Eyeball Diameter Research Articles

Ocular biometry in Gaddi breed goats of Himachal Pradesh

The echo-biometrical evaluation of normal eye was done in 20 Gaddi goats with the help of ultrasonography at Gaddi goat unit, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur. Trans-corneal and trans-palpebral ultrasound scanning of the normal eye was done in standing position without any sedation or regional nerve block. Xylocaine ointment (5%) was used to desensitize the cornea and 2% lignocaine jelly was applied directly on the cornea to serve as a conductive medium for ultrasound waves in trans-corneal technique. B-mode ultrasound scan of the eyes was done in both the transverse and sagittal planes. Corneal thickness varied from 0.03 to 0.07 cm, aqueous chamber depth from 0.12 to 0.31 cm, lens thickness from 0.78 to 0.96 cm, lens diameter from 0.92 to 1.36 cm, vitreous chamber depth from 0.90 to 1.08 cm, eyeball diameter from 1.90 to 2.66 cm and eyeball length from 1.90 to 2.12 cm. There was no statistically significant difference between the echo-biometric parameters of the left and right eye in the present study.

The typical developmental trajectory and energy requirements of Shitou goose during the embryonic stage

Low hatchability has been a persistent challenge in the goose industry. Establishing standard atlases and comprehending embryonic development patterns are essential to improving the hatching rates of goose eggs. However, comprehensive descriptions of normal atlases, embryonic development, and energy requirements in geese are lacking. In this study, a total of 120 fertile eggs from well-known large Shitou goose were incubated using 12 nesting purebred female geese. During hatching, both the temperature of the eggshells and the weight of eggs were recorded, and daily photographs of the embryos were captured to monitor their development closely. After hatching, count the number of pores per unit area by choosing eggs without sperm, dead embryos, or abnormal shells. Furthermore, 150 Shitou goose eggs were hatched by automatic incubator, with adjustments made based on observed normal developmental stages that incubated by female geese. The eggs were carefully opened to meticulously document embryonic morphology and create a detailed development map. Measurements were taken of the eye diameter, length of the lower beak, tarsometatarsus bone, and embryo length. Subsequently, an analysis was conducted to assess the calcium, phosphorus, crude protein, and crude fat content to study the energy requirements for embryo development. As a result, the hatch rate of the incubator reached 86.67%, and the cumulative water loss rate increased with embryo age. Notably, normally developing embryos displayed a significantly higher number of pores on the eggshell surface compared to dead embryos (P < 0.05). Additionally, embryonic body length, eyeball diameter, and lower beak length exhibited continuous growth until day 19 of incubation, while tarsometatarsus length increased steadily from days 12 to 31. Liver size measurement began on the 10th day of incubation, while both leg and chest muscles showed continuous growth from the 12th day. For energy demand, the embryo primarily relied on protein sourced from the egg yolk within the first 10 days of development. Afterward, the egg yolk provided both protein and fat for embryonic growth. In summary, this study has generated a comprehensive developmental map for Shitou goose embryos, offering valuable insights into their growth and morphological changes throughout the incubation period. This map can serve as a reference for optimizing machine incubation techniques to enhance goose egg hatching rates and provide fresh perspectives on the development of geese.

Fetoplacental Unit Ultrasonography and Immunoreactive Steroid Concentrations in Jennies Experiencing Late-Term Pregnancy Loss

This study aimed to compare ultrasonographic features and steroid concentrations of jennies undergoing late-term pregnancy loss (n = 5) with gestationally age-matched health controls (n = 5). Transrectal ultrasonography of the combined thickness of uterus and placenta (CTUP) and fetal eyeball diameter was carried out at 15-day-intervals. Fetal heartbeat, aortic, and thorax diameters were determined by transabdominal ultrasonography at 30-day-intervals. Blood samples were collected simultaneous with each transrectal ultrasonography to determine progestogen and estradiol concentrations. Data were assessed for normality with Shapiro-Wilks. Data were log-transformed and analyzed with a mix model. Non-normally distributed data were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis. Post-hoc analyzes were performed with Sidák's or Dunn's tests based on distribution. Gestational length between groups was compared with a t-test. Statistical significance was set at P < .05. The gestational length was shorter in jennies experiencing pregnancy loss (345 ± 32.3 vs. 365.4 ± 10.4 d P = .0009). Increasing gestational age (P < .0001) and pregnancy loss group (P = .004) had greater CTUP measurements with an interaction between them (P = .01). Fetal eyeball diameter increased with gestational age (P < .0001) but did not vary with group (P = .26), and there was no interaction between gestational age and group (P = .71). Fetal aortic and thorax diameters increased with gestational age (P < .0001), but an interaction between gestational age and group was only present with thorax diameter (P = .01). No effect of group was found for aortic (P = .78) or thorax (P = .86) diameters. Group (P = .06) and gestational age (P = .07) tended to be associated with an increased fetal heartbeat, but there was no interaction between them (P = .98). There was no effect of gestational age (P = .31), group (P = .19), or interaction between them for progestogens concentrations (P = .21). Estradiol concentration was not affected by gestational age (P = .76) or group (P = .51). In conclusion, late-term pregnancy loss was associated with increased CTUP measurements in donkeys.

Transrectal ultrasonography of the caudal placental pole and fetal eyeball diameter and associations with the season, duration of gestation, placental weight, sex of the foal, and birthweight in donkeys☆

This study aimed to establish normal ranges and determine variables affecting the duration of gestation, placental and fetal eyeball measurements in donkeys. Jennies (n = 121) were submitted to transrectal ultrasonography at 15-day-intervals from 120 days of gestation until parturition. During each examination, variables assessed included: the combined thickness of uterus and placenta (CTUP), fetal eyeball diameter, amniotic membrane thickness, allantoic and amniotic fluids echogenicity, and chorioallantois edema. Parametric data were analyzed with t-test, linear regression, mixed models, ANOVA, Tukey's as posthoc, and non-parametric data with Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's. Statistical significance was set at P < .05. The mean duration of gestation was 365.4 ± 10.4 days, and there were effects of the season (P < .001), sex of the foal (P = .001), but there was no interaction (P = .89). Spring-bred jennies had 16d longer gestation than summer- and fall-bred (P < .0001), and with no difference between the latter (P = .81). Colts had four days longer gestation than fillies (P = .0001). The proportion of colts (51%) and fillies (49%) were similar (P = .8). The CTUP measurements varied with gestation age (P < .0001), but there were no effects of the season (P = .68), sex of the foal, or interactions (P = .80). The incidence and scores of chorioallantois edema increased from 240 to 300 days (P < .001). Amniotic membrane thickness increased minimally between mid- and late-gestation (P = .02). The fetal eyeball was strongly associated with gestational age (r=0.78) but not with any other variable (P > .05). Allantoic fluid echogenicity did not vary throughout gestation (P = .21); however, the amniotic fluid echogenicity increased from mid-to late-gestation (P = .0001). In conclusion, the season and sex of the foal affected the duration of gestation, but no other variables. The CTUP displayed a sigmoid increase throughout pregnancy, and gestational age was the only variable affecting it. The incidence of chorioallantois edema and scores increased from 240 to 300 days of gestation. Fetal eyeball diameter was strongly associated with gestational age. Amniotic fluid echogenicity increased late in pregnancy, but not the allantoic fluid.

A Method of Circular Scleral Buckle Length Calculation in Retinal Detachment Surgery

Purpose. To develop a method of circular buckle length calculation for optimization of circular scleral buckling in retinal detachment surgery.Methods. At the first stage of the study a formula for calculation of optimal circular scleral buckle length for patients with various axial length (AL) of the eyeball was developed (90 eyes). These healthy eyes were divided into three groups, 30 eyes in each: group 1 — AL 19 to 23.5 mm, group 2 — AL 23.6 to 27 mm, group 3 — AL over 27 mm. In all the groups AL and equatorial diameter of the eyeball were measured with ultrasound A- and B- scanning (Тomey UD8000, Tomey AL 3000). Mathematic estimation of equatorial eyeball diameter dependence on AL was performed using correlation and regression analysis and the formula for optimal circular buckle length calculation was derived. At the second stage the derived formula was used in clinic during retinal detachment surgery in 15 eyes of 15 patients aged 28 to 44 years (37.6 ± 2.6) with subtotal retinal detachment occupying 2 to 3 quadrants. Follow-up period was 1 to 4 months (2.3 ± 0.5). For control, in all patient’s intraoperative measurement of the eyeball circumference in equatorial zone was performed.Results. The first step of the study revealed high correlation coefficient (r) between AL and equatorial eyeball diameter in groups 1 and 2, 0.89 and 0.87, respectively. In group 3 correlation coefficient was 0.57 which shows moderate correlation between AL and equatorial eyeball diameter. Group 3 (AL &gt; 27 mm) was not included in deriving the formula for circular buckle length calculation. Finally, regression equation was obtained and the following formula for circular buckle length calculation was derived: L = 0.9π (8.05 + 0.66 AL), where L — circular buckle length, π = 3.14, AL — axial length of the eyeball. At the second stage of the study (eyes with AL less than 27 mm) anatomical attachment of the retina was achieved in all 15 cases (100 %), elevation of the buckle was 1.44 to 1.6 mm (1.5 ± 0.02), circular buckle shortening made 10 % of the initial eyeball diameter. Control measurement of eyeball diameter in equatorial zone coincided with calculated values, that is, equaled the data obtained from presented formula and from preoperative ultrasound measurement of equatorial eyeball diameter.Conclusions. The derived formula for circular buckle length calculation is highly effective for eyes with AL less than 27 mm: provides optimal height of impression roll (approximately 1.5 mm), reduces the risk of postoperative complications, it is simple in use and shortens the operation time. For calculation of circular buckle length for eyes with AL over 27 mm it is reasonable to use the data of preoperative ultrasound A-scan measurement of equatorial diameter of the eyeball.

Optic nerve sheath diameter measurement by ultrasound: Evaluation of a standardized protocol.

Treatment of elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) is central to neurocritical care, but not all patients are eligible for invasive ICP-monitoring. A promising noninvasive option is ultrasound measurement of the optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD). However, meta-analyses of ONSD for elevated ICP show wide confidence intervals. This might be due to baseline variations, inter-rater variability, and varying measurement methods. No standardized protocol has been validated. Corrections for eyeball diameter (ED) and optic nerve diameter (OND) may compensate for baseline variations. We evaluated a protocol and compared two different measurement methods for ONSD ultrasound. Two operators, blinded to each other's measurements, measured ONSD, ED, and OND twice in 20 patients. ONSD was measured with two different methods in use: internal (ONSDint) or external (ONSDext) of the dura mater. Intra-class correlation (ICC) was calculated for inter-rater and intra-rater reliability. ICCs for inter-rater reliability of ONSDext and ONSDint (95% confidence interval) were 0.96 (0.93, 0.98) and 0.88 (0.79, 0.94), respectively. ICCs for intra-rater reliability of ONSDext and ONSDint were 0.97 (0.94, 0.99) and 0.93 (0.87, 0.96), respectively. There was no significant bias or difference in intra-rater reliability between operators. ONSD can be measured with an excellent inter- and intra-rater reliability and low risk of inter-rater bias, when using this protocol. ONSDext yields a higher inter- and intra-rater reliability than ONSDint. Corrections for ED and OND can be performed reliably.

An Open Labelled Comparative Clinical Study to Evaluate the Effect of Go-Ghrita Tarpana and Triphala-Ghrita Tarpana on Antero-Posterior Diameter in Axial-Myopia

Background and Objective: Axial-myopia is characterized by blurriness of vision for distance caused by increased in A-P diameter. Usual treatment for myopia is optical correction by optical glass and contact lens. To restore distance vision, surgical intervention like, LASIK is adopted, which has complications like dry eye syndrome and astigmatism. The Ayurvedic approach of the disease mainly concentrates on treating the disease and preventing the progression of the disease. There are many hypothetical theories regarding mode of action of Tarpana on Myopia and Timira. In this study, an attempt is made to observe the effect of Tarpana on A-P diameter of eyeball and to know the difference between Tarpana by plain Go-Ghrita and Triphala Ghrita. Materials and Methods: 20 patients of Group A, were treated with Go-Ghrita Tarpana (two sittings of 7 days each, with the gap of 14 days) and in Group B, 20 patients were treated with Triphala-Ghrita Tarpana (two sittings of 7 days each, with the gap of 14 days). Results: The data of both the groups were collected according to the objective and subjective parameters and analyzed using the most appropriate statistical test (repeated measures of ANOVA, Bonferroni Test and Mann- Whitney U Test). The efficacy is statistically significant within the group at P &lt;0.001and statistically insignificant between the groups at P &gt;0.05 among all the parameters. Interpretation and Conclusion: On comparison of Go-Ghrita Tarpana with Triphala-Ghrita Tarpana, both have an equal effectiveness on distant vision, Optical correction and A-P diameter.

Computational Model-Based Estimation of Mouse Eyeball Structure From Two-Dimensional Flatmount Microscopy Images.

PurposeRetinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells serve as a supporter for the metabolism and visual function of photoreceptors and a barrier for photoreceptor protection. Morphology dynamics, spatial organization, distribution density, and growth patterns of RPE cells are important for further research on these RPE main functions. To enable such investigations within the authentic eyeball structure, a new method for estimating the three-dimensional (3D) eyeball sphere from two-dimensional tissue flatmount microscopy images was investigated.MethodsAn error-correction term was formulated to compensate for the reconstruction error as a result of tissue distortions. The effect of the tissue-distortion error was evaluated by excluding partial data points from the low- and high-latitude zones. The error-correction parameter was learned automatically using a set of samples with the ground truth eyeball diameters measured with noncontact light-emitting diode micrometry at submicron accuracy and precision.ResultsThe analysis showed that the error-correction term in the reconstruction model is a valid method for modeling tissue distortions in the tissue flatmount preparation steps. With the error-correction model, the average relative error of the estimated eyeball diameter was reduced from 14% to 5%, and the absolute error was reduced from 0.22 to 0.03 mm.ConclusionsA new method for enabling RPE morphometry analysis with respect to locations on an eyeball sphere was created, an important step in increasing RPE research and eye disease diagnosis.Translational RelevanceThis method enables one to derive RPE cell information from the 3D eyeball surface and helps characterize eyeball volume growth patterns under diseased conditions.

Effects of monochromatic lights on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, eyeball development, oxidation resistance, and cecal bacteria of Pekin ducks.

ObjectiveLight is a significant component of housing environment in commercial poultry industry. This study was conducted to investigate whether Pekin ducks perform better under monochromatic lights than under white light with respect to their growth performance, carcass quality, eyeball development, oxidation resistance, and cecal bacterial communities.MethodsA total of 320 one-day-old male Pekin ducklings were randomly distributed into five rooms with different light treatments, white, red, yellow, green, and blue light. Each room consisted of 4 replicated pens with 16 ducklings per pen.ResultsBlue light significantly decreased fat deposition by decreasing abdominal fat. Long wavelength light, such as red, green, and yellow light, considerably increased the back-to-front eyeball diameter and the red light potentially enlarged the side-to-side eyeball diameter. Besides, the blue light had adverse effects on the oxidation resistance status in terms of increasing the product malonaldehyde of lipid oxidation and decreasing the plasma concentration of total superoxide dismutase. The phyla of Firmicutes had the greatest abundance in the green and blue treatments, while Bacteroidetes in blue treatment was the least. The genus of Faecalibacterium was significantly lower under the red light.ConclusionThe high risk of cecal health status and decreased anti-oxidation activity were observed under blue light. Red, yellow, and green light might increase the risk of oversized eyeball and cecal illness. Therefore, monochromatic lights compared to white light did not show advantages on the performance of housing ducks, it turns out that the white light is the best light condition for grow-out ducks.

Stimulus-Responsive Contact Lens for IOP Measurement or Temperature-Triggered Drug Release.

PurposeContinuous monitoring of elevated intraocular pressure and timely drug delivery for successful treatment of glaucoma are necessary to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP), which shows wide variations across the circadian pattern and in response to medication. This in vivo study presents a new contact lens-based method of optical IOP measurement or temperature-triggered drug elution. MethodsA contact lens with moiré patterns of concentric circles measures the changes in eyeball diameter of a rabbit glaucoma model due to changes in IOP by superimposing a camera-captured image onto the micro pattern of the contact lens with a computer-assisted virtual reference image. Drug elution from the nanoporous bicontinuous microemulsion contact lens (BME-CL) into the eye of the rabbit was triggered by a temperature-responsive nanogel drug carrier.ResultsThe moiré pattern change on the contact lens was proportional to the IOP increase in the rabbit eye either ex vivo or in vivo and was also correlated with imaging-based alterations in the anterior chamber angle at a range of IOP values (3–40 mm Hg). The cumulative drug absorbed reached as high as 10.6 µg/mL aqueous humor until 7 days after wearing the BME-CL, and a 33% decrease in IOP was observed at 3 hours after drug elution.ConclusionsThe results suggest that continuous measurement and treatment of elevated IOP are feasible using moiré pattern-inscribed and thermosensitive drug-eluting contact lenses, respectively.Translational RelevancePressure-sensing or thermosensitive contact lenses enable monitoring IOP or drug release triggered by body temperature for the treatment of glaucoma patients.

Smokeless tobacco ‘sadagura’ and areca nut extract exposure induces extensive embryotoxicity in chick embryo, Gallus gallus domesticus

Areca nut (AN) and sadagura (SG, homemade smokeless tobacco) are often consumed alone or in combination irrespective of gender including pregnant women in the southern region of Assam, India. However, very few studies have been carried out so far to evaluate its ill effect during embryogenesis. The present study aims to determine the effects of AN, SG, and combination of both (AN + SG) in developing chick embryos as it serves as an excellent model for teratogenic and developmental toxicity study owing to its similarity with the human embryo. Fertile White Leghorn chicken eggs (Gallus gallus domestucus) were exposed to different concentrations of 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/egg of AN, SG, and AN + SG extract, respectively. The eggs were divided into four groups: control, AN extract-, SG extract-, and AN + SG-treated group. Three different parameters, viz. mortality rate, morphometric measurements, and qualitative anomalies, were studied to observe teratogenic effects. Results indicated a dose-dependent increase in mortality rate in all the treatment groups. Also, quantitative measures suggested significant decrease (p < 0.001) in wet body weight, crown–rump length, anterior–posterior head length, and eyeball diameter in all the concentration of AN, SG and AN + SG of treatment groups when compared to control group. Compared to control, anomalies like microcephaly, microphthalmia, deformed beak, hemorrhage, omphalocele, flexed limbs, and ectopia cordis were prominent in treated groups. Our findings depict organ-specific as well as systemic defects in the developing embryos. Our results suggest that exposure to AN, SG, and AN + SG causes adverse developmental abnormalities and embryo mortality in the chick embryo.

Pregnancy diagnosis in dromedary: comparison between transrectal and transabdominal ultrasonography

This study aimed to compare between transrectal and transabdominal ultrasonography for visualization of camel conceptus during different stages of gestation in dromedary. A group of six pregnant female dromedary camels was used in this study. Consecutive transrectal and transabdominal ultrasonography were performed once weekly between the second and 42nd weeks of pregnancy and every 2 weeks from the 42nd week until parturition. Six areas were selected for transabdominal ultrasound examination, namely caudal abdominal (CAA, right and left, above the base of the udder), middle abdominal (MIA, right and left, from the base of the udder to the umbilicus); and cranial abdominal (CRA, right and left, from the umbilicus to the xiphoid cartilage). On each examination, attempts were made to imagine the conceptus and to estimate the biparietal diameter (BPD), eyeball diameter (EBD), abdominal diameter (ABD) and ruminal diameter (RUD). The result revealed that between the 4th and 5th weeks, the conceptus could only be visualized by the transrectal approach (100%). Between the 6th and the 12th weeks, the conceptus was mostly observed through the left CAA (100%) and the transrectal (97.6%) approaches, but less repeatedly over the right CAA (66.7%) approach. From the 13th to the 27th weeks, the conceptus was mostly observed over the left CAA (100%), but less regularly through the right CAA (50%) and transrectal (31.8%) approaches. Between the 28th and 52nd weeks, the conceptus was chiefly detected via the left CRA approach (92.3%), but less often over right CRA (69.2%) and transrectal (60.3%) approaches. The EBD was the greatest accessible fetal parameter throughout transrectal and transabdominal examinations and the ABD was the slightest. It could be concluded that the transrectal, left CAA, and left CRA ultrasonography are the preeminent techniques for pregnancy diagnosis during early, mid-, and late gestation, respectively.

Virtual reality-based measurement of ocular deviation in strabismus

Background and objectiveStrabismus is an eye movement disorder in which shows the abnormal ocular deviation. Cover tests have mainly been used in the clinical diagnosis of strabismus for treatment. However, the whole process depends on the doctor's level of experience, which could be subjected to several factors. In this study, an automated technique for measurement of ocular deviation using a virtual reality (VR) device is developed. MethodsA VR display system in which the screens that have the fixation target are changed alternately between on and off stages is used to simulate the normal strabismus diagnosis steps. Patients watch special-designed 3D scenes, and their eye motions are recorded by two infrared (IR) cameras. An image-processing-based pupil tracking technique is then applied to track their eye movement. After recording eye motion, two strategies for strabismus angle estimation are implemented: direct measurement and stepwise approximation. The direct measurement converts the eye movement to a strabismus angle after considering the eyeball diameter, while the stepwise approximation measures the ocular deviation through the feedback calibration process. ResultsExperiments are carried out with various strabismus patients. The results are compared to those of their doctors’ measurement, which shows good agreement. ConclusionsThe results clearly indicate that these techniques could identify ocular deviation with high accuracy and efficiency. The proposed system can be applied in small space and has high tolerance for the unexpected head movements compared with other camera-based system.

Morphological analysis and quantitative evaluation of myopic maculopathy by three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging.

PurposeTo study the characteristic morphology and quantitatively evaluate the eye shape in different types of myopic maculopathy.MethodsA total of 103 eyes from 65 patients with high myopic maculopathy were examined by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging (3D MRI). The participants were classified into two groups, namely myopic traction maculopathy (MTM) eyes and non-MTM eyes, with SD-OCT imaging. Volume renderings and morphology analysis of the 3D MRI of the eyeball were obtained. Quantitative analysis was achieved in the calculation of vitreous volume and the three-dimensional diameters of the eyeball in three cardinal axes. The eye shape distribution and the diameters of the eyeball were compared between the two groups. Eye shape distribution, vitreous volume, and eyeball diameter were compared between MTM and non-MTM eyes.ResultsThe MTM and non-MTM groups had a total of 68 and 35 eyes, respectively. A significant difference was found in the eye shape distribution (P<0.0001) between MTM and non-MTM eyes. Most of the MTM eyes had undergone a non-uniform expansion of the eyeball, whereas the non-MTM eyes had expanded uniformly. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in either vitreous volume or other diameters between the two groups.ConclusionsNon-uniform globe expansion and staphyloma formation might play an important role in the pathogenesis of MTM.

Measurement of the Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter with Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Its Association with Eyeball Diameter in Healthy Adults.

Background and PurposeThe optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) is an indirect marker of the intracranial pressure, but the normal range of ONSD as measured using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and its associations with clinical parameters and the eyeball transverse diameter (ETD) remain unclear.MethodsWe included 314 healthy adults who underwent brain MRI examinations for health screening between June 2014 and September 2017. The ONSD and ETD of each eye were calculated using time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography. Linear regression analyses were performed to assess the relationships between ONSD and variables including age, sex, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), intraocular pressure (IOP), and ETD. We further investigated a normative value for the ONSD/ETD ratio and its associated factors.ResultsThe mean ONSD and ETD were 4.71 mm [95% confidence interval (CI), 4.66–4.75 mm] and 21.24 mm (95% CI, 21.13–21.35 mm), respectively. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that ONSD was only associated with ETD (p<0.001), with it being independent of age, sex, height, weight, BMI, MABP, and IOP. The ONSD/ETD ratio had a mean value of 0.22 (95% CI, 0.22–0.22), and was not correlated with age, sex, height, weight, BMI, MABP, or IOP.ConclusionsThis study determined the normative value of MRI-based ONSD in healthy Korean adults. There was a strong correlation between the ETD and ONSD, which can be presented as the ONSD/ETD ratio. This parameter needs to be investigated further in disease populations.

Monitoring of Early Pregnancy Fetometry in Egyptian Buffaloes Using High Frequency Transrectal B-Mode and Color Doppler Ultrasonography

The current study aimed to screen the growth and viability of embryo from Day 21 to Day 56 post-breeding in Egyptian buffaloes. Twenty buffaloes were synchronized and examined serially by means of real-time B-mode ultrasound equipped with 12 MHz endorectal transducer. The developing embryonic sac diameter (ESD), crown rump length (CRL), head diameter (HD), trunk diameter (TD), and eye ball diameter (EBD) were measured. The heart rate and cardiac blood flow were sequentially examined to verify the fetal viability using color Doppler mode. Data showed the feasibility of first detection and measurement of ESD, CRL, HD, TD and EBD from Day 24.33 ± 0.67, 27.00 ± 1.73, 34.67 ± 1.76, 34.67 ± 0.88 and 33.67 ± 0.88, respectively. The fetal heart rate was 232.00 ± 12.35 beat/min at the day of first examination (Day 24.50 ± 1.30) after breeding. The cardiac blood flow was examined from Day 27 onwards. A highly significant (P< 0.0001) correlations were recorded between the ESD (r2=0.55), CRL (r2=0.85), HD (r2=0.85), TD (r2=0.93) and EBD (r2=0.85) and fetal age in buffaloes. It could be concluded that the high-frequency ultrasonography is a valuable diagnostic tool for the detection of early pregnancy from Day 24-26 post-breeding in Egyptian buffaloes. Verification of fetal heart beating (starting from Day 24-26) and cardiac blood flow (starting from Day 26-27) provide a reliable non-invasive promising technique for the fetal viability evaluation. The high correlation between TD and fetal age signified its clinical value, over other estimated fetometric parameters, in determining gestation period in Egyptian buffaloes during early pregnancy.

Karakteristik Ikan Tuna sirip biru selatan (Thunnus maccoyii) Hasil Tangkapan Kapal Rawai Tuna yang didaratkan di Pelabuhan Benoa

Southern bluefin tuna (SBT) is scientifically known Thunnus maccoyii, and just live in the southern hemisphere. SBT fish classified as the most exploited tuna fish in the southeastern part of the Indian Ocean, so it is protected by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The aim of this study is too collected of SBT fish caught during January which is the peak of SBT landing in Benoa port. The study was conducted base on data sampling, observation and interviews on 33 ships were landing SBT fish during January 2016. Based on observations from 33 vessels, we found that the total of SBT fish that landed in Benoa port during January 2016 is 251 fresh fish and 366 frozen fish. However just 251 SBT fresh fish were sampled, and the result indicated the fresh SBT fish is dominated by weigh between 61-70 kg with number 61 fish with a total weight of 19.28 tonne. The SBT were caught dominated by fish that has FL (fork lenght) ranging between 151-160 cm with number 69 fish. While the smallest SBT range between 131-140 cm with the number of 5 fish. These results indicate that SBT fish caught in the Souetheast Indian Ocean during January 2016 is generaly relative small fish (130–160 cm FL) with a number of 163 fish and mature SBT fish (FL &gt; 162 cm) with a number of 88 and young SBT (FL &lt; 130 cm) with a number of 5 fish. Based on morphometric analysis, eyeball diameter of SBT range 6-8 cm, the length lateral head from the tip of the mouth to behind the gill cover ranging 46-54 cm, the length of body from the early dorsal or in front of the first dorsal fin ranging between 38-47 cm, the height of fish at the end of the anal or at the end ranging between 34-39 cm, the high of caudal peduncle ranging between 4-5 cm, th length of the dorsal base of the tail fish ranging between 53-63 cm, and the length of the base of tail anal from anal to tail ranging between 41-51 cm. Base on size and age composition, it is shown that the growth of SBT during January 2016 is isometric.

The three-dimensional MRI for estimating the shape of eyeball of emmetropia and myopia

Objective To investigate the morphologic characteristics of eyeballs in myopia with three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging(3-D MRI). Methods The emmetropia (10 cases, 20 eyes), low myopia (10 cases, 20 eyes), medium myopia (10 cases, 20 eyes), high myopia (10 cases, 20 eyes) were enrolled. Patients which had eye diseases, history of ocular injury or surgery were excluded. In all cases the 3-D MRI were taken for the measurement of the sagittal, horizontal and vertical diameter of eyeball, eyeball volume and the ending points of eye muscle and optic nerve. Results The average value of sagittal, horizontal and vertical length of low myopia, medium myopia and high myopia group were much bigger than those of emmetropia group, especially the axial length. The average value of eyeball volume of myopia group was much bigger than that of emmetropia group. The eyeball, eye muscles and optic nerve were showed clearly in the 3-D MRI. The low and medium myopia group did not present obvious posterior staphyloma. Fifteen of 20 eyeballs in the high myopia group showed posterior staphyloma. Conclusion The sagittal, horizontal and vertical diameters and volume of the eyeball of low myopia, medium myopia and high myopia are significantly bigger than those of emmetropia. The 3-D MRI can show the eyeball shape, eye muscles and optic nerve clearly, which has the certain value in clinical work especially for eye surgery. Key words: Myopia; Diameter, eyeball; Volume, eyeball; Three-dimensional MRI

Divergence and polymorphism analysis of IGF1Ra and IGF1Rb from orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides (Hamilton).

Orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) is one of the most important marine fish and has a high market value. The insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor (IGF1R) is a component of the insulin-like growth factor signaling system, and demonstrates important roles during growth. Based on information from livestock, we used IGF1R as a candidate gene to survey single nucleotide polymorphisms. In the present study, the sequences of IGF1Ra and IGF1Rb from orange-spotted grouper were obtained from the genome sequences and their clustering in clades a and b, respectively, was confirmed by phylogenetic analysis. Fourteen critical amino acids underlying functional divergence were detected between the two clades, revealing the molecular basis of their functional differences. Nearly one-fourth (22 kbp) of the genomic sequence of IGF1Ra was sequenced in a mass cross population, and nucleotide diversity and linkage disequilibrium levels were investigated. Nucleotide diversity was 0.00328 for π and 0.00344 for θw. The half decay of the squared allele-frequency correlation was 10,835 base pairs. Comparatively, the relatively high level of linkage and the significant deviation from neutrality-based codons in IGR1R showed that this gene was under selection. A site (KR269824.1:g. 63762C>T), located in the sixth intron, was significantly associated with eyeball diameter (P = 1.39 x 10-4, Q-value: 2.33 x 10-2), which accounted for 11.1% of phenotypic variance. These results highlight the important function of IGF1R in orange-spotted grouper and may be beneficial in the breeding of this species.

Validation and re-description of Sinocyclocheilus aluensis Li et Xiao, 2005 (Cypriniforms: Cyprinidae)

Sinocyclocheilus aluensis was previously synonymized with S. angustiporus, but through the comparison of the specimens collected from Luxi County (type locality of S. aluensis) and type specimens of S. angustiporus, we identified several clear and stable characteristics to distinguish them. These findings suggest that S. aluensis should be considered as a valid species, as it can be distinguished from S. angustiporus by the position of the dorsal-fin insertion (posterior to vs. opposite to the pelvic-fin insertion), eye (22.4%-29.7% vs. 26.4%-38.9%, percentage of head length), eye-ball diameter (16.0%-23.6% vs. 21.3%-29.0%), and interorbital width (21.0%-32.3% vs. 19.7%-22.6%).