Extreme Threat Research Articles

Dream Catchers: Margin Call, Boss, and Climbing the Beanstalk

Two recent popular entertainments, Margin Call (Barnum, Dodson, Jenckes, Moosa, Quinto & Chandor, 2011) and Boss (Safinia, 2011), depict powerful and successful groups of bosses confronting sudden, extreme threats. They are forced to react quickly and sacrifice important values to achieve survival of their organizations. In these emergencies, caused by their own failures, handled with ruthless efficiency, there are no characters exemplifying the upward mobility offered by the American Dream, as conveyed by the children's movie Jack and the Beanstalk (DePew, Goupil & Tunnicliffe, 2010). The pop culture advertisement of “the dream,” which was so common in American movies, is not presented as part of such grim stories.

Noé e Sua Arca: Da Torá ao Corão

The flood narrative is a rare example of the history of literature reception that seems not to lose its power of resignification in new historical contexts. It captures a wide public during its transmission process, which lasts no less than three millennia. Since leaving its native land in kingdom of Sumer in Lower Mesopotamia, thread of narrative undergoes some changes, modifying its intentions when translated into new realities. Nevertheless, effects of this narrative about flood waters and smart lifesaving boatman have a long history. The main character has his name changed when arriving to a new destination; in Torah, priests and thinkers of ancient Israel call him Noah; in Koran, sura tells story of Nuh. The subject of narrative, in its several versions, is always the same: end of a crisis with extreme threats to those to whom it was addressed and arrival of new, where survivors face chaos on barge provided by saving deity. In the biblical version of Noah and his ark, saving will of God is extended to whole earth. Can this will of God be overcome in this universal version? Shouldn't it be told only a story plenty of grace? Why did the New Testament writings highlight only analogy as in days of Noah! and did not recover the unsurpassed promise found in there will be no more flood to destroy earth? As it happens in the New Testament, the days of Noah in Koran are also relived in struggles of Arabian prophet with his opponents, especially in his early public performance in Mecca.

How can countries ensure that the Nuclear Security Summit does not lose momentum and become just another gathering?

In 2009, President Barack Obama announced from Prague’s Hradcany square that “the most immediate and extreme threat to global security” was nuclear weapons in the hands of terrorists, and world leaders listened. A year later, 47 of these leaders responded to Obama’s call “to secure all vulnerable nuclear material around the world within four years” when they gathered in Washington, DC, for the first Nuclear Security Summit. Since then, nearly 400 kilograms of highly enriched uranium (HEU) have been removed from 10 countries. And both Russia and the United States have worked hard on HEU destruction efforts—48 metric tons and 7 metric tons, respectively. In March, 50 nations are taking part in the Seoul Nuclear Security Summit. But how can these countries ensure that the momentum toward a global nuclear security culture isn’t lost, and the Seoul summit does not devolve into just another gathering? Three authors explore this question: from the United States, Sharon Squassoni; from Turkey, Mustafa Kibaroglu (2012); and from India, Rajiv Nayan (2012). The authors are nuclear security experts and members of the Fissile Materials Working Group, which publishes a monthly column at www.thebulletin.org.

How can countries ensure that the Nuclear Security Summit does not lose momentum and become just another gathering?

In 2009, President Barack Obama announced from Prague’s Hradcany square that “the most immediate and extreme threat to global security” was nuclear weapons in the hands of terrorists, and world leaders listened. A year later, 47 of these leaders responded to Obama’s call “to secure all vulnerable nuclear material around the world within four years” when they gathered in Washington, DC, for the first Nuclear Security Summit. Since then, nearly 400 kilograms of highly enriched uranium (HEU) have been removed from 10 countries. And both Russia and the United States have worked hard on HEU destruction efforts—48 metric tons and 7 metric tons, respectively. In March, 50 nations are taking part in the Seoul Nuclear Security Summit. But how can these countries ensure that the momentum toward a global nuclear security culture isn’t lost, and the Seoul summit does not devolve into just another gathering? Three authors explore this question: from the United States, Sharon Squassoni (2012); from Turkey, Mustafa Kibaroglu (2012); and from India, Rajiv Nayan. The authors are nuclear security experts and members of the Fissile Materials Working Group, which publishes a monthly column at www.thebulletin.org.

How can countries ensure that the Nuclear Security Summit does not lose momentum and become just another gathering?

In 2009, President Barack Obama announced from Prague’s Hradcany square that “the most immediate and extreme threat to global security” was nuclear weapons in the hands of terrorists, and world leaders listened. A year later, 47 of these leaders responded to Obama’s call “to secure all vulnerable nuclear material around the world within four years” when they gathered in Washington, DC, for the first Nuclear Security Summit. Since then, nearly 400 kilograms of highly enriched uranium (HEU) have been removed from 10 countries. And both Russia and the United States have worked hard on HEU destruction efforts—48 metric tons and 7 metric tons, respectively. In March, 50 nations are taking part in the Seoul Nuclear Security Summit. But how can these countries ensure that the momentum toward a global nuclear security culture isn’t lost, and the Seoul summit does not devolve into just another gathering? Three authors explore this question: from the United States, Sharon Squassoni (2012); from Turkey, Mustafa Kibaroglu; and from India, Rajiv Nayan (2012). The authors are nuclear security experts and members of the Fissile Materials Working Group, which publishes a monthly column at www.thebulletin.org.

Artocarpus chaplasha: Establishment and Initial Growth Performance at Elevated Temperature and Saline Stresses

Like any other natural resources, forest flora may experience the extreme threat of elevated temperature and saline water submergence at different stages of their lives i.e. from germination to maturity due to climate change effects. The overall aim of the study was to measure the effect of higher temperatures along with saline water irrigation on survival and initial growth during seedling stage of Artocarpus chapalasha. The experiment was conducted in temperature- humidity-photoperiod regulated plant growth chamber during stipulated period to measure the growth performance of randomly selected seedlings. Within three different elevated temperatures viz. <TEX>$30^{\circ}C$</TEX>, <TEX>$32^{\circ}C$</TEX> and <TEX>$34^{\circ}C$</TEX>, the seedlings were given three different saline conditions such as 0.5 g/L, 1.5 g/L and 2.5 g/L NaCl concentrations. Results found from the experiment was that, seedlings of Artocarpus chaplasha reared at different temperatures and saline water treatments showed stunted growth than reared at existing outdoor temperature (<TEX>$26.31^{\circ}C$</TEX>) irrigated with regular fresh water. Seedling growth at three different parameters such as height, collar diameter and number of leaves showed that with increasing temperature individuals respond negatively to increasing saline condition. The seedling's growth occurred at every day in height, collar diameter and leaf. However, growth rate reduced later during the observation. The combined effect of high salinity and higher elevated temperature results in seedling mortality. Therefore, Artocarpus chaplasha may not thrive at higher temperature and salinity intrusion at its early growing period in plantation and natural forest areas.

One Half Living for Two: Cross-Cultural Paradigms of Twinship and Twin Loss

Many indigenous African religions, specifically that of the Yoruba of Nigeria, the Bamana and Malinke of Mali, and the Nuer of southern Sudan, are characterized by a system of spiritual beliefs surrounding the life and death of twins. Separation by death poses an extreme threat to the soul(s) of twins, and many rituals and customs designed to sustain the spirit of surviving twins are widely practiced. Despite twin loss being overlooked in Western psychological studies of grief, recent research and in-depth interviews of bereaved twins clearly identifies the unique nature of losing a twin, and the importance of acknowledging this distinction in the surviving twin's ability to cope with the death. The spiritual practices of the Yoruba, Bamana, Malinke, and Nuer are conducive to dealing with the specific nature of twin loss. They take into account the uniqueness of the twinship experience, and provide material for reflection on healing approaches outside the traditional parameters of psychology.

Considering anger from a cognitive neuroscience perspective.

The goal of this paper is to consider anger from a cognitive neuroscience perspective. Five main claims are made: first, reactive aggression is the ultimate behavioral expression of anger and thus we can begin to understand anger by understanding reactive aggression. Second, neural systems implicated in reactive aggression (amygdala, hypothalamus, and periaqueductal gray; the basic threat system) are critically implicated in anger. Factors such as exposure to extreme threat that increase the responsiveness of these systems, should be (and are in the context of posttraumatic stress disorder), associated with increased anger. Third, regions of frontal cortex implicated in regulating the basic threat system, when dysfunctional (e.g., in the context of lesions) should be associated with increased anger. Fourth, frustration occurs when an individual continues to do an action in the expectation of a reward but does not actually receive that reward, and is associated with anger. Individuals who show impairment in the ability to alter behavioral responding when actions no longer receive their expected rewards should be (and are in the context of psychopathy) associated with increased anger. Fifth, someone not doing what another person wants them to do (particularly if this thwarts the person's goal) is frustrating and consequently anger inducing. The response to such a frustrating social event relies on the neural architecture implicated in changing behavioral responses in nonsocial frustrating situations. WIREs Cogn Sci 2012, 3:65-74. doi: 10.1002/wcs.154 This article is categorized under: Psychology > Brain Function and Dysfunction.

Theory and Practice in Reducing the Vulnerability of Residential Buildings Subjected to Extreme Loads - a Multi Hazard Perspective

The spread of terror and war threats aimed against built up urban areas has extended considerably and attracts the attention and concern of many countries. The severity and potential danger of these extreme events was demonstrated most severely in several past events. Many countries, including Israel, are facing different threats of terror and war. Therefore, Israel is continuously engaged in theoretical and experimental research activities, related to response of civilian buildings to various war threats. Some of the experience gained in recent years, in relation to the structural response of RC residential buildings subjected to blast loads, can be very helpful in the development of improved design requirements of such buildings, aimed mainly at localization and reduction of the damage and prevention of the progressive collapse of buildings. Earthquake loading is another extreme loading that may cause large scale destruction to many buildings that had not been properly designed to withstand the strong ground shaking effects. Many countries in seismic areas have developed throughout the years their standards and codes for seismic design, and recently built buildings in these areas are designed according to these codes. Nevertheless, many older buildings, that had been designed and constructed prior to the development of the modern seismic codes, are still more vulnerable. Although the earthquake response and blast protection are entirely different disciplines, there exist many places where both types of extreme loads are potential threats to existing buildings. Therefore a multi hazard approach should be adopted to design the new buildings and to retrofit the existing buildings, to ensure that they will withstand these threats. This paper aims at over-viewing some aspects of these extreme load threats and address the resistance, performance, protection and strengthening of the structures that are subjected to these loads. It aims at generalizing the professional view and providing a better solution to an envelope of different possible extreme events.

Activation of corticotropin-releasing factor receptors from the basolateral or central amygdala increases the tonic immobility response in guinea pigs: An innate fear behavior

The tonic immobility (TI) behavior is an innate response associated with extreme threat situations such as a predator attack. Several studies have provided evidence suggesting an important role for corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in the regulation of the endocrine system, defensive behaviors and behavioral responses to stress. TI has been shown to be positively correlated with the basal plasma levels of corticosterone. CRF receptors and neurons that are immunoreactive to CRF are found in many cerebral regions, especially in the amygdaloid complex. Previous reports have demonstrated the involvement of the basolateral amygdaloid (BLA) and central amygdaloid (CeA) nuclei in the TI response. In this study, we evaluated the CRF system of the BLA and the CeA in the modulation of the TI response in guinea pigs. The activation of CRF receptors in the BLA and in the CeA promoted an increase in the TI response. In contrast, the inhibition of these receptors via alpha-helical-CRF 9–41 decreased the duration of the TI response. Moreover, neither the activation nor inhibition of CRF receptors in the BLA or the CeA altered spontaneous motor activity in the open-field test. These data suggest that the activation of the CRF receptors in the BLA or the CeA probably potentiates fear and anxiety, which may be one of the factors that promote an increase in the TI behavior. Therefore, these data support the role of the CRF system in the control of emotional responses, particularly in the modulation of innate fear.

Planning for the Black Swan

In this article the author discusses how the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in Japan has brought attention to nuclear reactors in the U.S., raising questions about their safety. He notes that the design of 22 U.S. nuclear reactors proposed by utility companies are under renewed scrutiny to determine whether they could survive extreme threats, such as a plane strike. Topics include an overview of the reactors' safety features, which are designed to work when electricity is loss and without the need for human intervention, questions regarding the AP1000 nuclear reactor by U.S. nuclear power company Westinghouse, which is awaiting approval from the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, and the economic aspects of balancing design costs with safety gains.

Racism and ethnoviolence as trauma: Enhancing professional training.

In trauma theory, research, and practice, post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a syndrome of psychobiological reactions to events perceived as cataclysmic or life threatening, often has been the focus of mental health interventions and research. Yet virtually missing from contemporary trauma literature is consideration of racism and ethnoviolence as catalysts for PTSD and related symptoms.The stress inducing effects of obviously life threatening racist or ethnoviolent events may be readily apparent to service providers and researchers although they have not been treated or investigated. However, observers seem not to view other types of racism and ethnoviolence as life-threatening (e.g., vicarious experiences, exposure to microaggressions) because the historical roots of the trauma are invisible. Such events may arouse immediate or delayed PTSD and related symptoms in the experiencing person if the experienced event(s) serves as a catalyst for recalling previous personal memories or identity-group histories of extreme threat. Current PTSD assessment schedules are critiqued for their inappropriateness for assessing stress reactions to racism and ethnoviolence specifically; quantitative scales are criticized because of developers’ thoughtless application of traditional psychometric principles of scale development, such as maximizing the magnitude of internal consistency reliability coefficients. We recommend that researchers and practitioners conduct culturally responsive and racially informed assessment and interventions with African Americans, Latina/Latino Americans, Asian/Pacific Islander Americans, Native Americans, and related immigrant groups when they present with symptoms of trauma, particularly when their trauma responses are atypical or the precipitating stressor is ambiguous.

Coral mass bleaching and reef temperatures at Navassa Island, 2006

Bleaching and associated mortality is an extreme threat to the persistence of coral populations in the projected warming regime of the next few decades. Recent evidence indicates that thermal bleaching thresholds may be affected by water quality gradients. The unexpected encounter of a coral mass bleaching event at a remote, uninhabited Caribbean island (Navassa) during a routine reef assessment cruise in November 2006 provided the opportunity to characterize bleaching responses and thermal exposure in an oceanic area with negligible continental influence or human impact on water quality. The coral taxa most susceptible to bleaching were Agaricia spp. and Montastraea faveolata. Siderastraea siderea, Diploria spp. and Porites porites were intermediately affected, while Porites astreoides and Montastraea cavernosa were minimally affected and negligible bleaching was observed in Acropora palmata. Bleaching prevalence (colonies > 4 cm diameter) ranged from 0.16 to 0.63 among sites. Deeper sites (between 18 and 37 m) had significantly higher prevalence of bleaching than shallow sites (<10 m). This general pattern of more bleaching in deeper sites also occurred within species. Though exposure to high-temperature stress was not greater at deeper sites, water motion, which may bolster bleaching resistance, was likely less. In situ loggers indicated temperatures over 30 °C initiated at shallow sites in mid-August, at deeper sites in early September, and were persistent at all sites until mid-October. Long term (1983–2007) climatologies constructed from AVHRR SSTs suggest that the mass bleaching event observed at Navassa in 2006 corresponded with greater intensity and duration of warm temperature anomalies than occurred in 2005, for which no in situ observations (bleaching nor temperature) are available.

Canada and the G8 Global Partnership Program

The attacks of 11 September 2001 have ushered in a paradigm shift with regard to way states assess international threats. Fear of unfathomable damage that terrorists could cause if they acquired weapons of mass destruction (WMD) has plagued United States and its allies ever since. In American nuclear posture review published in April 2010, Obama administration recognizes that the most immediate and extreme threat today is nuclear terrorism.1 Perhaps surprisingly, not all states agree on nature and urgency ofthe threat of nuclear terrorism. Although many programs have been developed to address threat at both national and international levels, some states are still reluctant to join effort to contain it. President Barack Obama has sought to redress this asymmetry in threat perception by launching an ambitious program to prevent proliferation of weapons and materials of mass destruction and to prevent nuclear terrorism.The agenda on nuclear security was thus developed as a response to threat posed by nuclear terrorism. It aims to safely manage existing stockpiles, prevent proliferation of weapons-usable materials, and plan for emergency response in case of a nuclear or radiological incident.2 From Prague speech in April 2009 to nuclear security summit in Washington, DC, a year later, Obama's agenda is giving visibuity to nonproliferation regime. Even if tackling threat posed by WMD has risen up rank of American (and international) priorities, responding to this threat on a global scale represents an immense chaUenge. To implement international commitments, we must look to individual states and their domestic enforcement capabilities. Unfortunately, some states lack these assets, despite adhering to UN security coundl resolution 1540, which establishes binding obligations on aU UN member states under Chapter VII of UN Charter to take and enforce effective measures against proliferation of WMD, their means of delivery and related materials.3 The G8 global partnership against spread of weapons and materials of mass destruction (referred to as global partnership program) has emerged as a response to this conundrum. In 2002, Canada pledged $1 billion to this program over a 10-year period. To date, it has spent $640 million on WMD-related security projects in Russia and other states in former Soviet Union. Many observers were expecting a renewal of program during G8 meeting in Muskoka in June 2010, in anticipation of partnership's 2012 deadline. Those hopes were clashed when G8 leaders simply opted to progress made to date instead, thereby postponing a decision on extending program.4This article provides an assessment of G8 global partnership with two concerns in mind: extension of partnership beyond 2012 and geographic expansion of program to other regions of world. It raises a number of key questions: how does partnership fit in to broader WMD security agenda? Why and how should we plan for its extension beyond 2012 deadline? How should G8 countries plan for geographic expansion of partnership beyond former Soviet Union? What are implications of Canada's participation? Finally, what lessons can be drawn from first 10 -year cycle of partnership?The G8 global partnership is a successful multilateral program, one that has engaged in practical steps to achieve clear benchmarks for threat reduction, yet despite this success, relatively little attention has been accorded to GPP by academics, media, and general public.5 G8 countries have invested a lot of resources in implementing partnership, but attention paid to program has been scant and has generally been purview of states, nongovernmental organizations, and think tanks. Countries such as Canada, United Kingdom, and United States have produced valuable annual reports that evaluate threat reduction projects, but these efforts have remained limited and not very visible to general public. …

SURVIVAL IN A CHANGING WORLD

![Figure][1] In August 2009, the International Union of Physiological Sciences (IUPS) held its 36th Congress in Kyoto in the same convention centre where the historic Kyoto Protocol was drawn up 12 years earlier. The symbolism of this coincidence was not missed by Malcolm Gordon, the Chair of

Dealing with rough times: a capabilities development approach to surviving and thriving

AbstractLeaders during a deep and prolonged downturn should introduce organizational practices that build capability in the organization, not only to withstand the uncertainties of rough times better, but also to emerge stronger for the future. We present a set of organization design changes that can create closer connections to the marketplace and better use knowledge in the organization to introduce new ways to deliver value while consuming fewer resources. During rapid change and extreme threats, steering the ship is not sufficient. Leaders must introduce approaches that tap employees' energies throughout the organization. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Managing the Threat of Terrorism in British Travel and Leisure Organizations

This paper examines the perceived threats from terrorism in six organizations in the travel and leisure sector in the UK. These organizations are particularly exposed to such extreme threats. This paper examines how managers in organizations deal with uncertainty where probabilities are impossible or difficult to define and examines how they face the challenge of interpreting and acting upon these interpretations. Theoretically the paper draws upon two lenses: organizational resilience and institutional perspectives. The former assumes managers can act autonomously to increase organizational resilience. The latter argues that systemic features of organization are more accurate explanations of why managers and organizations fail to spot threats and impending disasters. The data indicate that perceptions of uncertainty and threats from terrorism and theories of action differ in and between organizations depending upon factors such as the accuracy and completeness of information; previous experience of terrorist events and whether or not these threats were prioritized over other uncertainties. Three organizations in the aviation industry prioritize threats from terrorism, whilst three organizations in the leisure and travel sector do not. Managers in the aviation industry tend to take a proactive, organizational resilience stance towards uncertainty, whilst managers in the other organizations are more reactive, or take little action, with systemic features of organization taking precedence over decisions and actions.

Evaluation of Major Threats to Forest Biosphere Reserves: A Global View

Forest ecosystems, where natural resource users are potentially in conflict with conservationists, are extremely threatened by various external factors. Resulting loss of forest cover and land-use change can have a great impact on the provision of ecosystem services (such as watershed regulation, biodiversity maintenance). However, little is known on a global scale about the character and distribution of threats to forest biosphere reserves. In view of this knowledge gap, our analysis explores the occurrence of threats and their potential causes. A global telephone survey of UNESCO biosphere reserve managers was conducted. Upon pinpointing climate change (in high-income countries) and illegal activities (in non-high-income countries) as major threats, we identified the group of forest-specific illegal activities (wildfire and its precursors) as an occurrence chiefly predominant in non-high-income countries. Our results show that forest biosphere reserves in non-high-income countries are particularly under extreme threat, as they have to address both climate change and illegal activities, while the latter are less problematic in high-income countries.

Specters of Democracy: Dense Objects and States of Mourning

“One minute I was standing and the next I had fallen,” she said, the mind in between lost in a swirl. The previous hour she spoke of what she calls “deep memory,” of a kind of inner body awareness in which the nerve endings do not end but extend through all of space and time, a kind of infinite exposure to a tear in the fabric of the protective surround. The fall was, for her, an ominous signifier, a concrete symbol that condenses the unrecollected with the drive to express. There have been many such falls and slips and breaks and tears and nearly much worse during these twelve years of encounter. Each one marked a certain shaping in the multiple profiles trauma held in the holographic field in which mind and body speak distinct languages of their shared parentage, yet also, under conditions of extreme threat, dissociate, failing to relate or to otherwise nest in the other. “How do you know you have stopped falling?” I asked. She didn’t. She screams. She cries. She laments. She twists on the couch, in pain. She wants it to end. She wants this falling

A Corollary to Revonsuo's "The Reinterpretation of Dreams"

Revonsuo's (2000) reinterpretation of dreams within an evolutionary framework is reiterated and a corollary is presented that complements and expands his original contribution. Revonsuo argues that dreams present an evolutionary adaptation that allows the sleeper's nervous system to generate simulations of threatening situations and to rehearse various tactics or strategies for dealing with the (simulated) threat. Revonsuo emphasizes physical threats, for example, dealing with predators (both two- and four-footed) and physical dangers such as storms. This article will expand the simulations to include more of Homo sapiens' ecological niche wherein successive generations, for success, would have had to negotiate within the very competitive world of their respective communities. Our ancestors had to negotiate male/male competition and female/female competition, achieve successful courting, achieve successful parenting, optimize winning the co-operation of neighbors and minimize being exploited by those neighbors. Empirical data from surveys on dreams' manifest content support this expansion of Revonsuo's theory. Key Words: Dreams; Manifest content; Social chess; Human bio-cultural evolution; Evolutionary adaptation. By all accounts, dreaming is a universal human trait, found in all cultures. A great deal of literature has been published on the meaning, symbols, and ritualization of dreams. The works of Jung (1963, 1974) and Freud (1900) are classic examples. Using a different paradigm, A. Revonsuo (2000) analyzed from an evolutionary perspective how dreams and dreaming would have emerged and stabilized. There is an intuitive appeal to this perspective. Dreaming is a cognitive event that is dependent upon the central nervous system (CNS). Given that dreams and dreaming occur during sleep, they are not under conscious control. The CNS is constructed by genetic information. In turn, the genes that code for the CNS are continuously filtered or selected across generations. Genetic blueprints that do not generate successive generations are deleted. Genetic blueprints that have continuously created descendants are represented by the current representatives of Homo sapiens - us. And virtually all of us dream. This paper attempts to build upon the paradigm that Revonsuo has constructed. First, Revonsuo's paradigm will be briefly presented. The paradigm can be encapsulated in his six premises. second, an expansion of the second premise will be offered, and, by extension, this expansion affects the next four. Revonsuo's Paradigm Revensuo's six premises are that: 1. Dream consciousness is an organized and selective simulation of the perceptual world. 2. Dream consciousness is specialized in the simulation of threatening events. 3. Nothing but exposure to real threatening events fully activates the threat simulation system. 4. The threat simulations produced by the fully activated system are perceptually and behaviorally realistic rehearsals of threatening events. 5. The realistic rehearsal of these skills can lead to enhanced performance regardless of whether the training episodes are explicitly remembered. 6. The ancestral environment in which the human brain evolved included frequent dangerous events that constituted extreme threats to human reproductive success. They thus presented serious selection pressures to ancestral human populations and fully activated the threat simulation mechanisms. An Expansion We suggest that, in addition to threat to life and limb, dreams create simulations of other behaviors that are necessary for ancestors to have descendants. For humans, the transfer of their genetic blueprints across generations involves: (i) surviving gestation, (ii) birth, (iii) staying alive at least through puberty, (iv) achieving fertility, (v) maneuvering among the community's children, adolescents and adults; i.e., mastering social chess, (vi) successfully learning the community's traditions and folkways/mores and expectations; i. …