Eye Movement Experiment Research Articles

A study on color visual perception of museum exhibition space based on eye movement experiments.

Color is an essential element in the exhibition space of museums, influencing people's visual experience. To quantitatively study the relationship between color and individual visual perception in museum exhibition spaces, the study used eye-tracking technology combined with a questionnaire, exploring the relationship between color and visual perception in the exhibition environments of history museums in terms of hue, saturation, and brightness of color. Taking the Ruijin Central Revolutionary Base in Jiangxi Province as a historical display space for research, the results show that when the saturation is 69-77%, or the hue is red (0°H), the exhibited. environments have stronger color attractiveness. The study demonstrated that the first fixation duration in eye movement data significantly negatively correlates with the subject's personal preference, comfort, pleasure, and attractiveness. Researchers can use this as an evaluation parameter for visual perception of exhibition space.

Comparative Study of Cognitive Differences in Rural Landscapes Based on Eye Movement Experiments

With the booming development of rural tourism, the users of rural environments are gradually becoming more diverse. Both tourists and villagers are the main appreciators of rural landscapes, but the cognitive similarities and differences in rural landscape between the two have not yet been explored. Therefore, taking Wangshang Village, located in Shaanxi Province, China as a case study, this research used a combination of quantitative analysis (eye-tracking technology) and qualitative analysis (semi-structured interviews) to compare and analyze the cognitive similarities and differences of rural landscapes between tourists and villagers. The experimental results showed that the cognitive similarities and differences in rural landscapes between tourists and villagers are mainly reflected in their level of cognition, observation methods, and key elements of focus. The reasons for cognitive differences are due to the different living backgrounds of the two groups of subjects, as well as their varying levels of familiarity, novelty, and personal needs towards rural landscapes. In conclusion, studying the cognitive differences between the two groups of participants, tourists and villagers, can help address the homogenization problem faced by rural landscapes. Meanwhile, the results of this study also provide theoretical guidance and methodological support for rural landscape design.

Do tourists experience suffering when they touch the wailing wall?

Tactile engagement is a critical aspect of tourist experiences. Embodied cognition theory suggests a direct correlation between physical sensations and psychological perceptions. For example, touching the textured stones at the Wailing Wall, a revered religious site in Jerusalem, can evoke intense emotions in tourists. This study explores the impact of rough tactile sensations on dark experiences through six studies. We used content analysis, on-site surveys, eye movement experiments, and scenario experiments to validate these effects. Our findings emphasize the pivotal role of rough tactile sensations in shaping profound emotions and individual experiences while uncovering alternative routes for developing sensory strategies to enrich dark tourism experiences.

Exploring product style perception: A comparative eye-tracking analysis of users across varying levels of self-monitoring

Digital shopping applications and platforms offer consumers a numerous array of products with diverse styles and style attributes. Existing literature suggests that style preferences are determined by consumers’ genders, ages, education levels, and nationalities. In this study, we argue the feasibility and necessity of self-monitoring as an additional consumer variable impacting product style perception and preference through the utilization of eye-tracking technology. Three eye-movement experiments were conducted on forty-two participants (twenty males and twenty-two females; Age: M = 22.8, SD = 1.63). The results showed participants with higher levels of self-monitoring exhibited shorter total fixation durations and fewer fixation counts while examining images of watch product styles. In addition, gender exerted an interaction effect on self-monitoring’s impact, with female participants of high self-monitoring ability able to perceive differences in product styles more rapidly and with greater sensitivity. Overall, the results highlight the utility of self-monitoring as a research variable in product style perception investigations, as well as its implication for style intelligence classifiers, and style neuroimaging.

Efficient word segmentation is preserved in older adult readers: Evidence from eye movements during Chinese reading.

College-aged readers use efficient strategies to segment and recognize words in naturally unspaced Chinese text. Whether this capability changes across the adult lifespan is unknown, although segmenting words in unspaced text may be challenging for older readers due to visual and cognitive declines in older age, including poorer parafoveal processing of upcoming characters. Accordingly, we conducted two eye movement experiments to test for age differences in word segmentation, each with 48 young (18-30 years) and 36 older (65+ years) native Chinese readers. Following Zhou and Li (2021), we focused on the processing of "incremental" three-character words, like (meaning "kindergartens"), which contain an embedded two-character word (e.g., , meaning "children"). In Experiment 1, either the three-character word or its embedded word was presented as the target word in sentence contexts where the three-character word always was plausible, and the embedded word was either plausible or implausible. Both age groups produced similar plausibility effects, suggesting age constancy in accessing the embedded word early during ambiguity processing before ultimately assigning an incremental word analysis. Experiment 2 provided further evidence that both younger and older readers access the embedded word early during ambiguity processing, but rapidly select the appropriate (incremental) word. Crucially, the findings suggest that word segmentation strategies do not differ with age. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Saccadic targeting in the Landolt-C task: Implications for Chinese reading.

Participants in an eye-movement experiment performed a modified version of the Landolt-C paradigm (Williams & Pollatsek, 2007) to determine if there are preferred viewing locations when they searched for target squares embedded in linear arrays of spatially contiguous clusters of squares (i.e., sequences of one to four squares having missing segments of variable size and orientation). The results of this experiment indicate that, although the peaks of the single- and first-of-multiple-fixation landing-site distributions were respectively located near the centers and beginnings of the clusters, thereby replicating previous patterns that have been interpreted as evidence for the default saccadic-targeting hypothesis, the same dissociation was evident on nonclusters (i.e., arbitrarily defined regions of analysis). Furthermore, properties of the clusters (e.g., character number and gap size) influenced fixation durations and forward saccade length, suggesting that ongoing stimulus processing affects decisions about when and where (i.e., how far) to move the eyes. Finally, results of simulations using simple oculomotor-based, default-targeting, and dynamic-adjustment models indicated that the latter performed better than the other two, suggesting that the dynamic-adjustment strategy likely reflects the basic perceptual and motor constraints shared by a variety of visual tasks, rather than being specific to Chinese reading. The theoretical implications of these results for existing and future accounts of eye-movement control are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

1 Sex Differences in Middle Cerebral Artery Velocity in Patients with Persistent Post-Concussion Convergence Insufficiency (PPCS-CI)

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The objective of this study is to investigate the neurophysiological mechanism of vision therapy in male and female adolescents with persistent post-concussion convergence insufficiency (PPCS-CI). This study may improve diagnostics and inform more effective personalized point of care treatment strategies to remediate symptoms. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Participants (ages 11-25) were diagnosed with PPCS by a physician, CI was diagnosed by an optometrist and OBVAT was performed by certified therapists. Patients with PPCS-CI were randomly assigned to a therapy type (immediate therapy or natural recovery). Hemodynamic measures were examined in patients with PPCS-CI at baseline (1-3 months post-concussion), and post OBVAT to evaluate recovery outcomes. Non-invasive techniques were used to measure middle cerebral artery velocity (MCAv), blood pressure, heart rate, and end-tidal CO2 at rest and during objective symmetrical convergence step eye movements. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was acquired during convergence step eye movement experiments contrasted to sustained fixation and resting state data collection. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: To investigate the neural mechanism of OBVAT, eye movements, fMRI and physiological measures were collected in 8 patients with PPCS-CI (4 men and 4 women). Results show an 10% decrease in the MCA during 4-degree symmetrical convergent eye movement responses in males post-OBVAT and a 19% increase in MCA during convergent eye movement responses in females. Furthermore, there was a group level activation of the frontal eye fields, which improves post-OBVAT. The beta weights in the left frontal eye fields show a trending decrease in male patients post-OBVAT and trending increase in females. Males had a decrease in MCAv post OBVAT (baseline 83.6 ± 7.5 cm/sec & 75.7 ± 12.5 cm/sec post-OBVAT), while females show a significant increase post-OBVAT (baseline 53.77 ± 5.2 cm/sec & post-OBVAT 65.13 cm/sec ± 12.5). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: This initial pilot demonstrates there may be different underlying pathophysiological outcomes associated with a concussion dependent on sex. This work may have direct implications on treatment strategies for male and female adolescent patients with PPCS-CI.

Basic study of kanji recognition patterns in non-kanji-background Japanese learners based on eye-movement analysis

Learning kanji is one of the greatest challenges that non-kanji-background Japanese learners face. Kanji have a complicated structure and are fundamentally different from the characters of the Latin alphabet. Recognising them can thus be difficult for learners from places whose writing systems do not include kanji. Studies on the fixation and eye movements observed in kanji recognition by such learners are therefore important to clarify the kanji-recognition and -learning process. The present study attempts to shed light on this subject by using an eye-tracker to study such eye movements.
 The analysis of the data obtained from the fixation and eye-movement experiments shows that students exhibit different kanji recognition patterns depending on how long they have been studying kanji: while students who have been studying kanji for a short time tend to look repeatedly at different parts of the kanji to grasp its shape and structure, those with more experience exhibit a pattern more similar to that of native Japanese speakers.

Analysis of visual effects of urban landscape based on eye movement experiments——taking Park Road in Yanji City as an example

In this study, the visual effect of Park Road landscape in Yanji City was investigated through a combination of questionnaire survey and eye movement analysis, and the correlation between the evaluation factors of Park Road landscape and the subjects’ points of interest was explored. It was found that there was a strong correlation between subjective evaluation factors and landscape aesthetics; the subjects’ eyes were mainly focused on the vanishing point, while the colorful lighting projects and billboards were more attractive points of interest. The results of this study can provide a reference for Park Road landscape planning and a reference method for subsequent landscape studies.

Transformation of traditional art education model in multimedia environment

Abstract Along with the continuous development of multimedia technology and the deepening of teaching information, virtual reality design factors are crucial to enhancing the impact of the teaching experience. The purpose of this paper is to address traditional art education’s transformational needs and develop an art education teaching system that utilizes virtual reality technology. It also uses the eye-tracking instrument to collect student eye movement data, and after preprocessing the data, such as missing data and noisy trajectory points, it counts the results of each eye movement index in the teaching process. The study showed that some of the students’ eye movement indicators during teaching had a strong correlation with the level of cognitive engagement in learning (P<0.05), and there was no covariance between the indicators. Following the implementation of the teaching mode, the students teaching art under multimedia exhibited a significantly higher level of cognitive engagement in learning (9.74 points) compared to those in the traditional teaching mode (7.14 points). Meanwhile, the eye movement experiment found that the difference in students’ attention concentration in the artwork and work introduction sections was not significant (P > 0.05) when the design elements of the teaching interface were paired with the top of the bottom of the picture and the middle size and the top of the picture and the bottom of the picture and the large size. This paper provides references and their significance for related research, as well as the design of a virtual simulation platform for art teaching.

Integration and development of modern art design and environmental design in the context of deep learning

Abstract In the rapid development of digitalization, the combination of artificial intelligence technology and environmental art design is expected to gradually change the design process and promote the sustainable development of design. After specifically exploring the application of deep learning technology in the integration of modern art and environmental design, this paper utilizes the generative adversarial network under the deep learning model to design the intelligent color-matching model integrating visual aesthetics and the intelligent environmental art style generating a model based on CycleGAN, respectively and conducts the perceptual intention analysis of the environmental art design works under the intelligent generation to explore its developmental progression. The results of the eye movement experiment show that the correlation coefficients between the perceptual imagery score data of the four groups of environmental art designs are all in the range of 0.433 to 0.599, with a moderate positive correlation. Among them, the correlation coefficients between the total access time, gaze duration, gaze number, and perceptual imagery score are close to 0.6, and the significance coefficients are all less than 0.05, which indicates that the automatic generation of modern art design and environmental design proposed in this paper has a better user aesthetic preference. Introducing AI-assisted sustainable design can ensure the sustainability and effectiveness of the design solutions in practical applications, thus promoting the entire environmental art design industry to develop in a greener and more sustainable direction.

Coordination analysis of layout and visual color difference in responsive web design based on PS software

Abstract In the new era of the “Internet +” economic background, people's aesthetic standards continue to improve, and there are higher requirements for web design work. This paper is based on the Bootstrap framework to design responsive web pages and utilizes the grid system in the Bootstrap framework to enable the automatic layout of web pages. Then PS software technology is applied as the core technology in responsive web page design, and PS software is used to detect and adjust the optimization of responsive web page layout and visual chromatic aberration so as to present users with coordinated, beautiful, and easy-to-operate responsive web pages. By designing eye movement experiments to collect and analyze the eye movement data of the subjects when browsing web pages, the average pupil diameter of the users showed a significant difference in browsing different web pages (P=0.014<0.05). The web pages designed by PS software were more appealing to the users and increased their interest in browsing web pages. The results of the psychological level showed that the subject users found the web pages created by applying PS software more impressive than ordinary web pages (P=0.004<0.01). This paper provides a useful guide for web page designers to enhance the visual experience for users when browsing web pages.

A consumers’ Kansei needs mining and purchase intention evaluation method based on fuzzy linguistic theory and multi-attribute decision making method

Numerous previous researches have demonstrated that consumers are increasingly prioritizing their Kansei needs, with the development of technology and social economy. Moreover, whether consumers' Kansei needs (CKN) can be satisfied greatly affects their purchase intention (PI). Despite the substantial impact of CKN on PI, there remains a paucity of research on this subject. To bridge this gap, this paper proposes a CKN mining and PI evaluation method. Firstly, the double hierarchy hesitant fuzzy linguistic term set is employed to enhance the semantic differential model, facilitating the acquisition of product Kansei features evaluation and PI information. Subsequently, grey correlation analysis is applied to calculate the correlation coefficient between them, enabling quantitative CKN mining. Then, cluster consumers based on the correlation coefficient, and analyze the difference of CKN. Thirdly, construct the PI evaluation model based on the multi-attribute decision-making method, taking CKN into consideration, to rank the alternative product. Finally, the proposed method is implemented in the armchair evaluation problem. Comparative experimental results affirm the improved semantic differential model has higher reliability, which can be used to deal with the subjectivity and complexity of product evaluation information. Additionally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the PI evaluation model is validated through eye movement experiments, which can predect the consumers’ Kansei perference and rank the alternative products.

How virtual tourism influences travel intention: a study combined with eye movement and scenario experiment

ABSTRACT To explore the impact of virtual tourism on travel intention, this study developed the model incorporating virtual tourism content and form, visual appeal, presence, virtual attachment, and travel intention. Eye movement experiments, scenario experiments, and questionnaire surveys were integrated. Analysis of 48 eye movement datasets and 210 survey responses indicated that virtual tourism affected travel intention mostly through visual appeal: (1) Regarding visual appeal, videos of real scenes were stronger than videos of virtual scenes, and videos of virtual scenes were stronger than pictures of virtual scenes. (2) Visual appeal had a direct positive effect on travel intention.

Research on the artistic expression form of traditional cultural imagery in sculpture modeling based on DE-GWO model

Abstract We study its expression in sculpture modeling by excavating traditional cultural imagery in sculpture art. In this paper, 20 students with design-related backgrounds were selected as subjects to view sculpture images for cultural imagery evaluation, and imagery selection, response duration, and eye-movement data were collected using Yulin Grottoes statue sculptures as eye-movement experiment samples. The collected data were then used to investigate various imagery expression methods and anticipate the traditional cultural imagery appearing in the sculptures using the DE-GWO model. With a mean square error of 0.275 for the typical user sample and the results of the DE-GWO analysis showing a p-value range of 0.446 to 0.05, with no significant differences, the degree of fit and predictive power between the predicted and actual values of the test set was generally good for subjects with relevant backgrounds. The presentation of sculpture art language under the multicultural viewpoint explores the expressive form of traditional cultural images, which has positive relevance to the development of sculpture art.

The effect of mobile phone ringtone on visual recognition during driving: Evidence from laboratory and real-scene eye movement experiments

Objective To determine the effect of mobile phone ringtones on visual recognition during driving, laboratory and real-scene eye movement experiments were conducted with simulated and real driving tasks, respectively. Competition for visual attention during driving increases with the integration of sounds, which is related to driving safety. Method We manipulated the physical (long exposure duration vs. short exposure duration) and psychological (self-related vs. non-self-related) properties of mobile phone ringtones presented to drivers. Estimates were based on linear mixed models (LMMs) and generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs). Results Self-related ringtones had a greater influence on driving attention than non-self-related ones, and the interaction between exposure duration and self-relatedness was significant. Furthermore, the impact of the mobile phone ringtone occurred in real time after the ringtone stopped. Conclusion These results highlight the importance of considering the impact of ringtones on driving performance and demonstrate that ringtone properties (exposure duration and self-relatedness) can affect cognitive processes.

PS-Net: Human perception-guided segmentation network for EM cell membrane.

Cell membrane segmentation in electron microscopy (EM) images is a crucial step in EM image processing. However, while popular approaches have achieved performance comparable to that of humans on low-resolution EM datasets, they have shown limited success when applied to high-resolution EM datasets. The human visual system, on the other hand, displays consistently excellent performance on both low and high resolutions. To better understand this limitation, we conducted eye movement and perceptual consistency experiments. Our data showed that human observers are more sensitive to the structure of the membrane while tolerating misalignment, contrary to commonly used evaluation criteria. Additionally, our results indicated that the human visual system processes images in both global-local and coarse-to-fine manners. Based on these observations, we propose a computational framework for membrane segmentation that incorporates these characteristics of human perception. This framework includes a novel evaluation metric, the perceptual Hausdorff distance (PHD), and an end-to-end network called the PHD-guided segmentation network (PS-Net) that is trained using adaptively tuned PHD loss functions and a multiscale architecture. Our subjective experiments showed that the PHD metric is more consistent with human perception than other criteria, and our proposed PS-Net outperformed state-of-the-art methods on both low and high resolution EM image datasets as well as other natural image datasets. The code and dataset can be found at https://github.com/EmmaSRH/PS-Net. Supplementary Information for this article is available online.

A Study on the Aesthetic Preference of Bamboo Weaving Patterns Based on Eye Movement Experiments

Bamboo weaving is an intangible cultural heritage in China. Exploring people’s aesthetic preferences for bamboo weaving patterns to better serve the design of bamboo architectural decoration can help promote the upgrading of traditional crafts. This study explored the differences between genders in the oculomotor indicators in different bamboo weaving patterns through an eye-movement experimental study combined with a subjective questionnaire to explore whether different genders have aesthetic preferences for people’s pictures of bamboo weaving patterns. The results showed that both males and females preferred less visually striking and softer corrugated patterns, with males paying more attention to the more ‘angular’ hexagonal and triangular patterns, while females were more interested in the more regular and uniform brickwork and diagonal patterns.

Driving Towards the Future: Exploring Human-Centered Design and Experiment of Glazing Projection Display Systems for Autonomous Vehicles

The automotive glazing projection display pertains to projecting information onto unique glazing materials in a car through projection equipment, a new direction of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) in the intelligent cockpit. The core issue in glazing projection is determining what information should be projected onto the car’s glazing and the area to which it should be projected. To address this issue, we conducted a focus group comprising 12 people. We distributed 1082 questionnaires to investigate future autonomous driving contexts, user information demands based on glazing projection, and regional preferences for displaying such information. We selected five contexts and nine high-rated features to design a driver-specific display interface. We conducted eye-movement experiments to investigate the effect of the projection interface on the driver’s gaze behaviors under different display areas and subsequently modified the display areas. This study confirms the feasibility of the glazing projection display and provides theoretical support for HCI development in the intelligent cockpit.

The application of Metaverse XiRang game in the mixed teaching of art and Design in Colleges and Universities.

Metaverse is a digital world created by human beings according to the physical world. Its deep integration of virtual and real features has created a new opportunity for the innovative development of game teaching in art design courses in colleges and universities under the epidemic situation. In the field of art design, the investigation and research on the learning mode of its courses show that traditional teaching can hardly bring good experience to students, which is manifested in the following aspects: the lack of "presence" in online learning caused by epidemic situation, resulting in weak display of teaching effect, and unreasonable organization of group learning in the course. Therefore, in view of these problems, this paper puts forward three paths about the innovative application of art design courses by using the teaching strategy of Xirang games, namely, interaction on the same screen and presence experience, interaction between real individuals and virtual images, and division of cooperative learning interest groups. At last, by using the research methods of semi-structured interview, eye movement experiment and scale, it is concluded that virtual game learning plays an active role in promoting the teaching reform in colleges and universities, stimulating learners to develop higher-order thinking abilities such as creativity and criticism, solving the problems of traditional teaching, and promoting learners to move from "outside the teaching scene" to "inside the teaching scene" and from "outside the knowledge" to "inside the knowledge", which leads to a new teaching direction for the future teaching mode.