Eye Irritation Research Articles

Pesticide exposure and acute health problems among pesticide processing industry workers in Ethiopia.

Pesticide exposure and acute health problems among pesticide processing industry workers in Ethiopia.

Environmental health risks and impacts of PM2.5 exposure on human health in residential areas, Bantul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

Environmental health risks and impacts of PM2.5 exposure on human health in residential areas, Bantul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

Spring festival firework activities exacerbate toxic effects of aerosol essential components.

Spring festival firework activities exacerbate toxic effects of aerosol essential components.

Utilization of Kenar (Kleinhovia Hospita) Leaf Extract as Eye Drops in the Treatment of Malaria: A Case Study in Manusa Village

Background: Malaria remains a public health challenge in eastern Indonesia, especially in remote areas like Manusa Village, where access to healthcare is limited. The community relies on traditional treatment using eye drops made from Kenar leaves (Kleinhovia hospita L.). The purpose of this study is to explore, from an epidemiological perspective, the use of Kenar leaves as a primary component in the formulation of traditional malaria remedies within the community of Manusa Village is lacking.Methods: This study employed a quantitative descriptive design with a cross-sectional approach. Data were obtained through structured questionnaires and phytochemical analysis of Kenar leaves. A total of 102 respondents voluntarily participated in the study.Results: Among respondents from 102 respondents, 67,6% had experienced malaria, and 68,6% reported using Kenar leaf eye-drops. Use was significantly associated with prior malaria history (POR = 15,057; p < 0,001) and age group 26-45 years (POR = 17,813; p < 0,001). Conversely, respondents with current malaria symptoms were less likely to use the drops (POR = 0,042; p = 0,002). Twice-weekly use was associated with better recovery outcomes (POR = 0,168; p = 0,003). The majority (84,3%) reported mild side effects, such as transient eye irritation. Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, and tannins compounds with known antimalarial properties.Conclusion: This study provides new evidence linking traditional knowledge and community-based practices with malaria self-treatment, highlighting implications for health promotion strategies.

Application of a 3D Human Cornea-Like Epithelium for Eye Irritation Assessment of Contact Lens Solutions.

Currently, medical device eye irritation testing relies on the Draize eye test in rabbits, which presents significant challenges regarding animal welfare and variations across laboratories. This research explores the application of the commercially available three-dimensional reconstructed human corneal epithelial tissue (Skinovo-Ocular) in eye irritation evaluation. The model is developed by culturing immortalized human corneal epithelial cells at a liquid-air interface, resembling the morphology and induction of biological indicators found in human corneal tissue. We evaluated the eye irritation effect of 30 minimum reference chemicals according to OECD Performance Standards. The results revealed a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 66.7%, and accuracy of 83.3%, indicating predictive performance comparable to other reference methods. Furthermore, we conducted analyses including trans-epithelial electrical resistance, cytokine secretion, and histology, thereby enhancing our understanding of the mechanisms underlying eye irritation assessment in this model. Additionally, we tested various contact lens solutions and compared the results with rabbit invivo experiments, demonstrating the model's potential for analyzing the eye irritation of mixtures. This model shows promise as an alternative for eye irritation analysis of medical devices, further reducing the reliance on experimental animals.

Exposure to Oxycide™ Disinfectant in Dental Practices: Occupational Symptoms and Risk Factors

This study aimed to evaluate the adverse effects of using Oxycide™ (Ecolab, Copenhagen, Denmark) disinfectant in dental practices and assess the need for improved safety measures. Materials and methods: An observational study was conducted in dental offices, evaluating 200 dental assistants exposed to Oxycide™ disinfectant. Data on disinfectant use practices, personal protective equipment, and reported symptoms were collected through an online questionnaire. Results: 63% (126 out of 200) of staff experienced symptoms including respiratory irritation, eye irritation, and skin reactions after Oxycide™ exposure. Inconsistent use of personal protective equipment and improper application techniques were observed. In conclusion, the use of Oxycide™ disinfectant in dental offices has been associated with a wide range of respiratory and cutaneous symptoms among staff, ranging from mild irritative manifestations to severe allergic reactions. Improved protocols, staff training, and consideration of safer alternatives are needed to protect dental personnel while maintaining infection control standards. For a sustainable dental practice, it is essential to balance effective disinfection with staff safety. While high-level disinfectants like Oxycide™ are effective against pathogens, their repeated use—especially in poorly ventilated areas—can lead to respiratory discomfort and skin reactions. To mitigate these risks, clear preventive measures should be implemented: adherence to manufacturer guidelines, proper ventilation, consistent use of personal protective equipment, and ongoing staff training. These steps are crucial to reducing exposure to irritants and ensuring a safe and efficient working environment.

Combined Lateral Tarsal Strip and U-Plasty Flap for Surgical Management of Cicatrical Ectropion After Facial Tumor Excision: A Case Report

<i>Background</i>: Cicatricial ectropion, characterized by outward eyelid eversion due to anterior lamella shortening, often results from scar contraction after trauma or surgery. Due to scar contracture, surgical intervention is challenging to repair the defect<i>.</i> This condition leads to poor eyelid-globe apposition, which can cause ocular surface exposure, excessive tearing, and chronic irritation<i> Objective: </i>To report a case and evaluate the effectiveness of combining a lateral tarsal strip with a U-plasty flap technique in correcting cicatrical ectropion following facial tumor excision. <i>Main ideas</i>: A 58-year-old woman developed cicatricial ectropion following a wide excision for facial tumor removal. The patient exhibited symptoms, including eye irritation, epiphora, and discomfort. Clinical examination revealed lower eyelid ectropion, dermatochalasis, and scar tissue contraction near the left lateral canthus and maxilla. The surgical approach involved a combination of a lateral tarsal strip procedure to address horizontal eyelid laxity and a U-plasty flap to repair scar-induced anterior lamella shortening. Results at the three-month follow-up indicated successful correction of eyelid malposition with mild residual ectropion but no corneal exposure or significant complications. The patient experienced a resolution of symptoms and showed good healing at the surgical site. <i>Conclusion</i>: The combined lateral tarsal strip and U-plasty techniques effectively corrected cicatricial ectropion, restoring eyelid function and achieving satisfactory aesthetic results. This approach may be considered as a reconstructive option in similar cases of scar-related anterior lamellar shortening.

Real-World Safety Profile of Cenegermin Per FDA Adverse Event Reporting System.

Purpose: To characterize the safety profile of cenegermin through an analysis of postmarket adverse events (AEs). Methods: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration adverse event reporting system was queried for AEs associated with cenegermin use between 2019 and 2023. Demographic information was collected. Reporting odds ratio (ROR) and proportional reporting ratio (PRR) were used to determine adverse reactions that were significantly more likely to be caused by cenegermin use compared with other ophthalmical topicals. Results: Most AEs occurred in females (65.16%). The most common AEs were eye pain (46.94%), irritation (14.46%), and ocular hyperemia (9.8%). Of 34 eye disorders that were found to be associated with cenegermin use, the ones with the highest odds ratios were periorbital pain [ROR: 25.34, confidence interval (CI): 20.70-31.01, PRR: 16.45], eyelid pain (ROR: 22.96, CI: 19.39-27.19, PRR: 15.50), and eye pain (ROR: 20.02, CI: 18.77-21.35, PRR: 16.08). Patients taking cenegermin were significantly more likely to develop eye disorders (ROR: 2.21, CI: 2.12-2.31, PRR: 1.46), but were not more likely to develop disorders of other system organ classes. In terms of patient outcomes, patients taking cenegermin were at higher risk for hospitalization (ROR: 16.39, CI: 12.84-20.94, PRR: 12.17) and surgery (ROR: 9.57, CI: 6.14-14.93, PRR: 8.01). Conclusion: Postmarket surveillance of cenegermin demonstrates that eye pain and irritation are the most common AEs. Involvement of other organ systems is highly unlikely. Patients using topical cengermin should be counseled accordingly.

Using explainable machine learning to predict the irritation and corrosivity of chemicals on eyes and skin.

Using explainable machine learning to predict the irritation and corrosivity of chemicals on eyes and skin.

Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of vermiculite for all poultry and ornamental birds, all porcine species, equines, leporids, camelids, pets and other non-food-producing animals (Regal B.V.).

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of vermiculite as a technological feed additive for all poultry and ornamental birds, all porcine species, equines, leporids, camelids, pets and other non-food-producing animals. The FEEDAP Panel concluded that vermiculite is considered safe at 10,000 mg/kg complete feed for the use in feed for chickens for fattening and reared for laying/breeding and laying hens, and at 5000 mg/kg complete feed for piglets and pigs for fattening. No conclusion can be drawn on the safety of the product for ornamental birds, equines, leporids, camelids, pets and other non-food-producing animals. The Panel concluded that the use of vermiculite is safe for consumer and the environment. The additive is considered a skin and respiratory sensitiser. Inhalation and dermal exposure are considered a risk. Due to the lack of data, the Panel could not conclude on the potential of the additive to be an eye irritant. The FEEDAP Panel concluded that vermiculite is efficacious as anticaking agent in feed, when used at 10,000 mg/kg complete feed.

Safety assessment of the ethanolic extract of Siparuna guianensis: Cell viability, molecular risk predictions and toxicity risk for acute and sub-chronic oral ingestion.

Safety assessment of the ethanolic extract of Siparuna guianensis: Cell viability, molecular risk predictions and toxicity risk for acute and sub-chronic oral ingestion.

Risk Assessment on Waste Management Officials in Uyo Metropolis, Akwa Ibom State

The study was conducted on risk assessment of waste management officials/workers in Uyo Metropolis of Akwa Ibom State. It aimed at identifying the occupational hazards affecting waste management officials in the study area, assessing the health effect of the hazards on waste management officials in the study area, assessing the safety packages and medical conditions available for waste management officials in the study area as well as identifying constraints to effective solid waste management in the study area. Respondents were drawn from waste collection points and dumpsites in Uyo Metropolis. A total of one hundred and twenty (120) waste management officials were selected for the study using a stratified random sampling technique. They were given well-structured questionnaires and out of 120 questionnaires issued, 118 questionnaires were retrieved from waste management officials in usable forms. The questionnaires were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results showed that occupational hazards affecting waste management officials in the study area include risk of musculoskeletal disorders due to lifting and carrying of heavy loads and pushing pushcart, contaminated materials, and working in contaminated environment, contact with hazardous substances in the course of working with mixed waste, mechanical hazards due to unintentional contact with sharp items and working near moving parts of machinery/vehicles and psychological burden in working with waste and disrespect by members of the society. Common health risks associated with waste management in the study area include cholera, diarrhea, nasal irritation, eye irritation, high temperatures in working environments causing dizziness, insect bites and musculoskeletal injuries. Mechanical Hazards include cuts on hand, finger, thumb, or foot from broken glass or sharp objects and eye injury. Severe health complaints among the waste management officials in the study area include chronic back pain, chronic neck pain, chronic shoulder pain, eye injury, excessive heat and skin diseases. These complaints are indications that waste management officials are at risk in the study area. Only protective gears for waste handlers, protective clothing and safety shoes were confirmed by the majority of the respondents as the only available safety equipment confirming that these officials are exposed to occupational risks and hazards. From the study, high ranking constraints identified by the respondents include insufficient funding, lack of sufficient awareness of officials on the danger of some waste items, policies and education while low ranking constraints include inadequate capacity of waste managers and regulators and poor attitude of waste management officials. It is therefore recommended that hazardous waste items should be eliminated at source through proper waste sorting and segregation as well as provision of safer safety equipment and packages.

Thermo-responsive in situ gel of fluticasone propionate nanosuspension modified with carboxymethyl chitosan for enhanced blepharitis therapy.

Thermo-responsive in situ gel of fluticasone propionate nanosuspension modified with carboxymethyl chitosan for enhanced blepharitis therapy.

Itraconazole Loaded Micelle Based on Methoxy Poly(Ethylene Glycol)-Poly(D, L-Lactic Acid) for Ocular Drug Delivery: In vitro and in vivo Evaluation.

This study aimed to develop itraconazole (ITZ)-loaded polymer micelles using methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(D, L-lactic acid) (mPEG-PDLLA) as a carrier to improve the ocular bioavailability of ITZ after topical administration. ITZ-loaded mPEG-PDLLA micelles (ITZ-M) were prepared using the thin-film dispersion method and were characterized by droplet size (DS), zeta potential (ZP), polydispersity index (PDI), morphology, entrapment efficiency (EE%), and critical micelle concentration (CMC). In vitro drug release from ITZ-M, the storage stability and cytotoxicity in human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) were studied. In vivo transcorneal permeation of micelles labeled with coumarin 6 (C6) was observed using two-photon confocal microscopy, in vivo ocular irritation and pharmacokinetics in rabbit eyes were investigated. The ITZ-Ms were uniform spherical particles with DS of 18.79 ± 0.16 nm and narrow distribution (PDI of 0.037 ± 0.019), the EE% was nearly 100%, and the CMC of the micelles was 0.083mM. Approximately 60% of the drug was released from the ITZ-M within 72h, which was significantly higher than that released from the ITZ suspension. The results of the stability study and cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that ITZ-M possessed good physical stability at 4°C and have no toxicity to HCECs. Transcorneal studies indicated that the fluorescence intensity (FI) was mostly enriched in the corneal epithelium, which was reduced in the stroma. The FI in the epithelium and stroma for C6 micelles was much stronger than that in the C6 suspension. Ocular irritation evaluation revealed that ITZ-M was well tolerated. Ocular pharmacokinetic analysis indicated that the area under the curve (AUC0-240min) values in the cornea and conjunctiva of rabbit eyes treated with ITZ-M were approximately 410.9- and 2.3-fold higher, respectively, than those treated with ITZ suspension. This study provides a potential formulation of ITZ for the treatment of fungal keratitis with good tolerability and improved ocular bioavailability.

Thiolated hemicellulose containing mucoadhesive and permeation-enhancing ocular films of levodopa for potential treatment of myopia.

Thiolated hemicellulose containing mucoadhesive and permeation-enhancing ocular films of levodopa for potential treatment of myopia.

Health Risk Assessment of PM2.5-Bound Trace Metals and Self-reported Morbidity among Fish Smokers in a Coastal City in Ghana

Incomplete burning of wood in traditional fish smoking kilns releases aerosol particulates carrying health destructive species including metals. This study evaluated the potential carcinogenic risk of occupational fish smokers' exposure to trace metals in outdoor fine particulates (PM2.5) in southern Apam, Ghana. Additionally, it examined self-reported health effects among fish smokers resulting from smoke exposure. PM2.5 samples were collected during fish smoking activities from July 2022 to June 2023, which covered 70 sampling days. A Gent sampler, equipped with a Gast pump and stacked filter unit, was employed to collect PM2.5 particulates over 24-hour periods. The black carbon (BC) and elemental analyses of particulate samples were conducted using a smoke stain reflectometer and an Ag-anode X-ray tube spectrometer, respectively. A 41-item closed-ended questionnaire was administered to 372 randomly selected fish-smoking workers. The US EPA health risk appraisal model and the European Community Respiratory Health Survey questions were used to explore the health hazards associated with trace metals and self-reported health outcomes, respectively. The analysed data showed that the average PM2.5 concentration (24.5 µg/m3) exceeded the WHO safe limit of 15 μg/m3. Notably, average Cr (94.70 ng/m3) and Ni (133.31 ng/m3) concentrations substantially exceeded US EPA regulatory limits of 12 ng/m3 and 0.24 ng/m3, respectively. A strong correlation between Cr, Ni, Mn, Fe, V, Cu, K, and BC suggested their significant release from a combustion source. The carcinogenic metals posed a greater risk to adult fish smokers compared to children via dermal contact. Besides, 84-95 out of every 10,000 fish smokers might experience cancer dangers due to trace metals exposure via ingestion. Fish smokers frequently reported eye irritation and respiratory infection symptoms. Statistically, there was significant link between hours spent in smoke per day and respiratory health symptoms<0.05). Adopting sustainable fish smoking technology is imperative to reduce excessive PM2.5 exposure and protect public health.

Impact of educational intervention on knowledge regarding ocular exercises for computer vision syndrome

The increasing use of digital devices has led to a rise in computer vision syndrome (CVS), especially among adolescents. Prolonged screen exposure results in symptoms like eye strain, dryness, irritation and headaches, affecting students' health and academic performance. Therefore, it is of interest to evaluate the effectiveness of video-assisted teaching programs in enhancing knowledge about ocular exercises for computer vision syndrome prevention. A pre-experimental, one-group pre-test post-test research design was employed, involving 60 adolescents aged 13-18 years from selected schools in Visnagar. Participants were assessed using a structured knowledge questionnaire before and after exposure to video-assisted teaching programs. Data showed a significant increase in knowledge post-intervention (p < 0.001). The percentage of participants with adequate knowledge increased from 0% to 86.66%, while those with inadequate knowledge decreased from 70% to 0%.

Safety Assessment on the Safety and Efficacy of a Feed Additive Containing Muramidase Produced by T. Reesei DSM 32338 for Its Use in Laying Hens (RP1499)

An application was submitted to the Food Standards Agency and Food Standards Scotland in March 2022 from DSM Nutritional Products (‘the applicant’) for the new use (extension of species) of an additive containing muramidase produced by Trichoderma reesei DSM 32338, under the category of ‘zootechnical additives’ and functional group ‘other zootechnical additives’. The additive is proposed to be used at a minimum inclusion rate of 30,000 LSU(F)/kg of complete feed (12% moisture) for laying hens. Under Assimilated Regulations (EU) No 2019/805 and No 2020/163, the additive is authorised for use in feed for chicken and minor poultry species for fattening, turkeys for fattening, and chickens, turkeys and other poultry species reared for breeding. In addition, the additive is authorised in the EU under the Commission Implementing Regulation No 2021/1431 for use in feed for weaned piglets. This application requested a new use (extension of species) in feed for laying hens. The FSA/FSS concluded that the additive was correctly identified and characterised as there were no changes from the previous assessment. No significant concerns were raised for the Identity, characterisation and condition of use section of the dossier. The additive can be considered safe for the target species (laying hens) up to a dose of 60,000 LSU(F)/kg of complete feed. The additive is safe for consumers and the environment. The active substances are presumed to be respiratory sensitisers due to their proteinaceous nature. The liquid formulation of the additive is not considered an irritant to the eyes or skin. The solid formulation of the additive is not an irritant to the skin but should be considered a potential eye irritant. Based on the three trials provided, the FSA/FSS concluded that muramidase has the potential to be efficacious as a zootechnical additive in laying hens when used at the minimum inclusion rate of 30,000 LSU(F)/kg complete feed.

Mobile air monitoring to identify volatile organic compound distributions and potential hazard during the remediation of the East Palestine, Ohio train derailment

On February 3, 2023, a train carrying hazardous chemicals derailed in East Palestine, Ohio. Initial mobile air monitoring in mid-February 2023 revealed unique spatiotemporal patterns for a range of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). To determine long-term impacts on air quality, two follow up mobile air monitoring campaigns were carried out in March and April 2023 on public roadways using a proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer. This study aimed to characterize VOC distributions, identify hotspots, and characterize potential hazards. Concentrations of targeted VOCs benzene, toluene, and xylenes were lower overall in East Palestine in April compared to March. Overall, more compounds (n = 48) were identified using non-targeted analysis (NTA) in East Palestine in March compared with April (n = 30). Several of these VOCs were uniquely identified during March sampling, and among the commonly detected compounds, higher average concentrations were observed in East Palestine compared background levels. Spatial analysis revealed similar patterns of hotspots for benzene and additional VOCs identified from NTA, including C3H4O, C4H8O, and C6H12O. Using the EPA Hazard Comparison Dashboard, 49% and 40% of the identified VOCs were classified as “very high” or “high” hazards for eye and skin irritation, respectively. Notably, eye and skin irritation were among the common symptoms reported by the residents near the disaster site. Additionally, 29%, 18%, and 14% of the identified VOCs were classified as “very high” or “high” hazards for genotoxicity/mutagenicity, acute inhalation toxicity, and acute dermal toxicity, respectively. Collectively, these findings provide exposure data supportive of the reported health concerns and demonstrate the application of mobile monitoring coupled with NTA as a novel approach for rapid identification and mapping of potentially hazardous chemicals following an environmental disaster.

The Impact of Plastic Waste on Ecosystems and Human Health and Strategies for Managing It for A Sustainable Environment

Abstract: Over time, the impact of the sharp increase in plastic consumption was not closely monitored by the global community. This has caused an unprecedented volume of mismanaged mixed plastic garbage to enter the ecosystem. One material that is well-recognized and utilized in many different forms in daily life is plastic. Plastic trash has increased dramatically as a result of the widespread use of a variety of plastic products. Toxic plastic use can be caused by a variety of human health issues, including breathing difficulties, liver dysfunction, eye irritation, respiratory problems, vision loss, birth effects, cancers, cardiovascular, headaches, skin diseases, lung problems, genotoxic, dizziness, and gastrointestinal issues. Major environmental pollutants such as water, soil, and air pollution are brought on by the use of plastics. Plastic has been used throughout human history due to its many uses, including great durability, flexibility, inexpensive production costs, and lightweight nature. After the Second World War, plastic became commercially available everywhere in less than a century. Half of the plastic waste produced worldwide comes from packaging plastics. Micro to Nano plastics can break down into smaller particles that are easier for water, soil, and air to disperse. Therefore, a variety of adverse effects, including reduced ingestion, reproduction, ulceration, entanglement, and oxidative stress, affect both terrestrial and aquatic animals. Human health is also harmed by microplastics and nanoplastics because of cancer, birth deformities, chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular illnesses, etc. Polymerization or polycondensation is a biochemical process used to make plastics. If plastic waste generated during post-use is not properly handled and managed, it can have numerous negative effects on the environment. The daily usage of plastic and plastic-derived products has become a global concern due to the pollution they cause to the environment and the health of people and wildlife. It is intrinsically challenging to ascertain the destiny of (micro)(nano)plastics in the environment since there are several sources and pathways for their introduction. The public should be made aware of the dangers of plastic and plastic-related items, which can contribute to several human and animal health issues. Therefore, it is imperative to find biodegradable solutions and efficient regulations and to put them into action. The lifecycle of plastic products according to their various categories will be covered in this paper, along with the issues brought on by improper processing of plastic waste and potential remedies that could be offered to maintain a healthy atmosphere and lessen the factors contributing to climate change, which poses a threat to life as we know it. The lifecycle of plastic products according to their various categories will be covered in this paper, along with the issues brought on by improper processing of plastic waste and potential remedies that could be offered to maintain a healthy atmosphere and lessen the factors contributing to climate change, which poses a threat to life as we know it.