To analyse pre-operative biomarkers, incorporating and comparing two- and three-dimensional (2D/3D) measurements with high multicollinearity, to predict functional outcomes after surgery in eyes affected by epiretinal membranes (ERMs). Through the application of machine learning (XGBoost), proficient in handling feature selection and managing multicollinearity, a predictive model for post-surgical best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was developed using clinical and anatomical pre-operative parameters including both 2D (linear) and 3D (volumetric) measurements of the retina. Association between pre-operative parameters, including clinical features and OCT-based linear and volumetric measurements of the retina, and post-operative BCVA in eyes affected by ERMs. Eighty-six eyes were included in the study. In the model, foveal retinal volume was the strongest predictor of post-operative BCVA (SHAP 0.0623logMAR). Furthermore, volumes of the outer and inner retinal layers (SHAP 0.0342 and 0.0221logMAR) demonstrated greater predictive value for final vision than 2D measurements, as well as pre-operative BCVA and presence of ectopic inner foveal layers. Features dependence plots were drawn for the most important features, highlighting the non-linear relationships. Using machine learning algorithms, we demonstrate 3D models have greater utility than traditional 2D parameters, when predicting visual outcome following ERM surgery and we question previous assumptions about the influence of certain linear parameters on visual outcomes post ERM surgery.

Erratum: Preoperative Predictors of Visual Acuity Improvement Following Macular Hole Surgery in Pseudophakic Eyes

Background: Dry eye, a common complication after refractive surgery, can be treated with artificial tears, but these provide temporary relief and may have limitations. Chamomile tea, known for its anti-inflammatory and soothing properties, could serve as a natural alternative therapy. Objective: To compare the effects of chamomile tea and commercial artificial tears in post-refractive surgery in dry eye. Methods: This prospective, comparative interventional study involved 30 individuals who developed dry eye symptoms after undergoing refractive surgery. The study involved participants divided into two groups: one using chamomile tea as a natural remedy and the other using conventional treatment. Participants aged 18-35, with uncomplicated refractive surgery within the last six months, and showing signs of dry eye were included. The study used the Schirmer test and Tear Break-Up Time (TBUT) tests to assess treatment adherence. An ANOVA test was used to compare mean scores within and between groups, with a significance level set at p < 0.05. Results: Participants in a study showed progressive improvement in TBUT and Schirmer scores from baseline to week 4. The Chamomile group showed higher mean TBUT (10.65 vs. 10.16) and Schirmer scores (10.62 vs. 10.06) compared to the Artificial Tears group, suggesting a potentially greater improvement in ocular surface health. The average Schirmer score was 7.43 mm (SD = 1.47), and the average TBUT was 7.56 seconds (SD = 1.51). However, no statistically significant differences were found between the two groups, indicating comparable efficacy. Conclusion: Artificial Tears and Chamomile showed progressive improvement in TBUT and Schirmer scores over four weeks, with Chamomile showing slightly higher mean scores, indicating comparable efficacy but showing no statistically significant differences.

PurposeTo investigate the consistency of intraocular pressure measurements between portable non-contact tonometer (PNCT) and Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT).Patients and MethodsA total of 81 participants (150 eyes) who were aged ≥18 years and had no history of eye surgery within 3 months were recruited. Eyes were categorized into three IOP groups: 7–16 mmHg (n = 50, 33.3%), >16 to <23 mmHg (n = 50, 33.3%), and ≥23 mmHg (n = 50, 33.3%). All participants underwent PNCT and GAT intraocular pressure measurements in sequence, and central corneal thickness (CCT) was recorded. Pearson correlation analysis was used to evaluate the correlation between PNCT and GAT intraocular pressure results, and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman method were used to evaluate the consistency. The effect of CCT on intraocular pressure measurement was further analyzed.ResultsA total of 81 subjects (150 eyes) were included. The mean intraocular pressure measured by GAT and PNCT was 21.1±7.8mmHg and 21.4±7.5mmHg, respectively, with no significant difference between the two (P>0.05). The IOP values measured by the two devices were highly positively correlated (r²=0.934, P<0.001), with an ICC of 0.933, indicating good consistency. Bland-Altman analysis showed that the mean difference between GAT and PNCT was −0.2±2.8mmHg, the limits of agreement (LoA) was +5.3 to −5.8mmHg, and 93.33% of the differences fell within ±5mmHg. CCT was significantly positively correlated with the IOP values measured by both devices, but did not significantly impact the agreement between them.ConclusionPNCT demonstrates high consistency with GAT and offers a reliable alternative for IOP monitoring. Its portability, non-contact operation, and automatic measurement function make it particularly suitable for home-based and long-term glaucoma management.

Ocular cosmetic plastic (OCP) is gaining popularity in Asia, leading people to increasingly turn to online searches for information rather than seeking direct medical consultations. To analyze internet search behavior associated with OCP in the Asian population. Using Google Ads Keyword Planner, we evaluated monthly search volumes for "ocular plastic" across ten Asian countries (January 2008 to December 2022). Sixteen relevant OCP-related keywords were identified and normalized per one million residents for cross-regional comparison. Analyses covered regional, economic, and seasonal variations. A total of 40,575 OCP-related keyword searches were recorded, averaging 222 monthly searches per million residents. East Asia had the highest activity (178.6±22.2 per million). Highly developed countries (Japan, South Korea) also showed significantly greater interest compared with developed (17.6±5.5) and developing countries (20.8±6.1; P<0.001). "Double eyelid surgery" dominated surgical searches, accounting for 42.6% of total queries, while "eye wrinkle" (10,882 per million) and "eye injection" (9,862 per million) led non-surgical terms. Seasonal variation was evident, with winter peaks (664±52.7 per million) exceeding spring (604±46.4). This study provides insights into Asian population preferences for OCP and reveals online search behavior patterns, emphasizing a prevalent inclination to seek information about eye surgeries, especially double eyelid and lower eyelid procedures, through online platforms, while also noting variations in search volume influenced by seasonal and regional factors. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) represents the most advanced stage of diabetic retinal disease and is characterized by abnormal neovascularization on the retinal surface. These fragile new vessels can lead to vitreous hemorrhage, fibrovascular membrane formation, and tractional retinal detachment. Cataract frequently coexists in patients with PDR and may significantly impair visual acuity. However, cataract surgery in these patients poses unique risks, including exacerbation of the underlying retinopathy and increased chances of postoperative complications such as vitreous hemorrhage and tractional events. Therefore, the timing of surgery, preoperative retinal stabilization, and intraoperative techniques are critical in achieving favorable outcomes. Recent advances have included the use of anti-VEGF therapy prior to surgery, combined surgical approaches such as phacoemulsification with pars plana vitrectomy, individualized intraocular lens (IOL) selection, and refined postoperative monitoring strategies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the perioperative management of cataract surgery in eyes with PDR, based on current literature. The goal is to support ophthalmologists in minimizing complications and maximizing visual rehabilitation in this complex patient group.

Preoperative Screening Questionnaire for Common Eye Surgeries Safely Reduces the Need for Comprehensive History and Physical Examination.

Comparison of Surgical Methods for the Correction of Low Amounts of Corneal Astigmatism during Cataract Surgery.

PurposeTo evaluate changes in macular morphology after cataract surgery with and without primary posterior continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis (PPCCC).MethodsA prospective, intraindividual, randomized clinical trial was performed at Fuzhou University Affiliated Provincial Hospital, Fujian, China. A total of 130 eyes of 65 age-related cataract patients with normal macular morphology and function waiting for bilateral cataract surgery and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation were enrolled. Cataract surgery combined with PPCCC was performed in one eye, and routine cataract surgery in the fellow eye (NPCCC group). Optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurements were performed in all patients preoperatively and postoperatively on 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months.ResultsA total of 120 eyes of 60 patients were capable to complete scheduled follow-ups and analyzed in the study. There was no statistically significant difference between the PPCCC group and NPCCC group in terms of subfoveal central retinal thickness (CRT), central 1-mm subfield (CSF), average retinal thickness in the middle (1–3 mm) and outer (3–6 mm) rings (p > 0.05) at all timepoints after surgery. Three eyes developed cystoid macular edema (CME) 1-month post-surgery. One eye in the PPCCC group recovered in 2 weeks after topical treatment, while two in the NPCCC group took 8 weeks to recover. In the NPCCC group, PVD progressed in two eyes, one from stage 2 to 4, and another from stage 1 to 2. No PVD progression in the PPCCC group. The corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) of all patients was logMAR 0.1 or better at the last visit.ConclusionCataract surgery with combined manual PPCCC does not increase the risk of CME and PVD in patients. PPCCC is a safe cataract surgery technique.

Disclosure: A. Abualnil: None. A. Al-Thunaibat: None. L.L. Ponce Rosas: None. J.S. Martins Torrontegui: None. C. Penaherrera: None. P.S. Sidhu,MD: ; None.Introduction: Methimazole is widely used in treating hyperthyroidism, especially Graves’ disease. Though generally well-tolerated, it can cause rare but severe adverse effects, including agranulocytosis. This life-threatening condition, defined by an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) below 500/μL, requires rapid recognition and urgent management. It often develops within the first three months of therapy but may occur earlier. Case Presentation: We present a 71-year-old female who was sent to the ER after being found tachycardic before laser eye surgery. She was diagnosed with new-onset atrial fibrillation and overt thyrotoxicosis (TSH suppressed, T4 at 5.38 ng/dL, total T3 at 3.2 ng/mL). Elevated thyrotropin receptor antibodies (25.9 IU/L) confirmed Graves’ disease. The patient began methimazole at 15 mg twice daily, but self-discontinued propranolol due to respiratory issues. After one month, she developed pharyngitis and laboratory tests revealed leukopenia (WBC count of 1.2 ×10^3/μL). Thyroid function tests showed decreased free T4 (3.69 ng/dL) and total T3 (2.8 ng/mL), with suppressed TSH. Suspecting methimazole-induced agranulocytosis, she was referred to the ED. Laboratory results confirmed severe neutropenia (ANC of 12/μL) and lactic acidosis (lactate: 2.4 mmol/L). Methimazole was discontinued, and Filgrastim (Neupogen) was administered for neutrophil stimulation, along with intravenous hydrocortisone for thyrotoxicosis. After two doses of Neupogen, her WBC count rose to 5.0×10^3/μL. Endocrinology advised against further antithyroid drugs due to the risk of recurrent agranulocytosis. Given her hyperthyroid state and atrial fibrillation, a total thyroidectomy was deemed urgent. Discussion: The exact mechanism remains unclear, but it may involve direct toxic effects on granulopoiesis or immune-mediated neutrophil death. Genetic factors, particularly certain HLA alleles, may increase susceptibility, with a dose-dependent risk. Other risk factors include older age, female gender. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) can aid in neutrophil recovery, especially in severe cases, as seen in this patient. Conclusion: This case underscores the importance of careful monitoring in older patients beginning antithyroid treatment. While methimazole is effective for Graves' disease, its potential to cause severe neutropenia necessitates prompt recognition and discontinuation to prevent serious infections. Thyroidectomy remains a viable option when antithyroid medications pose risks.Presentation: Sunday, July 13, 2025

The Hydrus Microstent combined cataract surgery reduces IOP and medication use in mild-to-moderate glaucoma. For severe open-angle glaucoma, it reduces medication use while maintaining a favorable safety profile. This study evaluates the 12-month clinical outcomes of Hydrus Microstent combined with cataract surgery in eyes with open-angle glaucoma stratified by disease severity. Retrospective, single-surgeon cohort study. Eyes with mild-to-moderate and severe glaucoma eyes undergoing Hydrus implantation combined with cataract surgery were included. Primary outcomes were complete (no medication) and qualified (with medication) success (6-21mmHg) at one year. Secondary outcomes included IOP, number of glaucoma medications, complications, failure, and success rates for 6-18 and 6-15mmHg IOP thresholds. A total of 147 eyes from 100 patients with a median baseline IOP of 16.0 [IQR: 14.0-20.0] on 2.0 [1.0-3.0] medications were included. Complete success was achieved in 78% and qualified success in 93% of eyes, with mild-to-moderate glaucoma achieving 77% and 92%, and severe glaucoma achieving 84% and 96%, respectively. In the mild-to-moderate group, mean IOP decreased from 17.1±3.8mmHg (SD) to 15.5±2.7mmHg (P<0.0003), and medications were reduced from 2.2±1.1 to 0.6±1.1 (P<0.0001). In the severe group, mean IOP was not significantly changed, and medications were reduced from 2.6±1.3 to 1.2±1.3 (P=0.0008). At 12 months, 64% of eyes were medication-free, and 67% of severe cases required one or fewer medications. Focal peripheral anterior synechiae (35%) was the most common complication. The Hydrus Microstent lowered medication use across all glaucoma severities. Further studies with larger sample sizes are warranted to support these findings.

Epicanthoplasty is the most common cosmetic eye surgery. However, traditional surgical strategies usually cause visible scars in the medial canthus. This study innovatively aimed to propose a modified asymmetric inverse Z-plasty derived from the traditional Z-plasty technique to minimize postoperative scars and consequently enhance patient satisfaction. This retrospective study included 172 patients with epicanthal folds who underwent an epicanthoplasty. Group A patients (n=94) underwent modified asymmetric inverse Z-plasty, whereas Group B patients (n=78) underwent Z-plasty. Postoperative outcomes, including scarring (assessed using the Vancouver scar scale [VSS]), scar hiding degree, patient satisfaction, and recurrence rates, were evaluated at 6 months. Postoperative evaluations revealed that both groups achieved normal wound healing without infections or complications after 7 days. VSS assessments indicated superior scar outcomes in Group A patients with moderate-to-severe epicanthal folds compared with those in Group B participants. Scar hiding degree analysis demonstrated a significantly higher percentage of postoperative pure hidden scars in Group A (P=0.0042), particularly in moderate (P<0.0001) and severe epicanthal folds (P=0.002). Patient satisfaction was significantly higher in Group A (79.8%, very satisfied) than in Group B (47.4%, P<0.0001). However, no significant difference in recurrence rates was observed between the two groups. Patients treated with modified asymmetric inverse Z-plasty exhibited superior scar hiding degree and overall satisfaction compared to those who underwent Z-plasty. Hence, modified asymmetric inverse Z-plasty is an effective treatment for patients with epicanthal folds, particularly in moderate-to-severe cases. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Patient: Male, 68-year-oldFinal Diagnosis: Kissing choroidal with normal intraocular pressureSymptoms: Loss of visionClinical Procedure: —Specialty: OphthalmologyObjective: Unusual or unexpected effect of treatmentBackgroundChoroidal effusion is a known complication of glaucoma drainage devices. It is typically associated with hypotony. The Ahmed Clear Path (ACP) implant, a novel valveless glaucoma drainage device with an intraluminal ripcord, is designed to reduce such risks. However, eyes with altered anatomy – such as those previously vitrectomized – may still be prone to atypical postoperative outcomes. We report the first known case of “kissing” serous choroidals following ACP implantation in a vitrectomized eye, despite normal intraocular pressure (IOP).Case ReportA 68-year-old monocular man with prior vitrectomy underwent ACP implantation in his only seeing eye. On postoperative day 3, he developed sudden visual deterioration. Despite stable IOP at 10 mmHg and a well-formed anterior chamber without leakage or overfiltration, bright-scan ultrasound (B-scan) confirmed kissing choroidals. The effusion was attributed to reduced posterior segment support and scleral rigidity in the vitrectomized eye. Conservative management with corticosteroids and cycloplegics led to progressive resolution without surgical intervention. No permanent visual deterioration was observed despite persistent kissing choroidals for 9 days. By postoperative day 60, complete anatomical and functional recovery was achieved.ConclusionsThis case illustrates that serous choroidals, including kissing choroidals, may occur even in the absence of hypotony, particularly in eyes with altered structural dynamics like post-vitrectomy globes. The ACP’s ripcord may be insufficient to counterbalance such anatomical predispositions. Conservative management may be appropriate in select cases, provided IOP is maintained. Surgeons should consider posterior segment pressurization using balanced salt solution during filtration surgery in high-risk eyes to prevent early effusions.

Artificial intelligence and machine learning have increasingly transformed optometry, enabling automated classification and predictive modeling of eye conditions. In this study, we introduce Optometry Random Forest, an artificial intelligence-based system for automated classification and forecasting of optometric data. The proposed methodology leverages Random Forest models, trained on academic optometric datasets, to classify key diagnostic categories, including Contactology, Dry Eye, Low Vision, Myopia, Pediatrics, and Refractive Surgery. Additionally, an autoRegressive integrated moving average based forecasting model is incorporated to predict future research trends in optometry until 2030. Comparing the one-shot and epoch-trained Optometry Random Forest, the findings indicate that the epoch-trained model consistently outperforms the one-shot model, achieving superior classification accuracy (97.17%), precision (97.28%), and specificity (100%). Moreover, the comparative analysis with Optometry Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers demonstrates that the Optometry Random Forest excels in classification reliability and predictive analytics, positioning it as a robust artificial intelligence tool for clinical decision-making and resource allocation. This research highlights the potential of Random Forest models in medical artificial intelligence, offering a scalable and interpretable solution for automated diagnosis, predictive analytics, and artificial intelligence-enhanced decision support in optometry. Future work should focus on integrating real-world clinical datasets to further refine classification performance and enhance the potential for artificial intelligence-driven patient care.

Corneal neurotization (CN) restores innervation to anesthetic corneas, often caused by neurotrophic keratopathy (NK), using healthy donor nerves or grafts. Despite promising outcomes, its efficacy remains unclear. We conducted a meta-analysis to assess the efficacy of CN in eyes with NK and its influence on postoperative outcomes. We systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane. We calculated mean differences (MDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for continuous outcomes, following PRISMA guidelines. We used the R software for statistical analysis. We included 17 studies (232 eyes; mean follow-up: 19.07 ± 7.45 months). CN improved best-corrected visual acuity (MD: -0.44; 95% CI: -0.66 to -0.21; P < 0.01; I2 = 88.7%), CS (MD: 32.42 mm; 95% CI: 27.45 to 37.38; P < 0.001), corneal nerve fiber density (MD: 12.15 n/mm2; 95% CI: 5.09 to 19.20; P < 0.001), corneal nerve branch density (MD: 18.88 n/mm2; 95% CI: 8.89 to 28.87; P < 0.001), and corneal nerve fiber length (MD: 9.40 mm/mm2; 95% CI: 6.31 to 12.50; P < 0.001) and corneal nerve total branch density (MD: 25.48 n/mm2; 95% CI: 14.09 to 36.87; P < 0.001). CN also reduced Mackie scores (MD: -1.20; 95% CI: -1.42 to -0.99; P < 0.001). CN enhances both corneal function and innervation. These findings support CN as a promising and effective approach for restoring corneal function in NK.

Background and aimRefractive errors (REs) are a leading cause of visual impairment globally. Surgical correction methods like laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), laser-assisted subepithelial keratectomy (LASEK), and small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) are available in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), but public acceptance and understanding remain inconsistent. This study aims to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding refractive surgery among adults in the UAE and to explore demographic and experiential factors influencing surgical uptake and perception.MethodsA cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study targeting UAE residents aged 18 and above was designed, consisting of a self-administered online survey, available in English and Arabic. It was used to gather data on demographics, vision correction behaviors, awareness of refractive procedures, and surgery-related experiences and beliefs. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were conducted using SPSS v26. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05.ResultsA total of 495 valid responses were analyzed. Over half of the participants (54.75%) had refractive errors, predominantly myopia. Awareness of refractive surgery was high (80%), with LASIK being the most familiar procedure. However, only 27.27% had undergone surgery. Among them, 70.37% reported full satisfaction, while dry eye and visual miscorrection were the most cited complications. Attitudes varied: 53.33% perceived surgery as a cure, while 35.76% expected reduced dependence on corrective lenses. Perceived safety and recovery expectations significantly predicted willingness to undergo or recommend surgery. Younger age, female gender, and higher education levels were associated with more favorable views. Multivariate analyses revealed that knowledge alone was insufficient to drive uptake. Satisfaction with outcomes, trust in providers, and perceptions of safety were more influential. Information sourced from ophthalmologists or educational institutions was linked to more accurate expectations, while social media and peer influence were associated with uncertainty or misconceptions.ConclusionsAlthough awareness of refractive surgery is widespread among UAE adults, misconceptions, safety concerns, and variable trust in the procedure limit its broader acceptance. Tailored public health messaging, professional-led education, and improved access to evidence-based information are critical to addressing these barriers. Understanding the sociocultural and psychological drivers behind surgical decisions can inform strategies to enhance informed uptake and satisfaction with refractive care in the UAE and similar contexts.

This article examines the impact of common refractive errors (myopia, hypermetropia, astigmatism) among military personnel on military service and combat readiness, as well as provides a comparative analysis of various methods for correcting these errors. The article also evaluates the advantages of glasses, contact lenses, and refractive surgery methods (PRK, LASIK, SMILE, and ICL), as well as their suitability for use in military conditions, providing a comprehensive explanation of the risks and benefits associated with each method. Based on international and local statistical data, the prevalence trends of refractive anomalies and the importance of their timely detection have been emphasised. The advantages of refractive surgery for soldiers in combat conditions have been presented, along with the successful outcomes of international programmes in this field, such as the US "Warfighter Refractive Eye Surgery Program". The application of questionnaires such as the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) and the Visual Function Index-14 (VF- 14) was analysed to assess the subjective and functional outcomes of refractive correction, alongside the dynamics of post-operative dry eye symptoms and the restoration of visual functions. The article also highlights the importance of education, early diagnosis, and preventive measures. In conclusion, the preservation of visual health and the effective implementation of correction methods among military personnel hold strategic importance in enhancing the overall combat readiness of the armed forces. Key words: military personnel, refractive correction, refractive errors, VF-14 questionnaire, OSDI questionnaire

Patients undergoing ophthalmic surgery may represent extremes of age. Many of them may have coexisting diseases (e.g., diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, essential hypertension, chronic lung disease, renal insufficiency/failure). The primary goal of any successful cardiac anesthetic is prevention of myocardial ischemia and prompt identification and treatment of new ischemic episodes. Case : A 51 th-year-old male was diagnosed with complicated cataract and was planned to undergo VPP (Pars Plana Vitrectomy) and Phaco. The patient has uncontrolled diabetes mellitus since 10 years, had used OADs and insulin but was self-discontinued, currently using insulin glargin 8 units at night since the first right eye surgery. The patient also has a history of hypertension and severe coronary arterial disease (CAD) known since July 2024. The choice is Peribulbar nerve block with mild sedation if needed to guarantee pain free and not anxious during the surgery so as not to worsen his CAD problems. Post nerve block evaluate akinesia and analgesia of the eye achieved before surgery. Discussion : Advantages of the peribulbar technique include less risk of penetration of the globe, optic nerve, and artery and less pain on injection. The peribulbar that has been done in this case showed that peripheral nerve block with ropivacaine can mimimalize cardiac event and avoid general anesthesia in patient with severe CAD. Conclussion : This case demonstrates that the administration of ropivacaine in peribulbar nerve block is beneficial in ophthalmic surgical procedures with patients who have severe CAD

Background: This study explores the optical properties of lenses used in vision correction, focusing covers the structure and function of the human eye, particularly the cornea and lens, retina, and optic nerve. It discusses common vision problems such as myopia (nearsightedness) and its correction using concave lenses. The study highlights the impact of optical properties, such as refraction and focal length, on vision improvement and examines the importance of selecting the appropriate lens type for treatment. Materials and Methods: The study examined 102 individuals, 82 of whom suffered from eye diseases. 51 individuals were diagnosed with myopia, ranging in age from under 18 to over 60 years, with most cases associated with astigmatism. Additionally, 20 individuals were diagnosed with hyperopia. There were 9 cases of eye inflammation, all among the elderly, and 2 cases of cataracts. Meanwhile, 20 individuals were healthy with no eye diseases. Diagnostic tools such as the Auto Refractor Keratometer, E Chart, and a trial lens set were used for examinations. Results: The results indicated that the 18-30 age group had the highest prevalence of myopia, while other age groups showed moderate infection rates. Some cases were associated with chronic diseases such as diabetes and hypertension. Regarding treatment methods, 10 individuals used contact lenses, 20 wore prescription glasses, 5 underwent eye surgery.

Association of rural or urban status, region, and institution type with cataract surgery wait times in Ontario, Canada.