP,HR,SpO2,RR were recorded.At the end of anesthesia,the time to eyes opening （TEO） and agitation of emer-gence were recorded.Results The TEO of the control group,observation group 1,observation group 2 was （8.45 ± 4.02）min,（9.23 ±5.03）min,（10.81 ±4.06）min,respectively,and there were no significant differences among the three groups（all P〉0.05）.The incidence rate of agitation of the observation group 1 was 20.00%,which was signifi-cantly lower than that in the control group （42.86%） （χ^2 =31.42,P〈0.05 ）,and that of the observation group 2（8.57%） was significantly lower than the control group and observation group 1（χ^2 =24.37,7.53,all P〈0.05）. Conclusion The dose of dexmedetomidine 0.3μg/kg administered after induction of anesthesia can reduce the post-sevoflurane agitation in children and with no adverse effects . Key words: Dexmedetomidine; Sevoflurane; Anesthesia

Changes in Plasma Orexin-A Levels in Sevoflurane-Remifentanil Anesthesia in Young and Elderly Patients Undergoing Elective Lumbar Surgery

Delayed emergence from general anesthesia frequently occurs in elderly patients, but the reason is not clear. Orexin has been shown to be involved in arousal from general anesthesia. In this study, we examined plasma orexin-A levels in both elderly and young patients during the anesthesia arousal cycle. We recruited 41 patients scheduled for elective lumbar surgery and eventually evaluated 34 patients. Patients were divided into a young group (age 30-55, N = 16) and an elderly group (age 65-77, N = 18). Anesthesia with sevoflurane-remifentanil was titrated to maintain the Bispectral Index between 45 and 65. The times from stopping anesthesia to eyes opening and extubation were recorded. Arterial blood was collected, and plasma orexin-A was determined by radioimmunoassay at the following 4 time points: preanesthesia (T0), 1 hour after anesthesia induction (T1), emergence (5 minutes after tracheal extubation) (T2), and 30 minutes after tracheal extubation (T3). The times from stopping anesthesia to eyes opening and tracheal extubation were both significantly longer in the elderly group than in the young group (P = 0.004, P = 0.01, respectively). Basal (T0) orexin-A levels were higher in the elderly group than in the young group (T0, 26.13 ± 1.25 vs 17.9 ± 1.30 pg/mL, P < 0.0001). Plasma orexin-A levels did not change during induction of anesthesia in either group but significantly increased at T2 (vs T0, P <0.0001) in both elderly (35.0 ± 1.7 pg/mL) and young (29.2 ± 1.9 pg/mL) groups. Orexin-A levels were significantly higher in the elderly than in the young group at T1, T2, and T3. Plasma orexin-A levels are not responsible for the delayed emergence from general anesthesia in elderly patients.

EPA-0702 – Eeg alpha reactivity on eyes opening in patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder

Alpha activity in the EEG is dominant in normal individuals during eyes-closed resting condition and is suppressed by visual stimulation (alpha-blockade). The differences in alpha band activity between the eyes-closed and eyes-open resting conditions are used as a measure of resting state arousal. It's known that alpha-blockade in patients with schizophrenia is less pronounced than in healthy individuals; no studies exist in schizoaffective disorder. The objective of this study was to evaluate the contribution of EEG alpha reactivity on opening the eyes, to the neurophysiology of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. In total 64 patients with first episode of schizophrenia(SCH; n=32) and schizoaffective disorder (SAD; n=32) and 40 controls were enrolled into the study. All participants were assessed with EEG and alpha reactivity was computed using the logarithms of spectral power of alpha band in two experimental conditions (with eyes-closed and eyes-open). In eyes-open condition there was a significant reduction in absolute alpha power in all electrodes in schizoaffective patients and controls, indicating a similar increase in the arousal level in these groups (Fig.1). However, the alpha reactivity index was greater, corresponding to less reactivity, in the all regions in patients with schizophrenia (P Download : Download full-size image

Study and Application of Detecting Blinks for Communication Assistant Tool

We try to develop a support application for physically handicapped children to communicate with others by blinks. Because of limited body movements and mental disorders, many of them cannot communicate with their families or caregivers. If they can use applications in smart phones by blinks, they will be able to tell what they really need or want. Fist, we try to detect an eye area by using OpenCv. Then we develop the way to detect opening and closing of eyes. We combine the method using saturation and using complexity of image to get more accurate results to detect blinks. Then we develop the technique into a communication application that has the accurate and high-precision blink determination system to detect letters and put them into sound.

Vocal repertoire ontogeny of the captive Asian house shrew Suncus murinus suggests that the male courtship call develops from the caravanning call of the young

Soricids produce a considerable variety of vocalizations. However, these calls have been studied insufficiently with the exception of echolocation calls. In this study, 1,645 calls from 18 juvenile, ten sub-adult and 36 adult Asian house shrews (Suncus murinus) were acoustically and statistically analyzed to describe this species’ vocal repertoire and its ontogeny. The vocal repertoire of S. murinus includes 17 call types, seven tonal (whistle, chirp, twitter, whimper, squeak, scream and short scream) and ten non-tonal (churr, shriek, babble, click, boom, snort, screech, short screech, sniff and low click), of which ten call types (whimper, squeak, scream, short scream, churr, babble, snort, short screech, sniff and low click) were newly described by this study. This relatively extensive vocal repertoire, including one call type emitted during collective resting, indicates that this species possibly possesses a higher degree of sociality and cohesiveness than previously expected. High structural similarities were observed between calls produced by juveniles and sub-adults during caravanning and those produced by adult males during courtship. Therefore, the results of this study support a previously suggested hypothesis that in shrews, adult courtship calls are derived from calls emitted by the young. The results of this study also showed that the largest changes in the ontogeny of the vocal repertoire occurred at approximately 10 days old and was in close connection to the eyes opening. The results are discussed with available information on the vocal repertoires of other soricids.