Extraction Time Research Articles

Exploration of Hypolipidemic Effects of Sterols from Pleurotus tuber-regium(Fr.) Sing Sclerotium

The extraction technology of sterol was confirmed by ethanol reflux and saponification in this study. The orthogonal test was employed to assess the impact of extraction time, solid–liquid ratio, ethanol concentration and extraction temperature on the yield of sterol extraction. Hyperlipidemia model mice were established by feeding a high-fat and -sugar diet, and different doses of sterol extracts were given to the mice by gavages. The optimal extraction conditions were identified as an extraction time of 80 min, a solid–liquid ratio of 1:10, an ethanol concentration of 95%, and an extraction temperature of 90 °C, resulting in a sterol concentration of 1.16 mg/g. Compared with the high-fat model group, the high-dose group significantly reduced body weight by 17.2%, liver weight by 30.9%, and serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol by 20.0% (p < 0.05), while serum total cholesterol (5.59 ± 0.48 vs. 5.68 ± 0.64 mmol/L) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (0.98 ± 0.05 vs. 0.93 ± 0.03 mmol/L) showed no significant changes compared to the model group.

Extraction of Triterpene Compounds From Hancornia speciosa Gomes Fruits and Evaluation of Pharmacological Potential.

Hancornia speciosa Gomes, a Brazilian native species, holds biotechnological potential due to compounds such as lupeol, α-amyrin, and β-amyrin, which possess pharmacological properties. This study investigates triterpene-rich extracts from H. speciosa fruit for potential anti-inflammatory applications. Extraction was performed using the energized-guided dispersive extraction (EDGE) method and compared to ultrasound extraction techniques to evaluate efficiency and yield. The EDGE system demonstrated notable advantages over ultrasound extraction, including a 60mL reduction in solvent volume and an 87-min decrease in extraction time, enhancing efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and sustainability. The EDGE extraction successfully obtained a triterpene-rich extract from H. speciosa Gomes with a concentration of lupeol (50.09 ± 1.29mg/g) with no significant difference when compared to the extract obtained by ultrasound (49.95 ± 2.54mg/g). The extract showed no cytotoxicity and irritation in the hen's egg test-chorioallantoic membrane assay and significantly reduced reactive oxygen species produced by neutrophils. These results indicate the extract's phytotherapeutic potential, suggesting new possibilities for future studies and therapeutic applications, and highlight EDGE as a promising technique for phytotherapeutic applications.

Comparison and evaluation of physicochemical properties and nutritional quality on 10 germplasms of Actinidia arguta seed oils by ultrasonic-assisted extraction

As a by-product of processed products, the best treatment of fruit seeds is oil extraction. Actinidia arguta seeds account for 7%−10% of fruit weight, and the current oil yield was 20.8%. To make more efficient use of A. arguta seeds, the ultrasonic-assisted extraction method was adopted in this experiment, and the optimal oil extraction technology was obtained through a single-factor experiment and response surface experiment. The physical and chemical indexes of seed oil, including acid value, peroxide value, iodine value, color difference (brightness (L* value), redness (a* value), yellowness (b* value)), main fatty acids (linolenic acid and linoleic acid), and antioxidant activity (DPPH and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)), were compared and analyzed. A total of 10 germplasms were comprehensively evaluated by principal component analysis and correlation analysis methods to explore the relationship between physical and chemical indexes and antioxidant indexes. The results showed the optimal oil extraction process: the liquid-solid ratio was 10:1 (mL/g), the extraction time was 98 min, the extraction power was 161 W, the extraction temperature was 40 ℃, and the oil extraction rate was (30.06 ± 0.21)%. Through comprehensive evaluation, No. 14 had the highest score and the most potential to develop into oil. Iodine value was correlated with linoleic acid, DPPH and FRAP were positively correlated, and linoleic acid was negatively correlated with linoleic acid. This study improved the yield of A. arguta seed oil and selected the most potential seed oil resources. The rational utilization of by-products was realized, which provided a valuable idea for the application of seed oil in food and cosmetics industry.Graphical

Insecticidal Potential of Silver Nanoparticles Produced Using Hazelnut Green Leafy Cover Extracts against Hazelnut Aphid, Myzocallis coryli (Goeze, 1778)

This study was designed to obtain silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from green leafy cover organic wastes of Çakıldak and Yomra hazelnut cultivars by green synthesis steps and to determine the insecticidal potential of the obtained products. Characterisation tests (UV-Vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM, EDS) of the synthesised AgNPs were carried out and the data obtained supported the formation of silver nanoparticles. In order to determine the insecticidal potential of the synthesised AgNPs, four different doses of Ag-nanoparticles (50, 75, 100 and 125 ppm) were sprayed on fourth stage nymph and adult individuals of hazelnut green aphid (M. coryli) at two different temperatures (24-28°C). According to the insecticidal data obtained, it was determined that the type of extract, ambient temperature, dose amount and exposure time were very important in nano-insecticidal studies. The highest insecticidal potential was found at the end of the fourth day, at the highest application dose (125 ppm), at 28 ℃ and in the nano-product of Çakıldak cultivar origin (100% mortality rate in both nymphs and adults). The data obtained from the whole study will be a source for similar studies to be carried out in this field in terms of showing the point reached by nanotechnology in this field.

Impact of Lonicera japonica Extract on Nerve Growth Factor and Inflammatory Pathways in a Mouse Modeling of Allergic Rhinitis

Background Although Lonicera japonica extract (LJE) has been widely used in traditional medicine for treating conditions such as heat-clearing, detoxification, and anti-bacterial purposes, its specific effects on allergic rhinitis (AR) remain underexplored. Purpose This study aimed to elucidate how LJE influences nerve growth factor (NGF) levels and associated inflammatory pathways in AR modeling of mice. Materials and Methods Chlorogenic acid, a key component of LJE, was isolated and optimized using orthogonal experiments and chromatographic techniques. An AR mouse modeling was established and divided into three groups: control group (no treatment), modeling group (LJE intervention), and modeling control group (model control group, saline intervention). Post-intervention, AR symptoms were evaluated, and serum and nasal mucosa tissues were analyzed. Western blotting was used to measure levels of PI3K, AKT, and NF-κB p65 proteins. At the same time, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) quantified NGF, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-10 in serum and nasal mucosal tissue. Results Chlorogenic acid was successfully extracted with optimal conditions being 70% ethanol, pH 5, a solvent-to-material ratio of 10:1, and an extraction time of 1.5 h. The AR symptoms in the modeling group and model control group were significantly more severe compared to the control group ( p < .05). Treatment with LJE notably reduced symptom severity in the modeling group relative to the model control group ( p < .05). Additionally, the levels of PI3K, AKT, and NF-κB p65 in nasal mucosal tissue of the modeling group were comparable to those in the control group and lower than in the model control group ( p < .05). NGF, TNF-α, and IFN-γ levels in the modeling group and control group were significantly lower than those in the model control group ( p < .05), while IL-4 and IL-10 levels were higher in the modeling group and control group compared to the model control group ( p < .05). Conclusion LJE effectively reduced NGF expression and alleviated AR symptoms in a mouse model, potentially through regulation of PI3K/Akt and NF-κB signaling pathways. This highlights LJE’s therapeutic potential for managing AR-related inflammation.

Impact of Extraction Conditions on Resveratrol Content and Antioxidant Properties of Japanese Knotweed Extracts

Due to its health-promoting properties, resveratrol is one of the most desirable compounds in many industries. Hence, this work focused on finding the conditions of its extraction from Japanese knotweed which could be used on an industrial scale to obtain extracts with the best antioxidant properties. The contribution of polyphenolics to the activity of the obtained isolates was also assessed in this study. Ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction was used to prepare extracts in various solvents under conditions differing in extraction time, temperature, and ultrasound frequency. The extracts were tested for their ability to neutralize radicals and reduce metal ions. It was shown that although the best extractant was the same water–alcohol mixture, the optimal conditions for the extraction of resveratrol and polyphenols were different: 10 min, 50 °C and 80 kHz for resveratrol (for which the highest contents of resveratrol equals 0.91 mg/g was obtained) and 20 min, 25 °C and 37 kHz for polyphenolics (for which the total phenolic content equals 31.28 mg of gallic acid/g was determined) Under the latter conditions, one of the best antioxidant activities was also obtained. The results confirm that Japanese knotweed, despite its bad reputation in Europe as a very invasive species, can be used as a source of sought-after resveratrol and polyphenols.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston fruit by deep eutectic solvent and its biological functions

Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston (S. jambos) fruit has been increasingly utilised as a functional food in diabetes management in recent years. As polysaccharides represent a key functional component in fruits with diverse biological activities, studies on extraction methods and antidiabetic effects of S. jambos polysaccharides remain limited. This study established a deep eutectic solvent (DES)-based ultrasound-assisted extraction method for polysaccharides from S. jambos fruit. The optimised extraction conditions determined to be a liquid-solid ratio of 17 mL/g, 6% water content in DES, an extraction time of 50 min, and an ultrasonic power of 200 W in the choline chloride-oxalate DES system (molar ratio of 2:1). The novel extraction method achieved a substantially higher extraction rate than traditional method (32.67% vs. 4.3%), demonstrating the potential for polysaccharides extraction from S. jambos fruits. Additionally, the biological evaluation in vitro revealed that purified polysaccharide TPS-1 moderately inhibited α-glucosidase and α-amylase activities, as well as scavenged DPPH· and ABTS+ radicals, suggesting its potential as a dual-functional antidiabetic and antioxidant agent. Moreover, monosaccharide analysis revealed that TPS-1, which comprised mannose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, and galacturonic acid with a molar ratio of 5.49:11.79:41.25:30.95, differs significantly from the reported water-soluble polysaccharide of S. jambos fruits. However, the structure features of TPS-1 and its antidiabetic effects and mechanisms in vivo remain to be elucidated in future research.

Synthesis and Characterization of a New Wide Bandgap Donor Polymer through Direct Arylation Polycondensation Method for Enhanced Performance in Ternary Non-Fullerene Organic Solar Cells.

The ternary active layer approach has emerged as a promising approach to further boost the power conversion efficiency of organic solar cells. In order to absorb photons from the solar radiation below 600 nm, we have designed and synthesized a new wide bandgap polymer P(FCzNDT-DFTPhz) consisting of strong 5,6-bis(6-fluoro-9H-carbazol-3-yl)naphtho[2,1-b:3,4-b']dithiophene and di-fluoro-dithieno [3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine donor and acceptor units, respectively, its optical and electrochemical properties were investigated. The P(FCzNDT-DFTPhz) exhibits strong absorption spectrumbelow 650 nm along with deeper HOMO energy level (-5.46 eV), which is beneficial for attaining high open circuit voltage. Utilizing P(FCzNDT-DFTPhz) as donor and Y6 as acceptor, the organic solar cells fabricated under ambient conditions, processed with non-halogenated solvent (toluene) attained a power conversion efficiency of 15.59% which is higher than that for PTB7-Th:Y6 counterparts (12.98%). When P(FCzNDT-DFTPhz) is incorporated into PTB7-Th:Y6 binary active layer, the ternary organic solar cells fabricated under ambient conditions, attained power conversion efficiency of 17.36%, which is due to the fact that P(FCzNDT-DFTPhz) and PTB7-Th exhibits complementary absorption spectra, increasing thelight harvesting efficiency and exciton generation rate. This leads to a simultaneous increase in short circuit current and fill factor, originated exciton utilization via energy transfer from P(FCzNDT-DFTPhz) to PTB7-Th, efficient exciton dissociation owing to increase D/A interfaces in ternary active layer, higher charge carrier mobilities and well-balanced charge transport, suppressed carrier recombination and fast charge extraction time and prolonged charge carrier lifetime.

Chemical Characteristics Profile of Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza) Extract Processed Using a Miniplant-Scale Extractor with Variations in Temperature and Time

Temulawak (Curcuma zanthorrhiza) is a herbal plant native to Indonesia that contains bioactive compounds, such as curcuminoids, which possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aims to examine the effect of varying extraction temperatures (70°C, 75°C, and 80°C) and extraction times (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 minutes) on the antioxidant activity and total phenol content of temulawak extract. The extraction was carried out using the conventional method, and the analysis was performed using the DPPH assay for antioxidant activity and the Folin-Ciocalteu method for total phenol content. The results showed that an extraction temperature of 75°C for 60 minutes yielded the highest antioxidant activity at 63.73%, with a phenol concentration of 63.56 mg GAE/g. At 70°C, antioxidant activity increased from 15.39% at 10 minutes to 60.84% at 60 minutes; however, this temperature was less efficient than 75°C. The extraction at 80°C resulted in the highest pH (7.95) but also increased the risk of bioactive compound degradation, as indicated by the increased variability in antioxidant activity. Overall, an extraction temperature of 75°C with an extraction time of 60 minutes provided optimal results, producing an extract with high antioxidant activity and total phenol content without significant degradation. This study provides valuable insights for optimizing the temulawak extraction process in the health and pharmaceutical industries.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of antioxidative peptides from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and their anti-angiogenic potential via molecular docking

Bioactive peptides derived from natural sources have attracted significant attention for their antioxidative and anticancer potential. This study explores the potential of antioxidative peptides from Solanum lycopersicum var. Win Win, a new Malaysian tomato hybrid and their correlation with anticancer activity. Peptides were extracted using ultrasound-assisted extraction under optimized conditions: 4 mins extraction time, 57% amplitude, and 60% ethanol concentration, yielding 4.50 ± 0.11 mg/mL. The antioxidant activity of the peptide extracts was validated using DPPH and FRAP assays. Peptide identification through LC-MS/MS and PEAKS revealed 570 peptides. Identified peptides underwent in silico screening to refine lists for anticancer and antioxidant potential. This process also evaluated peptides that are lacking hemolytic, allergenic, and cytotoxic properties. Top five antioxidative peptides underwent molecular docking to evaluate the interaction with VEGFR2, a key target in cancer cells proliferation. Among them, YGYMC and RWYHNQ demonstrated better docking orientations with VEGFR2, suggesting strong binding affinity. These findings highlight the potential of tomato-derived peptides in cancer therapy development. Further in vitro validation is recommended to confirm their clinical applicability and efficacy.

Recovery of polyphenolic compounds from Brassica oleracea leaves biowaste by ultrasound-assisted and maceration extraction: study of variables effect and kinetics using Peleg model

This study compared ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and conventional extraction by maceration (CE) to obtain polyphenolic compounds with antioxidant activity from Brassica oleracea leaves biowaste. Preliminary tests showed that agitation intensity positively affected both the initial recovery rate and the equilibrium concentration of polyphenols with antioxidant activity. The equilibrium extraction time for CE was 150 minutes, while UAE achieved equilibrium in just 90 minutes. UAE also increased the initial recovery rate by more than seven times and improved the total recovery by 12%. Box-Behnken design was used to optimize CE, while factorial design was used for UAE, considering solid/liquid ratio (10–70 g/L), solvent concentration (20–90% v/v) and temperature (20 °C–60 °C). For CE, the highest results were obtained at 60 °C, 70% ethanol/water v/v and 10 g/L ratio, obtaining 1454.7 mg GAE/100 g DW, with 677.4 mg Fe+2/100 g DW of antioxidant capacity and 20.7 mg CA/100 g DW of chlorogenic acid. In comparison, the UAE method under similar conditions and in a lower time, achieved up to 1984.8 mg GAE/100 g DW, 913.4 mg Fe+2/100 g DW, and 39.7 mg CA/100 g DW. In conclusion, UAE is more efficient than CE for extracting polyphenolic compounds with antioxidant activity, allowing higher extraction yields.

Extraction and characterization of phenolic compounds of jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) by innovative techniques

This study aimed to optimize the extraction of phenolic compounds from jujube by conventional (CE), ultrasound (UAE), and microwave-assisted (MAE) extractions using the response surface methodology, compare the extraction techniques and determine some bioactive properties of the phenolic extracts. In addition to time and solvent concentration, temperature for CE, sonicator power and duty cycle for UAE and microwave power for MAE were optimized. The optimum point to recover phenolic extract from jujube by CE was 1410 min for extraction time, 80℃ for extraction temperature, and 40% for methanol concentration. The optimal extraction conditions for phenolic compounds of jujube by MAE were determined to be as follows: 300 W microwave power, 127 s extraction time, and 43% methanol concentration. The optimum values of jujube extract by UAE are 20 min, 10:7, 130 W, and 40% for extraction time, duty cycle, sonicator power, and methanol concentration, respectively. It was found that the total phenolic compounds (TPC) in CE, MAE, and UAE extracts were 2.7552mgGAE/g, 3.3455mgGAE/g, and 1.9416mgGAE/g, respectively. The highest TPC was in MAE as 3.3455mgGAE/g, the highest TFC was in UAE as 1671.1111mgQE/kg, the highest ascorbic acid was in UAE as 2.2489 mg/100 g, the highest TEAC was found in MAE as 3449.79mgTE/kg, and the highest FRAP was found in CE as 670mgTE/kg. Different amounts of catechin, succinic acid, cyanidin chloride, rosmarinic acid, salicylic acid, routine, oxalic acid, and quercetin dihydrate were detected in the extracts.

Optimisation of Phenolic Compound Extraction from Agrimonia eupatoria L. Using Response Surface Methodology for Enhanced Yield of Different Phenolics and Maximised Antioxidant Activity

Agrimonia eupatoria L. is a traditionally used medicinal plant rich in tannin compounds with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. This study aimed to optimise the extraction of individual phenolic acids, flavonoids, and tannins from A. eupatoria and maximise their antioxidant activity using response surface methodology (RSM). A central composite design was applied to evaluate the influence of acetone concentration, solvent ratio, and extraction time on the yield of total phenolics, total radical scavenging and reducing capacities, and individual compounds. Acetone concentration, solvent ratio, and extraction time were varied in a central composite design. The optimal conditions yielded high levels of agrimoniin (9.16 mg/g), total identified phenolics (33.61 mg/g), and strong antioxidant activity. These findings provide a scientific basis for standardising bioactive-rich extracts for nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications.

Selective extraction of germanium from lead slag washing wastewater by tannic acid coordination and precipitation method

Selective extraction of germanium from lead slag washing wastewater by tannic acid coordination and precipitation method

Yield and Properties of Collagen from Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Scales: Effects of Ultrasonic Pretreatment on Pepsin-Aided Extraction

The yield and characteristics of collagen from Nile tilapia scale pretreated with ultrasound at 40 kHz for 2 h before pepsin-aided extraction for 12-72 h (US collagen) were investigated compared to collagen from the scales without ultrasonic pretreatment (non-US collagen). Both collagens' yields increased with prolonged extraction time (P<0.05). Nevertheless, the yield of ultrasound-pretreated collagen (2.20-4.31%) was approximately 2 times greater than that of collagen without ultrasonic pretreatment (1.06-2.03%) (P<0.05). The amino acid compositions of both collagens were comparable, consisting mainly of glycine, alanine, proline, and hydroxyproline (329-330, 115,119, 114-116, 85 residues per 1000 residues, respectively), and both were classified as type I collagen. Moreover, the thermal transition temperatures (39.38-39.43°C) and enthalpy (0.55 J/g) were comparable between both collagens (P>0.05). Analysis of the FTIR spectra indicated that the ultrasonication pretreatment of the scale before the collagen did not alter the triple-helical structure of the collagen. Therefore, pretreatment of the Nile tilapia scales with ultrasonication before the pepsin-aided process could increase yield without significantly affecting the characteristics and triple-helical structure of the collagen.

Eutectic Mixtures Based on Oleic Acid and Pulsed Electric Fields: A Strategy for the Extraction of Astaxanthin from Dry Biomass of Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous.

The use of astaxanthin (AST) is expanding from its origins as a food coloring to health-related applications. This paper evaluates the efficiency of its extraction from dried Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous using two combined and consecutive techniques. First, cell membrane permeation is achieved with the application of pulsed electric fields (PEFs). Solid-liquid extraction is then performed with hydrophobic eutectic solvents (hESs) prepared by mixing components of essential oils (linalool, l-menthol, eugenol, geraniol, cinnamyl alcohol, or thymol) and oleic acid. The hESs were characterized by measuring of several thermophysical properties at 25 °C and 0.1 MPa. An initial screening was performed to choose the best solvent and the extraction conditions (composition, extraction time, and temperature) were evaluated using the response surface methodology. The results showed the importance of the electroporation as a preliminary step to the extraction. The more hydrophobic and less compact the hES, the more effective the solvent. Thus, the equimolar mixture of l-menthol and oleic acid achieved an efficiency of 77% for untreated biomass, 83% for that treated with PEF, and 92% for that treated with PEF and later incubated. Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated the importance of the hydrophobic interactions between AST and the components of the best solvent.

Optimization of hot methanol extraction parameters for high-yield recovery of phenolics and anthocyanins from Roselle

ABSTRACT This study explores the optimization of hot methanol extraction (HME) for recovering total extract, total anthocyanin content (TAC), total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity (AA) from Hibiscus sabdariffa (roselle). Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM), optimal conditions were identified as a particle size of 250 µm, a temperature of 80 °C, and an extraction time of 5.2 minutes. These conditions yielded 82.23% total extract, 922.19 mg/100 g TAC, 105.24 mg/100 g TPC, 814.9 mg/100 g TFC, and 92.51% AA. Particle size and temperature significantly influenced the outcomes. Solubility modeling with the Chrastil equation showed good agreement, with average absolute relative deviations (AARD) of 2.86% and 8.84% for total extract and TAC, respectively. Lower temperatures enhanced TAC solubility, while higher temperatures were more effective for total extract. This study highlights the potential of HME to maximize the recovery of bioactive compounds from roselle, supporting its use as a natural colorant with strong antioxidant properties in the food industry.

Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from Clinacanthus nutans using ionic liquid (ILs) binary solvent: Application of Peleg’s model and response surface methodology

Clinacanthus nutans (Sabah snake grass) is widely recognized for its pharmacological properties, particularly its high phenolic content and antioxidant activity. However, the optimization of its ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) remains underexplored. This study aims to enhance the extraction efficiency of phenolic compounds from Clinacanthus nutans leaves using ionic liquid (IL) binary solvents, with optimization based on Peleg’s model and Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Peleg’s model was used to determine the optimal extraction time, while RSM with a Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD) was applied to evaluate the effects of ultrasonic frequency (40–60 kHz) and the ratio of ILs to water (2:8, 5:5 and 8:2) on total phenolic content (TPC), DPPH radical scavenging activity, and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP). The experimental results were statistically analyzed using ANOVA, model fitting, and desirability functions. Peleg’s model indicated that the predicted maximum total phenolic content (TPC) of 42.556 ± 0.0003 mg GAE/g was achieved at an ultrasonic frequency of 50 kHz within 3 hours, making this duration as the predictive model benchmark for further optimization. The optimal extraction conditions were identified as an ultrasonic frequency of 60 kHz and an IL-to-water ratio of 2:8, yielding a maximum TPC of 0.01 ± 7.97 x 10−5 mg GAE/g, DPPH antioxidant activity of 95.08 ± 0.57%, and FRAP antioxidant capacity of 6.31 ± 0.10 mg AEAC/g. Peleg’s model inadequately predicted the best exhaustive extraction time prior to RSM leading to a low TPC value throughout the optimization process while maintaining high in antioxidant efficacy. However, the use of IL binary solvents significantly enhanced the release of phenolic compounds compared to conventional solvents, demonstrating their potential as a green extraction alternative. This study highlights the effectiveness of ultrasonic-assisted extraction combined with IL binary solvents for maximizing the recovery of bioactive compounds from Clinacanthus nutans leaves. The optimized extraction method can be beneficial for pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and functional food industries. Future research should focus on identifying specific phenolic compounds using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), combined kinetic and diffusion equilibrium model and further refining process optimization parameters (e.g., longer concoction duration) to enhance yield efficiency.

Citrus aurantium L. and Citrus latifolia extracts as alternative control agents for Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

BackgroundAedes aegypti is a vector of arboviral diseases. Their control has traditionally relied on the use of chemical insecticides; however, this strategy has failed. As an alternative, the use of natural products with a high content of biologically active compounds has been evaluated for the control of this mosquito. It is well known that citrus fruits contain compounds with insecticidal activity. For this reason, and considering the high production of Citrus aurantium L. and Citrus latifolia Tanaka ex Q. Jiménez in Colombia, the aim of this research was to establish the susceptibility of Ae. aegypti to extracts from the exocarp of these two citrus species as an environmentally sustainable approach to vector control.MethodsFollowing WHO methodology, the adulticidal activity of exocarp extracts of Citrus aurantium L. and Citrus latifolia Tanaka ex Q. Jiménez strain Moniquirá, obtained with ethanol, n-hexane, or chloroform by reflux for 4–6 h, was evaluated. The chemical composition of the extracts was established using GC-MS.Results100% mortality was achieved with the ethanolic extract of C. aurantium and the chloroform extract of C. latifolia obtained during 6 h of extraction, with concentrations of 90 and 120 mg/mL at 12 and 6 h p.e. respectively. Highly significant differences (p < 0.001) were determined in concentration, type of solvent, and extraction time regarding Ae. aegypti mortality for the two species. For the 6 h ethanol extract of C. aurantium, the LC50 was 32.2 mg/mL after 12 h p.e, while for the 6 h chloroform extract of C. latifolia, the LC50 was 9 mg/mL after 6 h p.e. The composition of the chloroform extracts is similar, but the concentration of most compounds increased in the 6 h extract. Sabinene, β-Pinene, R-limonene and γ-terpinene were the major components.ConclusionsThe chemical composition of the extracts showed variable concentrations depending on the extraction time. Indeed, the chloroform extracts of C. latifolia exocarps obtained by reflux at 6 h showed the better potential as control agents for Aedes aegypti. These results form the basis for the future development of a natural product that can be used by residents of endemic areas to Ae. aegypti.

Extraction of lichen bioactive compounds using volatile natural deep eutectic solvents and comparative analytical approaches

Lichens are a source of bioactive secondary metabolites with different pharmacological activities. However, these metabolites are challenging regarding their extraction. The presented study aims to optimise the extraction methods of key compounds (depsidones and depsides) from Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl. and additional species of lichens using traditional and advanced extraction methods. The comparative analysis included the evaluation of accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), maceration method of extraction, and using of volatile natural deep eutectic solvents (VNADES), as well as the type of solvent, ratio, duration and temperature of extraction on the yield of the main lichen metabolites (physodalic and physodic acids, 3-hydroxyphysodic acid, atranorin, and chloroatranorin). The combination of ASE with acetone was found to be the most selective method for lichen acid extraction, reducing both solvent consumption and processing time. As a green extraction approach, the use of VNADES was evaluated for yield. The following extraction parameters using VNADES were developed to maximise metabolite extraction: menthol/camphor ratio (1.5:1), liquid/solid ratio (100:1, volume/mass), temperature of extraction (40 °C), time of extraction (30 min). A comparison of different extraction drying methods showed the effectiveness of rotary evaporation as a cost-effective and rapid alternative to lyophilisation, preserving bioactive compounds from degradation.