Extreme Weather Change Research Articles

Thermal Properties of Concrete Prepared with Water Absorbing Beads

Heat islands and extreme weather changes are the major problems faced in urban areas. The usage of water absorbing beads in concrete enhances its thermal properties. Water absorbing beads are the superabsorbent polymers that can absorb and retain water hundreds of times of their masses. In this research, six concrete mixes containing 180 nos. of concrete cube specimens of size 150mm were prepared using water absorbing beads as a replacement of aggregates by volume. Water absorbing beads submerged in water for 24 hours were used to prepare concrete mixes. Percentage of replacement of aggregates by volume of water absorbing beads were kept as 0%, 4%, 8%, 12%, 16% and 20% in mixes C, B1, B2, B3, B4 and B5 respectively. All in aggregate of 20mm nominal size as per table 10 of Indian standard IS 383: 2016 was used. M30 mix was used to prepare control mix designated as “C”. Specimens were tested for compressive and split tensile strength at curing age of 7 days, 28 days, 56 days and 120 days. Temperature absorption pattern of concrete prepared with water absorbing beads under direct sunlight was observed for the specimens after curing age of 120 days. Mass of concrete cubes were also noted. It was observed that the lightweight concrete was obtained with the use of water absorbing beads in concrete. Testing results show that the use of water absorbing beads in concrete reduces its compressive and tensile strength with improvement in thermal properties of concrete which is beneficial to control the surface temperature of concrete in extreme hot and cold weather. At last, we can say that the use of water absorbing beads in concrete improves sustainability and thermal comfort of the buildings

Does extreme weather affect the resilience of agricultural economies? Analysis based on agricultural insurance

IntroductionAgainst the backdrop of global warming and the frequent occurrence of extreme weather events, effectively bringing into play the effectiveness of agricultural insurance in supporting agriculture and enhancing the resilience of the agricultural economy is of universal significance for countries around the world. This study aims to explore the impact of extreme weather on the resilience of the agricultural economy, as well as whether agricultural insurance plays a role in the relationship between the two.MethodsBased on the panel data of 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) in China from 2011 to 2022, this paper selects 15 indicators from three dimensions, namely the pressure layer, the state layer, and the response layer, and measures the resilience of the agricultural economy by using the entropy method. Furthermore, through the fixed effects model and the moderating effects model, this paper empirically analyzes the impacts of extreme weather changes such as extreme high temperatures, extreme low temperatures, and extreme precipitation on the resilience of the agricultural economy, and examines the moderating role of agricultural insurance in this context. Finally, this paper explores whether the impacts of extreme weather on the agricultural economy in different regions are consistent, and the effectiveness of the role of agricultural insurance in different regions.ResultsThe study has revealed that extreme weather changes, predominantly characterized by extreme high temperatures, are detrimental to the enhancement of agricultural economic resilience. Conversely, agricultural insurance can effectively alleviate the negative impacts of extreme weather on the resilience of the agricultural economy. Meanwhile, the results of the heterogeneity test further validate the adverse effects of extreme weather on agricultural economic resilience and the negative moderating role of agricultural insurance therein. Overall, the adverse impacts of extreme weather are more pronounced in the central and eastern regions compared to the western region. Similarly, the moderating effects of agricultural insurance are more evident in the eastern and central regions than in the western region.DiscussionBased on the heterogeneity analysis, this study explores the reasons for the inconsistent impacts of extreme weather and agricultural insurance in different regions. By comparing the agricultural insurance systems of China with those of other countries, and further from an international perspective, a policy framework is constructed, which takes promoting the high-quality development of agricultural insurance and enhancing the resilience of the agricultural economy as its core. Based on this framework, this paper puts forward some suggestions that may help mitigate the adverse impacts of extreme weather changes on agricultural production and further steadily strengthen the resilience of the agricultural economy.

Association of Malarial Development with Climate Change: A Review

Malaria is considered as the single most prevalent life-threatening infectious disease in the world which spreads to human populations by Anopheles mosquito. Malaria infection poses serious risks to adults, children and pregnant women. The adverse effects in pregnant women include anaemia, fetal demise and premature delivery. The incidence of malaria is higher in children younger than five years in endemic areas like tropical Africa. The vector potential of female species Anopheles varies due to different meteorological conditions. Climate based models have also shown an enhancement of disease following extreme weather changes. This review gleans an insight into the association of malaria with different climatic variables. It covers etiology, symptoms’ manifestation, life cycle of the parasite, transmission, epidemiology, drug resistance, impact of El Niño cycle, malarial association with climatic change and conclusions and technological innovations.

Compound events in Germany in 2018: drivers and case studies

Abstract. Europe frequently experiences a wide range of extreme events and natural hazards, including heatwaves, extreme precipitation, droughts, cold spells, windstorms, and storm surges. Many of these events do not occur as single extreme events but rather show a multivariate character, known as compound events. We investigate the interactions between extreme weather events, their characteristics, and changes in their intensity and frequency, as well as uncertainties in the past, present, and future. We also explore their impacts on various socio-economic sectors in Germany and central Europe. This contribution highlights several case studies with special focus on 2018, a year marked by an exceptional sequence of compound events across large parts of Europe, resulting in severe impacts on human lives, ecosystems, and infrastructure. We provide new insights into the drivers of spatially and temporally compound events, such as heat and drought, and heavy precipitation combined with extreme winds, and their adverse effects on ecosystems and society, using large-scale atmospheric patterns. We also examine the interannual influence of droughts on surface water and the impact of water scarcity and heatwaves on agriculture and forests. We assess projected changes in compound events at different current and future global surface temperature levels, demonstrating the need for improved quantification of future extreme events to support adaptation planning. Finally, we address research gaps and future directions, stressing the importance of defining composite events primarily in terms of their impacts prior to their statistical characterisation.

Patterns and Trends of Respiratory Diseases in Indonesian Hajj Pilgrims in Mecca: 2024 Descriptive Study

Background and Objective: Respiratory diseases are a major health problem for Indonesian Hajj pilgrims in Mecca, triggered by extreme environmental factors such as high temperatures (39-43°C), crowding, and air pollution. Changes in physical activity and dust exposure also play a role, especially in the elderly and those with comorbidities. Data from the Ministry of Health shows that >50% of Hajj pilgrims experience respiratory problems, with pneumonia, bronchitis, and asthma as common diagnoses, particularly after the peak of the Hajj pilgrimage. This study aims to analyze the patterns and trends of respiratory diseases among Indonesian Hajj pilgrims in Mecca in 2024. Methods: This descriptive-analytic study uses secondary data from the registration of regular Hajj pilgrims at the KKHI Mecca in 2024 (1445 H). The total sample consists of 1962 Hajj pilgrims. Data were analyzed quantitatively using descriptive. Results: The majority of Hajj pilgrims seeking treatment were male (55.4%) and aged >61 years (65.3%). Pneumonia was the most common respiratory disease (62%), followed by COPD (11.8%), asthma (4.3%), and ARI (8.1%). Risk factors included old age, extreme weather changes, physical fatigue, and air pollution. The majority of cases were treated on an outpatient basis at the KKHI Mecca (61.1%). Conclusion: Pneumonia is a major health problem among Indonesian Hajj pilgrims in Mecca. Old age is an important risk factor. Comprehensive prevention and treatment efforts are needed, including health education, awareness of medical personnel, and further research. This study provides valuable information for the development of more effective Hajj health policies.

Extreme precipitation analysis in Bengawan Solo

Abstract Climate change can trigger natural disasters, such as floods, drought and extreme heatwave. Large amounts and heavy precipitation might result in floods. Extreme weather that made it difficult or inaccurate to analyze the current weather was one of the causes of the flooding incident in the Bengawan Solo River Area. Analysis of extreme weather and climate change on the Bengawan Solo river is still limited. This study aims to analyze extreme precipitation in Bengawan Solo using a statistical approach. To look for variations in the distribution of precipitation in this area, precipitation data from 25 precipitation stations will be analyzed. This research uses daily precipitation data from 2000 - 2023. The research region’s temporal trends show variation in the results, in which most extreme precipitation indices are highly fluctuating with a slight upward trend during 24 years. It is expected that this research’s findings may aid in classifying regions with heavy precipitation and assist relevant parties in developing disaster mitigation strategies.

Carbon Capture Storage dalam Pengelolaan Barang Milik Negara

Climate change has gained prominence following the 2015 Paris Agreement, which aims to limit global temperature rise to below 2 degrees Celsius, with efforts to keep it under 1.5 degrees Celsius. This agreement stresses the importance of collective action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and build resilience against climate impacts. In June 2023, the global average surface temperature reached a record high, with subsequent months also setting heat records. Mitigating global warming's adverse effects, such as rising temperatures and extreme weather changes, requires significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. Efforts in the energy sector have led to a decrease in CO2 emissions from 40.6 million tons in 2018 to 127.67 million tons in 2023. These efforts include enhancing energy efficiency, transitioning to renewable energy, and implementing carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies In Indonesia, CCS regulations are outlined in Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation No. 2 of 2023. CCS involves the capture, transport, injection, and permanent storage of carbon emissions. The management of state-owned assets related to CCS falls under the Ministry of Finance Regulation No. 140/PMK.06/2020, which addresses the transfer, utilization, and valuation of upstream oil and gas assets. This paper discusses the role of state asset management in the implementation of CCS in Indonesia, examining current regulations, challenges, and future prospects.

Design and Construction Of A River Water Level Monitoring System Based On IOT (Internet Of Things)

The prolonged rainy season due to extreme weather changes that occur in various regions in Indonesia means that people must be more alert to flood disasters. Many losses occurred due to flood disasters. Therefore, an effort is needed to minimize these losses, namely by creating a river level monitoring system based on IoT (Internet of Things). This river water level detection system uses an ultrasonic sensor (water level sensor), NodeMCU ESP8266 to read data and send it via the telegram application and a buzzer which functions to make a sound when the sensor detects water and the potential for flooding. The system will work automatically when water touches the sensor and sends flood detection status information via the telegram application. This system can be implemented in flood-prone areas. With this monitoring system, river water levels can be monitored and the risk of flooding can be reduced.

Development of Iot-Based Wind Speed, Temperature, and Humidity Monitoring

This study aims to overcome the lack of weather monitoring tools in Indonesia. The main factors of extreme weather changes in Indonesia are the rainy season and strong atmospheric dynamics. Weather monitoring tools developed based on IoT, allowing monitoring remotely. The research method used the ADDIE model, with data collected through validation tools and analyzed qualitatively using the Likert scale. Validation by three experts showed an average result of 89.29%, which falls into the very decent category. This tool aims to provide solutions for coastal communities in the city of Bengkulu, allowing them to get early warnings about weather changes, especially strong winds. This tool has been proven to fit its design and works well. Recommendations for future research are the addition of regional classification, replacement of more durable sensors such as other types of DHT sensors, and the addition of data loggers to store previous measurement history.

Fusarium Species Shifts in Maize Grain as a Response to Climatic Changes in Poland

Maize, along with wheat and rice, is the most important crop for food security. Ear rots caused by Fusarium species are among the most important diseases of maize. The distribution of Fusarium species provides essential epidemiological information for disease management. The effect of weather conditions, climate change and geographic localization on the Fusarium population in Poland was evaluated between 2015 and 2018. Grain samples (n = 233) were collected from hybrids at 16 locations (L1–L16). The differences in altitude between locations ranged from 39 to 243 m above sea level, longitude varied between 15°55′ and 23°12′ E, and latitude spanned from 50°12′ to 54°01′ N. Isolates were identified using molecular techniques. The highest Fusarium species frequency was recorded for 2016 (30.70%) and 2017 (28.18%), and the lowest for 2018 (5.36%). F. verticillioides and F. temperatum were the most frequent. Altitude has an effect on F. vericillioides frequency: F. graminearum showed a negative correlation with both latitude and longitude. In Polish conditions, from silking to harvesting, the number of days with higher precipitation and lower temperatures is associated with an increased frequency of F. verticillioides, F. temperatum, F. graminearum and F. avenaceum. This suggests that the Fusarium presence in Poland is significantly influenced not only by climate change but also by extreme weather changes.

Pemanfaatan Limbah Serbuk Kayu dengan Zat Aditif Anti Stripping Agent Terhadap Uji Durabilitas AC-WC (Asphalt Concrete–Wearing Course)

The increasing number of vehicles each year in Indonesia causes excessive repetition of loads that occur on road pavements, as well as extreme weather changes resulting in damage to the pavement layer, especially at the level of durability, especially in the AC-WC layer. The use of sawdust waste in the AC-WC mixture has met the marshall test values/characteristics, but it is necessary to test its durability; a high durability value indicates that the road is more durable and resistant to weather and water. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the quality of road pavement by adding anti-stripping agent additives at levels of 0.3%, 0.4%, and 0.5% to the AC-WC mixture of 25% wood powder waste substitution in order to improve the properties of asphalt in increasing the coating of asphalt with aggregates in a wet state to produce stronger bonds to extend the life of the road. This study aims to determine the effect of adding anti-stripping agent additives in AC-WC mixtures with sawdust waste on durability tests. Experimental tests were conducted using the research method at the Civil Engineering Laboratory of Diponegoro University Vocational School Semarang. The study results obtained a durability value based on the calculation parameters of the Residual Strength Index (IKS) based on the General Specifications of Bina Marga 2018 (Rev 2), which shows the durability of AC-WC asphalt. The results of marshall testing obtained based on averages include VIM 4.11%, VMA 13.15%, VFA 77.33%, Stability 1893.73 Kg, Flow 2.17 mm and MQ 1070.03 kg/mm from 25% wood powder waste variation with anti-stripping agent additives 0.3%; 0.4%; 0.5% in AC-WC wear layer has met the General Specifications of Bina Marga 2018 (Rev 2). The average durability values of IKS with sequential soaking time are 24 hours 92.24%, 48 hours 88.87%, and 72 hours 80.08%.

Deep learning approaches in predicting tropical cyclone tracks: An analysis focused on the Northwest Pacific Region

Deep learning approaches in predicting tropical cyclone tracks: An analysis focused on the Northwest Pacific Region

The key role of extreme weather and climate change in the occurrence of exceptional fire seasons in south-central Chile

The key role of extreme weather and climate change in the occurrence of exceptional fire seasons in south-central Chile

COMPARISION OF RICE PRICE PREDICTION RESULTS IN EAST JAVA USING FOURIER SERIES ESTIMATOR AND GAUSSIAN KERNEL ESTIMATOR SIMULTANEOUSLY

Extreme weather changes and the El Nino phenomenon in 2023 will cause drought, resulting in a decrease in rice production and an increase in rice prices. It has significantly impacted East Java Province as it is the most extensive rice supplier in Indonesia. This study aims to predict the price of rice with six different qualities using the Fourier series estimator and Gaussian kernel function simultaneously. The results show that the Gaussian kernel method, with a bandwidth value of 1, produces a better model with a MAPE value of 0.228259% than the sine function Fourier series method in predicting rice prices based on six different qualities. The prediction results using the Gaussian kernel function method are categorized as highly accurate because they are less than 10%. This research accelerates the realization of SDG 2 related to "Zero Hunger" through government policies to control the high price of rice in Indonesia. Recommendations that can be given through the research results include cooperation with the government, which can help access information and resources needed to manage price risks.

Swimming, confusion, and plenty of brews: Negotiating ambivalence within Windermere's fragile waters

Swimming, confusion, and plenty of brews: Negotiating ambivalence within Windermere's fragile waters

Challenges, Advances and Opportunities in Regional Sea Level Projections: The Role of Ocean‐Shelf Dynamics

AbstractFuture sea level rise and changes in extreme weather will increase the frequency of flooding and intensify the risks for the millions of people living in low‐lying coastal areas. Concerns about coastal adaptation have been broadened due to societal awareness of the threat from rising seas, leading to a large set of potential adaptation users with diverse needs for adequate sea level projections in coastal areas beyond the current state of the art regional projections. In this paper, we provide an overview of the potential steps for improvement of regional sea level projections along the global coastline, with specific focus on the contribution from ocean dynamics to seasonal‐decadal variability of coastal sea level, and its implications for changes in frequency and magnitude of extreme sea levels. We discuss the key gaps in our knowledge and predictive capability of these dynamics as they relate to sea level variability on seasonal to decadal timescales, and conclude by suggesting ways in which these knowledge gaps could be addressed.

Regeneration of ecotourism in Cameroon: geopolitical conflict, crisis, and conservation

ABSTRACT This paper examines the effects of crises of climate change and geopolitical civil conflict in Cameroon, on the development of the ecotourism sector. Additionally, the hurdles to the regeneration of the sector post- the COVID-19 pandemic are considered. A qualitative research design was used. In-depth interviews were conducted with key informants involved in the ecotourism sector, including government officials, local community representatives, conservationists, non-governmental organizations and management of national parks. The data collected were thematically analysed, with key themes pointing towards the dire impacts of COVID-19, geopolitical and climate crises on the sector, with one of the primary consequences being inhibited movement of people, extreme weather events and changes to flora and fauna, ultimately leading to shrinkage of the sector. The central nature of conservation, linked to ecotourism, was also highlighted. The importance of collaborative management, development of dedicated policy and strategic plans for the successful regeneration of ecotourism also emerged. The paper provides contemporary insights and recommendations into the sustainable regeneration of ecotourism in the face of extreme geopolitical and socio-economic crises.

KRITIK MATAN TANDA-TANDA KEDATANGAN KIAMAT

The hadith concerning the signs of the apocalypse is sourced from numerous sources, each of which contains incomplete information. In fact, the purpose of the sources of information about the prophet is to shape their meaning. For this reason, it is necessary to engage in mature criticism. In the meantime, it's crucial to read the signs of the impending apocalypse, as they can be verified through current phenomena. The methodology for discussing literature studies is through a material criticism approach and text interpretation with a focus on comparing data and its meaning, aimed at obtaining complete information and interpretation of texts according to current phenomena. It was found that ten signs of the arrival of the apocalypse were stated by the prophet according to the reasoning of Arab society at that time, namely fog, antichrist, dabbah, the prophet Isa, gog and magog, the sun rising from the west, an eclipse to the east, an eclipse to the west, an eclipse on the Arabian Peninsula, and fire arising from Yemen. It is a symbol of bad human behavior and natural disasters, according to the textual meaning. The contextual significance of all these signs is proven by the bad consequences of global warming, namely extreme weather changes and devastating natural disasters. Even if a nuclear war occurs, it will destroy all of humanity.

Prototype Alat Pendeteksi Banjir Berbasis Internet of Thing Terintegrasi Aplikasi Instant Messanging

Indonesia is a tropical country that has two seasons, namely summer and rainy season. The weather in Indonesia is currently erratic, it is influenced by changes in extreme weather in the world. These extreme weather changes cause the public to be aware of disasters that can occur at any time. This change in weather triggers a prolonged rainy season or vice versa. During the legal season in Indonesia, many areas are affected by floods. Throughout 2021 BNPB recorded 1,298 flood disasters. When a flood disaster occurs, protection of houses is rarely carried out, this is due to the absence of early warning to the public, so that the occurrence of floods cannot be anticipated. Therefore, it is necessary to have an early warning system for flooding so that people can anticipate the situation. This flood warning system will work automatically periodically to find out the water level in the environment around the house. In this prototype the flood level monitoring system utilizes a water level sensor based on the nodemcu 8266 micro controller and a WhatsApp message as a notification to homeowners when the water level is at certain levels can anticipate flooding.

Fast Finance and the Political Economy of Catastrophic Dam Collapse in Lao PDR: The Case of Xe Pian-Xe Namnoy

In the dark of a July night in 2018, a 5-billion-cubic-metre torrent of muddy water crashed through rooftops and ripped through the downstream villages of southeast Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR). An auxiliary "saddle" dam had collapsed in the US$1.02 billion Xe Pian-Xe Namnoy (XPXN) Hydropower Project that was still under construction and had just reached financial contractual close five years prior, in 2013. In the aftermath of the collapse, official state narratives pointed to extreme weather conditions and "unforeseen" construction and engineering miscalculations, viewing soil conditions as the primary culprit. This paper examines the financial dimensions of dam failure and introduces the term "fast finance": financier-driven timelines that have drastically expedited and shortened the legal, social, and pre-construction processes involved in hydropower dam projects to the detriment of dam safety, due diligence, and local participatory input. Extreme weather and anthropogenic climate change are not sole explanatory factors in the XPXN dam disaster. This paper highlights the also significant role of financial and political interests as contributing factors in dam safety and failure alongside extreme weather. The paper challenges conventional "natural disaster" framing of dam collapse by bringing into focus ex-ante political decision-making, financial engineering, and construction planning prior to dam construction to highlight the ways in which the XPXN catastrophe also had anthropogenic and "unnatural" contributing factors. Fast finance encompasses the role of temporality and the responsibility of state-business actors in ex-ante financial and infrastructure decisions that conclude with catastrophic outcomes. The article examines the re-engineering of contemporary dam finance through a case study of Lao PDR and argues that issues of financial engineering should be examined alongside other forms of civil, mechanical, structural, and hydrological engineering in the analysis of dam disasters. The temporal logics of financial actors—particularly the financialized logic of fast finance—has displaced the public-good-producing logic of patient capital. Financial logics shape and condition other forms of engineering and construction and are central to considerations of dam safety and accountability. Naturalizing discourses around extreme weather and aging dams deflect from the financial decisions and policy action, or inaction, of state-business actors to prevent dam collapse.