An eco-friendly approach for determination of polycyclic aromatic compounds in water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes).

In this study, eighteen LCST-type temperature-responsive deep eutectic solvents (TRDESs) were developed for the ultrasound-assisted extraction of alkaloids from white pepper, using piperine (PIP) as the indicator. After optimization, the best conditions were identified as lidocaine/valeric acid (1:1) as the solvent, a solid‑to‑liquid ratio of 1:40mg/mL, 75°C, and 30min of ultrasound, achieving a PIP yield of 33.7502mg/g. By utilizing the temperature‑responsive behavior of TRDES, PIP was separated solely by adjusting temperature and water content, without additional reagents, resulting in a crude extract containing 122.3μg/mg of PIP. Subsequent analysis confirmed that the TRDES‑based ultrasound‑assisted extraction did not affect the antioxidant or anti‑diabetic (α‑glucosidase and α‑amylase inhibitory) activities of the extract. The TRDES system also showed good reusability, retaining over 85% of its initial extraction efficiency after five cycles. Density functional theory calculations revealed that ultrasound‑assisted extraction proceeds via hydrogen bonding between lidocaine/valeric acid and the five‑membered ring of PIP. With a high GAPI score of 82, this method offers a clearly greener and more sustainable alternative to conventional extraction techniques. This work integrates the novel green solvent TRDES with ultrasound‑assisted extraction, laying a key foundation for developing environmentally friendly processes in natural product preparation.

This study evaluated the extraction of carotenoids from tomato pomace using hydrophobic eutectic solvents (HDES) as a green alternative to conventional solvents. An initial screening of forty-nine HDES composed of fatty acids and alcohols was performed using the COSMO-RS model. The most promising HDES, composed of octanoic acid and decanoic acid (1.8,1), was selected for investigation of process parameters. Then, a Central Composite Rotational Design was employed to investigate the effects of temperature (21-49°C) and biomass-to-solvent ratio (1,3-1,17) on the extraction efficiency. Temperature was the most significant factor affecting carotenoid recovery, with higher extraction yields (>140μg/g) achieved at higher temperatures. Compared to vegetable oils, HDES exhibited superior performance, attributed to their composition of free fatty acids, lower viscosity and lipophilic affinity. Lycopene, β-carotene, and lutein were identified in the extracts, with Z-lycopene reaching 27% of total lycopene, suggesting partial isomerization during extraction process.

Tailored biphasic deep eutectic solvents for one-step high-efficient extraction and separation of Hedyotis diffusa bioactive ingredients

Lithium extraction from oil and gas produced water: resource characteristics, technological challenges and future perspectives.

Establishment of a quantitative GC-MS method for acrylamide detection and in situ kinetic study of acrylamide formation in fried potato slices.

Valganciclovir (VGCV) is the first-line drug for preemptive therapy of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. However, even at standard doses, plasma concentrations of the active metabolite ganciclovir (GCV) show substantial inter-individual variability. To ensure therapeutic efficacy and minimize adverse effects, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) based on the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) is essential. Yet, conventional TDM via venous blood sampling is invasive and unsuitable for frequent monitoring. In this study, we aimed to develop a simple and minimally invasive method for GCV quantification using dried blood spots (DBS) combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The method demonstrated a good linearity over a concentration range of 0.25-16 μg/mL and satisfied the validation criteria for accuracy and precision. It showed acceptable stability for up to 7 days under refrigerated conditions. Methanol was identified as the optimal extraction solvent, allowing for a simplified sample pretreatment without the need for ultrasonic processing. While hematocrit levels affected spot size and quantification accuracy, reliable measurements were obtained within the 30%-50% hematocrit range. The established DBS-based LC-MS/MS method provides a promising, minimally invasive approach for TDM of GCV in the management of CMV infections.

Phytochemical tests are the first step in understanding the chemical compounds that a plant contains and their potential health benefits. Phytochemical screening of MuehlenbeckiaPlatyclada leaf extract was carried out using water as the extraction solvent to identify the presence of bioactive secondary metabolites. The study focused on detecting compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, glycosides and phenolic using standard qualitative tests. The aqueous extract revealed the presence of several phytoconstituents, such as flavonoids, sterols, anthraquinone, proteins, phenolic compounds, carbohydrates, glycosides and coumarins indicating that MuehlenbeckiaPlatyclada leaves are a rich source of biologically active compounds. These findings support the potential use of MP in traditional medicine and provide a basis for further pharmacological and therapeutic investigations.

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have emerged as promising green alternatives to conventional organic solvents for the extraction of bioactive compounds from natural matrices because of their tunable physicochemical properties, low toxicity, and environmental compatibility. However, most existing reviews primarily focus on application-based results, with limited mechanistic and process engineering interpretations necessary for industrial applications. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of DES-based extraction from the perspective of separation and process engineering, emphasizing the relationships between DES composition, physicochemical properties, mass-transfer behavior, and extraction performance. Key parameters, including viscosity, hydrogen bonding interactions, solvent-to-feed ratio, temperature, and water content, are critically evaluated in terms of their influence on extraction efficiency, selectivity, and scalability. Furthermore, solvent recovery, process intensification strategies, and industrial implementation challenges are discussed to bridge the gap between laboratory research and large-scale application. By integrating mechanistic insights with process-level considerations, this review provides a systematic framework for the rational design and optimization of DES-based extraction processes as sustainable and scalable-separation technologies.

Microwave-assisted biosynthesis using marine Chlorella sp. extracts provides a green and efficient route for the production of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Compared with the conventional method (24 h), microwave-assisted synthesis reduces the reaction time to less than 7 min while producing smaller and more uniformly distributed nanoparticles. AgNPs were synthesized using extracts obtained with different solvents and directly compared with those produced via the conventional method to substantiate the efficiency of the microwave-assisted approach. UV-visible spectroscopy confirmed rapid nanoparticle formation, exhibiting surface plasmon resonance peaks in the range of 405 to 427 nm. TEM analysis revealed predominantly spherical AgNPs with particle sizes of approximately 10 to 20 nm. The XRD and FTIR analyses confirmed their crystalline structure and stabilization by algal-derived functional groups. The biological activities of the AgNPs were dependent on the extraction solvent. AgNPs synthesized using hexane extracts exhibited pronounced antibacterial activity, achieving minimum inhibitory concentrations as low as 0.31 µg/mL. In addition, the AgNP induced concentration-dependent cytotoxic effects in human breast cancer cell lines. IC50 values, determined via dose-response analysis, ranged from 0.18 to 0.67 μg/mL in MDA-MB-231 cells and 1.70 to 8.42 μg/mL in MCF-7 cells. These results indicate a potent cytotoxic profile, with MDA-MB-231 cells exhibiting significantly higher sensitivity to the microwave-assisted formulations. Collectively, these findings highlight microwave-assisted algal-mediated biosynthesis as a sustainable and effective platform for generating bioactive AgNPs with promising antibacterial and anticancer potential.

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvents extraction, enrichment, and anti-diabetic of glycosides from Anemarrhena asphodeloides.

In this work, the manual multistep QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) approach has been streamlined into an in-syringe micro-QuEChERS method, referred to as an in-syringe-assisted fast drug extraction (IS-FaDEx) coupled with semi-automated (SA) dispersive solid-phase cleanup (dSPC), for fast quantification of direct oral anticoagulant drugs (DOACs) in human plasma samples using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) detection. In the IS-FaDEx-SA-dSPC method, 100 µL of plasma was taken into a 3-mL plastic syringe for salt-induced liquid-liquid extraction, after which the extractant was transferred to another 3-mL plastic syringe for the dSPC procedure using sorbents with salt (including C18, sorbent with primary-secondary amine functionalities, and anhydrous MgSO4), and the final clean extractant was injected into UHPLC-MS/MS for analysis. Experimental factors affecting the extraction efficiency of DOACs, including extraction solvent, salt type and amount, and cleanup sorbent type and amount, were tested and optimized. Good linearity was observed over a calibration concentration range from 0.1 to 500µgmL-1, with correlation coefficients > 0.99. Detection limits ranged between 0.02 and 0.1µgmL-1, and the intra- and inter-day (n = 6) relative standard deviations were < 6%. As a proof of concept, the developed method was applied in real time to determine DOACs in plasma samples from patients with atrial fibrillation, demonstratinggood accuracy,and good precision (spiked recoveries ranging from 85.3% to 105.3%). This method provides a simple, efficient, sensitive, and automated procedure for extracting and determining DOACs from plasma samples, which can serve as an alternative analytical tool for biomonitoring of DOACs in routine clinical laboratory practice, in particular in patients with atrial fibrillation and venous thromboembolism.

Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is a valuable source of bioactive molecules renowned for their health benefits. However, efficient extraction of phenolic compounds using conventional techniques remains challenging. This study aimed to optimize ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) conditions for saffron stigmas using a Box–Behnken design. UAE parameters were optimized to maximize total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity [Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)] under different conditions. Three parameters were investigated: extraction time, solvent-to-material ratio, and solvent (ethanol/water) concentration. TPC, TFC, and FRAP were determined using standard spectrophotometric methods. In addition, in silico pharmacokinetic properties of selected bioactive compounds from saffron were analysed using the ADMELab platform. Molecular docking of the selected compounds was performed against two antioxidant-related targets: human tyrosinase (PDB ID: 5M8O) and human peroxiredoxin 5 (PRDX5) (PDB ID: 1H2D) using Aotodock toolkit. The best extraction conditions were identified as 15 min, 30 mL/g, 80% ethanol for TPC (32.15 mg GAE/g DW) and TFC (93.55 mg QE/g DW), and 45 min, 30 mL/g, 80% ethanol for antioxidant activity (EC₅₀ = 0.37 mg/mL), with desirability values &gt; 99.9%. Regression models demonstrated high predictive reliability (R² = 0.96-0.97), confirming the higher efficiency of UAE compared with maceration and decoction. Furthermore, in silico studies revealed favourable pharmacokinetic properties for crocetin, picrocrocine, crocin-4, and safranal, and molecular docking highlighted a strong binding affinity of crocin-1 with antioxidant-related targets. Overall, UAE proved to be a robust and predictive strategy for optimizing saffron phenolic extraction, reinforcing its antioxidant and bioactive potential.

Identification of green tea varieties and origins based on fused surface enhanced Raman spectra from different extraction solvent.

Over the past few years, dried blood spots (DBS) have been approved as a valid matrix for drug testing in sport. They undoubtedly offer advantages but also pose analytical challenges. For example, various DBS supports are nowadays available (polymeric and cellulose based) and an extraction method suitable for one support is not necessarily transferable to a different one. Herein, we present a qualitative screening method for the detection of a representative selection of small peptides and their metabolites in both cellulose and polymeric DBS. The analytes were extracted using an extraction solvent containing formic acid 1% in water/acetonitrile/methanol (70/15/15), followed by a second extraction with acetate buffer. To remove interferences and increase sensitivity, the combined extracts were further purified using solid-phase extraction (mixed-mode, weak cation exchange). Analysis was performed using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography combined with high-resolution mass spectrometry (orbitrap Q-Exactive). The analysis time was 7.5 min, and the acquisition was performed in full-scan mode, with the addition of some product ion scan acquisitions to increase selectivity or sensitivity for a few compounds that were particularly challenging. The method permits the analysis of small peptides on both polymeric and cellulose DBS samples with the same procedure for either matrix. Validation was performed following the World Anti-Doping Agency regulations, and the method proved satisfactory in terms of selectivity and sensitivity (limits of detection in the low ng/mL range) and applicable to the analysis of sport samples for the detection of small peptides.

Analytical method development for detection and quantification of AMB-FUBINACA in mouse brain tissue using GC-MS/MS.

A high-throughput detection platform for dried blood spots constructed with DESI-MS/MS.

Surfactant-free microemulsion based on hydrophilic deep eutectic solvent for efficient curcuminoids synergistic extraction: Experimental and mechanistic study

Green magnetic hydrogel based on a polymeric deep eutectic solvent for efficient doxorubicin extraction and microliter-scale voltammetric detection

Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) is increasingly recognized as an effective process intensification strategy for phytochemical recovery; however, its optimization is often treated empirically, with limited mechanistic insight into solvent-cavitation interactions. In this study, a mechanistically informed and statistically optimized UAE approach was developed for ginger rhizome using environmentally benign ethanol-water solvent systems. A Box-Behnken design was employed to simultaneously evaluate the effects of ginger-to-solvent ratio, solvent composition, and extraction time on extraction yield, antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS, Phenanthroline, and CUPRAC assays), total phenolic content (TPC), and flavonol content (FC). The developed response surface models exhibited strong predictive performance, yielding an optimized extraction yield of 33.22%. Notably, solvent composition emerged as the dominant factor, with water-rich systems enhancing oil yield through intensified cavitation and matrix hydration effects, rather than solubility-driven mechanisms alone. Under optimized conditions, antioxidant activities of 27.06, 4.42, 3.59, and 4.70µg/mL were obtained, alongside TPC and FC values of 79.67mg GAE/g and 3.38mg QE/g, respectively. GC-Q-TOF-MS analysis of extracts obtained with 0%, 50%, and 100% ethanol identified 11 major phenolic compounds, revealing solvent-dependent selectivity toward key bioactives. A direct comparison with Soxhlet extraction, optimized using the same RSM framework, confirmed that UAE significantly improves extraction efficiency and bioactivity retention while reducing extraction time and solvent consumption. Overall, this work provides both mechanistic understanding and practical optimization guidelines, supporting UAE as a scalable and sustainable extraction platform for food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic applications.