Exudative Changes Research Articles

Responses of mouse lung to irradiation: 2. Levels of alveolar protein in lung lavage fluid following neutrons or X-rays

Alveolar protein exudate is shown to exhibit a biphasic increase after irradiation. During the first 6 weeks after doses of between 5 and 28 Gy X-rays or 3.5 and 14 Gy neutrons, mean alveolar protein levels increase to about 4 times control levels. Over this period there was no suggestion of any dose-response nor of an RBE greater than 1. It seems probable that this response is unrelated to cell killing by radiation. After sublethal doses there was recovery from this first phase of leakage. However, although after 5 Gy X-rays this recovery was complete, after higher doses a second and greater increase in alveolar protein took place. After 10 Gy X-rays and 8 Gy neutrons this peaked at about 15 weeks post-irradiation and 20-30 times control levels. This second dose-dependent response corresponded with the times of animal death after doses close to the LD50. A comparison of these changes in alveolar protein exudate with previously published data on surfactant level suggests that the surfactant and protein responses are largely unrelated.

Effects of Temperature and Storage Time on the Microflora, Sensory and Exudate Changes of Vacuum- or Nitrogen-Packed Beef

Beef chuck muscles from freshly slaughtered animals were vacuum- or nitrogen-packaged and stored at 0, 3 or 7°C in the dark. The effects of temperature, time, and atmosphere of storage on microflora, appearance, odor and exudate changes of vacuum and nitrogen package samples were examined at intervals during 49 days of storage. The microflora, sensory and exudate data at 0, 3 and 7°C showed highly significant differences due to the effect of temperature and storage time. Initially, the dominant flora of both package treatments consisted of Pseudomonas spp. (69.2%), but after 49 days the dominant flora became Lactobacillus spp. (51–55%). There was no significant change in numbers of total and fecal coli-forms at 3°C but coliforms constituted a significant part (max 103−105/g) of the microbial growth at 7°C, regardless of package types. Nitrogen gas packaging significantly improved the shelf-life of beef by retarding the development of discoloration and by minimizing the exudate losses.

Comparison between the exudative changes of the ocular fundus and the components of the plaque on the bronchial mucous membrane in patients with sarcoidosis

Comparison between the exudative changes of the ocular fundus and the components of the plaque on the bronchial mucous membrane in patients with sarcoidosis

Effects of temperature and storage duration on the microflora, physicochemical and sensory changes of vacuum- or nitrogen-packed pork

A comparative study of vacuum packaging alone or vacuum followed by nitrogen back-flushing of fresh pork stored at −4, 0, 3 and 7°C for 49 days showed that pork stored at −4°C generally exhibited small changes in microbial numbers, pH, exudate, appearance and off-odour. Samples stored above 0°C could not be kept beyond 14–28 days without obvious changes, regardless of package atmospheres. Storage life was inversely related to temperature. The initial psychrotrophs consisted primarily of Pseudomonas spp. but these organisms diminished as Lactobacillus spp. multiplied in both atmospheres. Few significant differences in numbers of fecal coliforms were found between treatments, although the numbers tended to increase in samples stored at 7°C. Nitrogen packaging did not reduce exudate losses as compared with vacuum packaging.

Renal Lesions of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Mellitus in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), unilaterally nephrectomized, and treated with 30mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ), i.v., showed sustained high blood glucose (>200mg/dl) and pressure (>160mmHg) during 6 to 12-week-observation. Glomerular exudative and medial proliferative changes were seen in the kidney. Thus, an animal model of diabetic nephropathy with hypertension has been established. Moreover, hypertension was not observed in Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) or normal Wistar (WR) rats after STZ treatment. Existance of so-called STZ hypertension in the rat is suspicious.

Maple Sap Uptake, Exudation, and Pressure Changes Correlated with Freezing Exotherms and Thawing Endotherms

Sap flow rates and sap pressure changes were measured in dormant sugar maple trees (Acer saccharum Marsh.). In the forest, sap flow rates and pressure changes were measured from tap holes drilled into tree trunks in mature trees and sap flow rates were measured from the base of excised branches. Excised branches were also brought into the laboratory where air temperature could be carefully controlled in a refrigerated box and sap flow rates and sap pressures were measured from the cut base of the branches.Under both forest and laboratory conditions, sap uptake occurred as the wood temperature declined but much more rapid sap uptake correlated with the onset of the freezing exotherm. When sap pressures were measured under conditions of negligible volume displacement, the sap pressure rapidly fell to -60 to -80 kilopascals at the start of the freezing exotherm. The volume of water uptake and the rate of uptake depended on the rate of freezing. A slow freezing rate correlated with a large volume of water uptake, a fast freezing rate induced a smaller volume of water uptake. The volume of water uptake ranged from 0.02 to 0.055 grams water per gram dry weight of sapwood. The volume of water exuded after thawing was usually less than the volume of uptake so that after several freezing and thawing cycles the sapwood water content increased from 0.7 to 0.8 grams water per gram dry weight.These results are discussed in terms of a physical model of the mechanism of maple sap uptake and exudation first proposed by P. E. R. O'Malley. The proposed mechanism of sap uptake is by vapor distillation in air filled wood fiber lumina during the freezing of minor branches. Gravity and pressurized air bubbles (compressed during freezing) cause sap flow from the canopy down the tree after the thaw.

The second eye of patients with senile macular degeneration.

Patients with senile macular degeneration and exudative maculopathy in one eye and drusen in the second eye have a 3% to 7% risk per year of exudative maculopathy developing in the second eye during the first three years following their initial presentation. The risk is the same for patients with new vessel membranes or other types of exudative maculopathy in the first eye. Second eyes in which exudative changes develop are more likely to have larger numbers of drusen or greater confluence of drusen (or both) initially. The data from this study were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier technique of estimation, a method (to our knowledge) not previously employed by other investigators. The demographic features of the overall study population, as well as the photographic features associated with increased risk of development of exudative maculopathy, were in agreement with those previously reported.

Peritoneal cell responses to acute gastro-intestinal inflammation.

Cell changes in the peritoneal exudate induced by an acute localised inflammation due to a small intestinal anastomosis have been studied. The maximum response occurs on the second day. The neutrophil polymorphonuclear leucocyte output on the second is seven times greater in the peritoneal exudate than in the effluent lymph from the gastro-intestinal tract. The fate of the inflammatory cell response of the peritoneal exudate has been studied using thymidine-labelled cell transfer experiments. Some neutrophil polymorphonuclear leucocytes and eosinophils are phagocytosed by monocyte/macrophage cells in the peritoneal cavity. The majority of the neutrophil polymorphonuclear leucocytes and eosinophils migrate through diaphragmatic "stomata" to the parathymic lymph glands via the mediastinal lymphatics.

Masugi nephritis in the nude mice and their normal littermates.

Masugi nephritis was studied in the male nude and their normal littermate BALB/c mice. In the second phase, severe histological changes consisting of numerous thrombi, thickening of the capillary walls, segmental capillary necrosis, tubular atrophy and numerous casts in the tubular lumen were found in the nephritic nude mice. By electron microscopy, dense deposits were found in the subendothelial space, together with massive fibrin deposition in the capillary lumina. Degeneration and disappearance of endothelial cells could also be seen. On the other hand, the nephritic BALB/c mice showed definite hypercellularity of the glomeruli but less exudative changes. In the second phase, granular deposition of mouse IgG was seen in the mesangium of the nephritic nude mice. In contrast, in the nephritic BALB/c mice, mouse IgG was localized in a linear fashion along the capillary walls. In the plaque forming assay, no indirect plaques against rabbit gammaglobulin were developed in the nephritic nude mice.

Lesions in pulmonary artery in feline dirofilariasis.

Pathological observation was carried out on 3 domestic cats spontaneously infected with Dirofilaria immitis. Principal lesions were found in a small number of pulmonary arterial branches which corresponded roughly to the site of parasitic infection. Marked degenerative and exudative changes involving the whole layers of the vascular wall and perivascular loose connective tissues were conspicuous in large pulmonary arterial branches containing embolic dead parasites. A certain causal relation may present between disorganized dead parasites and severe necrotic changes.

Transfer of arterial hypertension by splenic cells from DOCA-salt hypertensive and renal hypertensive rats to normotensive recipients.

Arterial hypertension was transferred from DOCA-salt hypertensive and renal hypertensive rats to normotensive rats by intravenous injection of splenic cells. Thirteen normotensive recipients were injected intravenously with splenic cells from the hypertensive donors. Eleven developed arterial hypertension (85%), that is, with a systolic blood pressure exceeding 140 mm Hg. Three of the recipients developed hypertensive levels up to 155-160 mm Hg, which was almost up to the levels in the donors. The increase of the blood pressure in the recipients was significant when compared to controls injected intravenously with splenic cells from normotensive donors (p less than 0.001). Skin tests, performed by intracutaneous injection of homogenized common carotid arteries in half of the recipients, showed positive reactions 24 hours after the injection. Microscopical examination of heart and kidney from the other half demonstrated mononuclear infiltration into arterial and arteriolar walls and exudative changes in these walls. Due to exudative thickening of the vessel walls the lumina were narrowed. The hypothesis is advanced that the recipient rats developed arterial hypertension as a result of a transferred delayed hypersensitivity directed against the arterial walls. This hypersensitivity reaction caused insudation of plasma components into the arterial walls, narrowing of their lumina and an increased peripheral resistance to the blood flow, so that arterial hypertension developed.

The initial stage of infection with cyclically-transmitted Trypanosoma congolense in rabbits, calves and sheep

Glossina morsitans infected with a stock of Trypanosoma congolense were used to infect rabbits, calves and a sheep. Local skin reactions developing after 6 to 10 days at the sites of infected tsetse bites were removed surgically or post mortem, and the tissues processed and examined for trypanosome distribution and pathological change by light, electron and fluorescence microscopy. Local reactions from rabbits were examined at intervals between 7 and 19 days after infection and from calves between 8 and 30 days after infection. A single reaction from a sheep was examined 10 days after infection. Observations were also made on the presence of trypanosomes in lymph nodes and blood from the infected animals. Substantial numbers of trypanosomes were located in the collagen of the deep dermis and near the bases of hair follicles following infection in all three host species. The parasites were numerous in reactions examined between days 7 and 12 and calf tissues were most heavily infected. Trypanosomes were also seen in lymphatic vessels of the skin and in superficial lymph nodes draining local reaction sites up to day 10. Although many trypanosomes in local reactions were destroyed by extracellular lysis, a few parasites were detectable in the dermal collagen until day 19 in rabbits and day 30 in calves. The multiplication and development of trypanosomes in each host was accompanied by focal disorganization and degeneration of infected areas of dermal collagen. Reactions examined 7 to 15 days after infection showed acute inflammatory and exudative changes with extensive mononuclear cell infiltration particularly in areas showing collagen necrosis and in the vicinity of dermal blood vessels. Macroscopically, reactions left in situ gradually disappeared by about day 16 in rabbits and day 21 in calves. Histological examinations confirmed that inflammatory changes subsided between days 14 and 21, leaving extensive areas of newly formed collagen and persistent perivascular and tissue foci of mononuclear cells.

Oxygen toxicity: Protection of the lung by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin)

Adult rats were exposed to > 95% O 2 for a 72-hr period and treated with small dosages of endotoxin (250 μg/kg/day, ∼ 1 100 th LD50) during the exposure or with a single dose of endotoxin (500 μg/kg) administered just prior to the hyperoxic exposure. Endotoxin treatment increased the survival rate in hyperoxia from 12 44 (27%) for untreated rats to 38 40 (95%) for the treated animals ( p < 0.05). In addition, the endotoxin-treated animals had significantly decreased O 2-induced pulmonary edema and pleural fluid accumulation compared to the untreated rats ( p < 0.05). Histological examination by light microscopy demonstrated marked lung damage in the untreated. hyperoxia-exposed animal lungs (perivascular, interstitial, and alveolar edema and lung hemorrhage) but only minimal changes in the lungs of the endotoxin-treated group of animals exposed to hyperoxia. Transmission electron microscopy showed a protective action of endotoxin treatment on the pulmonary capillary endothelium, compatible with the decreased exudative changes (edema) observed in the O 2-exposed endotoxin-treated lungs. Indomethacin and methylprednisolone pretreatment failed to alter the protective action of endotoxin versus pulmonary O 2 toxicity.

PROSTAGLANDIN E2, PROSTAGLANDIN I2 AND THE VASCULAR CHANGES OF INFLAMMATION

1. Plasma exudation and blood flow changes induced by intradermal injection of prostaglandins E2 (PGE2), I2 (PG12), D2 (PGD2) and F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) were measured in rabbit dorsal skin by the use of [131I]-albumin and 133Xe. 2. Little plasma exudation was produced by any of the prostaglandins when injected alone. 3. Both PGE2 and PGI2 were potent at increasing blood flow, whereas PGF2 alpha and PGD2 produced an increase only at high doses. 4. All of the prostaglandins studied potentiated the plasma exudation induced by bradykinin. PGE2 and PGI2 had similar potent potentiating activity, whereas PGD2 and PGF2 alpha had activity at doses too high to be of biological significance. 5. Intradermal injections of arachidonate alone resulted in little plasma exudation but produced an increase in blood flow. Arachidonate potentiated bradykinin-induced plasma exudation. 6. Locally-injected indomethacin had no effect on basal blood flow and little effect on the exudation produced by bradykinin, but indomethacin did inhibit the vasodilatation and exudation potentiation produced by arachidonate. 7. PGE2 and PGI2 had similar potency in producing marked potentiation of plasma exudation induced by intradermal injection of zymosan. 8. In the reaction to zymosan, it is concluded that vasodilatation is the result of the release of arachidonate, which is subsequently coverted to either PGE2 or PGI2. These substances regulate the plasma exudation induced by independently-released vascular permeability-increasing mediators.

下顎の老化に関する病理組織学的研究

A pathohistological investigation of age chages of the jaw bone was conducted with 53 non-extracted mandibles, of 36 males and 17 females ranging from 17 to 84 in age. In order to prevent intervention of the general and local effects to the jaw bone other than of time, the materials for the investigation were carefully chosen. The undecalcified sections of all the tooth regions of half-mandible in each case were prepared. Microscopic observation revealed the following results. 1. Downgrowth of epithelial attachment was observed at an age as early as 17. The maximum age for epithelial attachment locating at cemento-enamel junction was 33. 2. Recession of the gingival margin and epithelial attachment did not necessarily show a parallel relation with the extent of gingivitis and was recognized as agechanges. The gingival margin and the location of epithelial attachment migrated yearly toward the root apex by 0.056 mm and 0.062 mm respectively. 3. The average depth of the gingival sulcus was 0.89 mm, the length of the epithelial attachment 0.88 mm and the length of the connective tissue attachment 1.05 mm. No significant difference of the gingival thickness was observed among all age cases without exudative change or fibrosis. 4. Normal alveolar bone was observed at a tooth region in two cases, one of 17 years old and the othe 24 years old. Horizontal or vertical resorption of the alveolar bone was observed in all tooth regions in the remaining cases. 5. Horizontal resorption of the alveolar bone did not necessarily show a parallel change with gingivitis. A yearly horizontal resoptrion, as age-changes, of 0.06 mm occurred in adults. 6. Resorption of the alveolar bone was mainly osteolysis. Osteoclasis accounted for 17 % of all the resolved lesions and the majority was observed in the areas adjacent to inflammations. 7. Osteoporosis of the mandible was not observed as age-changes. 8. Horizontal resorption of the alveolar bone was observed prior to downgrowth of the epithelial attachment. 9. Narrowing index of the main branches of the mandibular arteries was observed as a change with age. Narrowing index of the small branches showed a little correlation with age, when compared with that of the main branches, a correlation with horizontal resorption of the alveolar bone was observed. 10. Incidence frequency of periodontitis showed a tendency to increase with age and higher incidence was observed in the posterior teeth than in the anterior teeth, and in the lingual side than in the labial side. Based on the histological findings, the aging of the periodontium which plays an important role in pathogenesis of periodontal diseases has been discussed.

Chronic ovine pneumonia associated with Mycoplasma infection.

Chro nic ovine pneumonia is one o f the most prevalent d iseases in Iraq a nd is of conside ra ble eco no mic imp ortance altho ugh its ca use is un certain (I] . Investigat ion s were ca rr ied out on sponta neo us pneum on ia in sheep in the sla ughterhouses of Baghdad city. Eighteen pn eumoni c ovine lun gs we re exa mined for infectiou s orga nisms. Vari ou s bacteri a, including S taphylococci. Streptococci. Klebsiella spp., and Escherichia coli were isolated at vari ou s times from diseased lungs. Ten of the 18 lungs were positiv e for mycopl asma. Co lonies va ried fro m centerless to co lonies with cen ters. Fo ur lun gs yielded only cente rless colonie s; the remainder had both types of colon ies. Further studies on the identification an d pathogen icity of the isolated strains were not poss ible. Ty pica l cente rless colonies of My coplasma ovipneumoniae recovered from 18 swa b sa mples fro m the nasal sinuses of 32 lambs in a group of ab out 300 animals in one barn and fro m nine nasal sam ples were identified as M . arginini [5]. T he microscop ic lesion s in the lun gs were similar to those described by ot he rs [5, 6]. T he principl e lesion s were thickeni ng of the alveo lar septa by proli fera tive cha nges in the alveo lar walls, hyperplasia of bron ch iolar ep ith el ium a nd alveo lar atelectasis with minimal exudative changes and intraluminal aggre gate s of neut rophils. There was ac tiva tion of intrapulmon ary lymphoid tissue that formed peribron ch ial cuffs. Cuffing was also notic ed aro und the blood vesse ls and lymphatics. The bronchi al glands had fjord-l ike elongations; their epithelium was hyperplastic and hype rtrop hied . The histological descript ion s are rem arkabl y similar to those of enzootic pneumoni a of pigs caused by mycopl asm a [2, 3], and grey lun g pn eumonia of mice [4]. Our study suggests that the isolated mycoplasmas are type s identified and characteri zed [5] . References

Computed renal biopsy data

Data obtained from 1121 renal biopsies pertaining to 826 patients have been computed. There were 676 needle biopsies (60.3%), 76 necropsies (6.77%), 36 nephrectomies (3.21%), and 133 transplant nephrectomies/biopsies (11.86%). 8.7% of the needle biopsies failed to produce renal tissue adequate for histological assessment. Immunofluorescence was done in 40.3% of these patients, being positive in 20.46% of them. Electron microscopy was done in 61.38% of the patients. Among the principal clinical presentations (one per patient) there were: 130 nephrotic syndrome (15.73%), 98 nephritic syndrome (1 1.86%), 88 chronic renal failure (10.65%), 79 proteinuria (9.56%), 61 systemic lupus (7.38%), 51 hypertension (6.17%), 36 acute renal failure (4.35%), 31 haematuria (3.75%), and 25 Goodpasture's syndrome (3.02%). The principal pathological diagnoses were: Glomerulonephritis in 473 patients (57.26%); Vascular disease in 78 (9.44%); Interstitial nephritis in 52 (6.29%); Diabetic nephropathy in 17 (2.05%); Tubular degeneration in 55 (6.65%); Neoplasia in 6 (0.72%); Amyloid in 10 (1.21%); Transplantation nephropathy in 55 (6.65%); Congenital renal disease in 6 (0.72%); End stage renal disease in 25 (3.02%); Normal renal tissue in 24 (2.90%); and Failed biopsies in 25 patients (3.02%). There were 322 patients presenting Diffuse glomerular disease and 135 patients with Focal glomerulonephritides. The commonest conditions were: Acute diffuse proliferative and exudative glomerulonephritis (100 cases), Minimal change or lipoid nephrosis (68 cases), Diffuse mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis (47 cases), Nonspecific focal glomerular disease and membranous glomerulonephritis (36 cases of each), and Goodpasture's syndrome (27 patients).

Crescentic glomerulonephritis induced in the goat by immunization with homologous or heterologous glomerular basement membrane antigen.

Crescentic glomerular changes developed in goats 16 to 46 weeks after immunization with homologous or heterologous glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antigens incorporated in Freund's complete adjuvant. Mesangial widening, accumulation of migrant cells, fibrin deposition, and GBM thickening became manifest with time. The GBM was then attenuated and ruptured at a local area. Through the ruptured GBM, the influx of fibrin and blood cells occurred in the Bowman's space (BS) accompanying proliferation of epithelial cells lining the BS. The crescent thus formed was mainly composed of the capsular epithelial cells. The visceral epithelial cells (podocytes) and migrated blood cells contributed to the crescent formation to a lesser extent. Basement menbrane-like material appeared later between the crescentic cells and the crescent underwent a fibroepithelial form. The results indicate that the crescent develops in relation to the characteristic GBM damage with a resultant severe exudative change in the BS.

Association of Virus-Induced Changes in Laimosphere Microflora and Hypocotyl Exudation with Protection to Fusarium Stem Rot

Association of Virus-Induced Changes in Laimosphere Microflora and Hypocotyl Exudation with Protection to Fusarium Stem Rot

Experimental Trypanosomal Glomerulonephritis: Evidence for Selective Renal Deposits Containing Reactants of the Alternate C Pathway

Abstract Three rhesus monkeys infected with Trypanosoma rhodesiense developed a sustained parasitemia, hypocomplementemia, and glomerulonephritis. In each of the three cases glomerulonephritis was characterized by mild proliferative and exudative changes. Immunofluorescent studies on renal glomeruli were done with antibody to human γG, γM, γA, C3, C4, and properdin. For each antibody a strong cross-reaction developed with the heterologous (monkey) serum protein. Two nephritic animals showed no deposits of Ig in glomeruli while a third had faint deposits of γM. All three animals showed heavy deposits of properdin and C3, in a granular pattern, but no evidence of C4. Glomerular deposits appeared during the period of hypocomplementemia which developed after approximately 8 days of infection. Non-infected animals (two) failed to show evidence for glomerular deposits of any of the proteins. These findings suggest that the glomerulonephritis of experimental trypanosomiasis is related to selective deposits of reactant proteins of the alternate C pathway (properdin system).