Extraction Solvent Research Articles

Chemical Characterization, Antioxidant and Enzyme-Inhibitory Activities of Different Extracts from Three Phlomis Species.

Phlomis species (family Lamiaceae) are highly valued as food and herbal medicine. The present study is designed to investigate the chemical composition and antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities of extracts from P. fruticosa, P. herba-venti, and P. kurdica aerial parts. Different classes of metabolites, including phenolic acids, phenylethanoids, flavonoids, iridoids, organic acids, terpenes, and fatty acids, are identified in the three species, with methanol as the best solvent to recover bioactive compounds from the three species in addition to ethyl acetate for P. kurdica. Around 70% methanol extract of P. herba-venti exerts the best radical scavenging and ions-reducing properties, while its methanol extract exhibits the highest acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. The ethyl acetate extract of P. fruticosa displays the best chelating power, and its other polar extracts have the highest total antioxidant activity. Furthermore, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations have underscored the therapeutic potential of bioactive compounds, including isoverbascoside, samioside, forsythoside B, and hattushoside. In conclusion, the study indicates that these three Phlomis species are a rich source of bioactive molecules with possible therapeutic applications, and the selection of appropriate extraction solvents is crucial for the targeted biological activity.

Binary solvent extraction of intracellular lipids from Rhodotorula toruloides for cell recycling

BackgroundMicrobial lipid extraction is a critical process in the production of biofuels and other valuable chemicals from oleaginous microorganisms. The process involves the separation of lipids from microbial cells. Given the complexity of microbial cell walls and the demand for efficient and environmentally friendly extraction methods, further research is still needed in this area. This study aims to pursue the extraction of intracellular lipids from oleaginous yeasts using inexpensive solvents, without disrupting the cells and even maintaining a certain level of cell viability.ResultsThe study used fresh fermentation broth of Rhodotorula toruloides as the lipid extraction target and employed a binary solvent of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and n-hexane for lipid extraction. The effects of extraction time and solvent ratio on cell viability, lipid extraction efficiency, and fatty acid composition were analyzed. Conditions that balanced lipid yield and cell survival were selected for lipid extraction.Specifically, using a binary solvent (with 40% MTBE) to extract an equal volume of R. toruloides fermentation broth achieved a total lipid extraction rate of 60%, while maintaining a 5% cell survival rate (the surviving cells served as the seed for the second round of lipid production). After separating the solvent phase and supplementing the lipid-extracted cells with carbon sources and a small amount of nitrogen sources, the cells gradually regained biomass and produced lipids. Repeating this "gentle" extraction on surviving and regrown cells and adding carbon and nitrogen sources can enable a second round of growth and lipid production in these cells.ConclusionsThis is an interesting finding that may potentially encompass the extraction mechanisms of polar/nonpolar solvents and the phenomenon of yeast autophagy. This method does not require the destruction of the cell wall of oleaginous yeast. The separation after extraction is simple, and both the cells and solvents can be recycled. It provides a possible approach for simultaneous fermentation and lipid extraction.

Antifungal Gallotannins in Mango (Mangifera indica): Distribution in Aerial Tissue and Role in Anthracnose Resistance

Aims: The present study investigated the presence of antifungal Gallotannins in aerial parts of the mango tree; namely florets, young flush and mature leaves which are also subjected to diseases such as anthracnose. The decline of gallotannin activity in fruit peel and the correlation with anthracnose lesion expansion in inoculated fruit was also investigated Study Design: The experiment was performed twice using three replicates per each trial. Data were analyzed for variance in a completely randomized design. Methodology: Florets, flush and mature leaves were collected from cultivar ‘Kohu’. Fruits of cultivar ‘Karutha colomban’ which is resistant to anthracnose were used for inoculation of fruits with conidia of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Disease development was assessed daily by measuring lesion diameter. Peel of fruits were also obtained to extract antifungal compounds on day 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 after harvest. Extraction of antifungal compounds from leaves, flush, florets or fruit peel was done using vacuum infiltration method with dichloromethane and methanol (1:1) as the extraction solvents. The extract was evaporated to dryness using a rotory evaporator and the dry residue was used in TLC bio-assay. The amount of Gallotannin antifungal activity was assessed by obtaining the inhibition area at Rf. 0.00 on thin layered chromatography plates (TLC). Results: The amount of gallotannins as seen by the inhibition area on TLC bio-assay is significantly (P = .05) higher in florets (285±29.29) and unripe fruit peel (256.66±29.48) when compared with vegetative leaves (111.67±4.4). The amount of gallotannins in fruit peel declined by approximately 20% by the time anthracnose lesions initiated. Conclusion: Not only mango fruit peel, but mango florets, flush and mature leaves also contain antifungal gallotannins.

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SOLVENTS AND DRYING CONDITIONS ON THE EXTRACTION OF PHYTOCHEMICAL BIOACTIVES FROM ORANGE PEEL

Oranges (Citrus sinensis L.) are one of the most cultivated citrus fruits worldwide. Citrus peel is the main residue left after processing. The disposal of this agro-waste represents a problem for citrus industries, where the implementation of strategies for its valorization is essential. This study compared the effects of two different drying methods for leftover orange peel (C. sinensis var. Valencia) on extract yield, its chemical composition, and antioxidant capacity using two extraction solvents. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement, including three types of peel: dehydrated peel at 60 °C pilot level (C60), dehydrated peel at 204 °C industrial level (CI), and fresh peel (CF), and two extraction solvents: 70 % ethanol and methanol. The extraction yield was higher (p < 0.05) using CF with 70 % ethanol. The content of total phenols (TPC), total flavonoids (TFC), and antioxidant capacity in orange peel was higher (p < 0.05) using CF with 70 % ethanol or methanol. The concentration of hesperidin was similar in all types of peel using methanol, and CF presented a higher amount of naringin than peels dehydrated using 70 % ethanol or methanol. The use of CF with 70 % ethanol or methanol as extraction solvents allowed a higher extraction yield (46 and 38 %), higher concentrations of TPC (12.31 and 14.03 mg GAE g-1 DW), TFC (9.5 and 8.74 mg QE g-1 DW), antioxidant capacity (273.9 and 272.69 µM TE g-1 DW), and naringin (13.6 mg g-1 DW) compared to dried orange peels.

Cosmeceutical application of extracts from the flowers, stems, and leaves of Buddleja davidii grown at different altitudes

Buddleja davidii Franch. [Scrophulariaceae] commonly found in the mountainous regions of Taiwan, is used as herbal medicine around the world. In spite of this, no research has been conducted on the physiological activities of B. davidii extracts from different parts of the plant and from plants grown at different altitudes. In this study, B. davidii flower, stem, and leaf extracts were prepared using distilled water, methanol, and 60% ethanol as extraction solvents. The total phenolic content of the extracts served as an indicator of their activities. Our results indicated high bioactivity in the water extract of B. davidii flowers grown at 1,500 m, the 60% ethanol extract of B. davidii stems grown at 1,000 m, and the methanol extract of B. davidii leaves grown at 1,500 m. The freeze-dried leaf extract exhibited the highest antioxidant activity, which may be attributed to its abundance of phenylethanoid glycosides and flavonoids. The major bioactive components of the flower extract were crocin, crocetin, quercetin, and rutin. Those in the stem extract were luteolin, naringenin, quercetin, acacetin, and apigenin; and in the leaf extract were verbascoside, isoverbascoside and oleanolic acid. These compounds were potentially responsible for the antiaging and anti-inflammatory activity of the flower extract (IC50: 28.6–125.1 mg/L), the antibacterial activity of the stem extract (minimum inhibitory concentration: 60–100 mg/L), and the antityrosinase activity of the leaf extract (IC50: 38.17 mg/L). For example, the antiaging activity of B. davidii flower extract was found to be superior to or comparable with that of the positive controls, which include EGCG (IC50: 67.2–162.8 mg/L), 1,10-phenanthroline (IC50: 46.7 mg/L), gallic acid (IC50: 132.6 mg/L), and tannic acid (IC50: 140.3 mg/L). Moreover, these extracts can be deemed safe, as they demonstrated no toxic effects on CCD-966SK, HEMn, and RAW264.7 cells at a concentration of 200 mg/L. To our knowledge, this is the first report revealing differences in activities of B. davidii extracts based on plant part and altitudes. The findings provide insights for potential applications of the identified bioactive compounds in health foods, herbal medicines, and cosmetics.

Sustainable Extraction of Actinostemma lobatum Kernel Oil by 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran: A Comparative Study on Physicochemical Properties and Bioactive Compounds Against Petro-Sourced Solvents

This study aims to evaluate the effect of extraction solvent type on the physicochemical properties and bioactive compounds of Actinostemma lobatum Maxim. kernel oil for two successive harvest years. Oils were extracted using the bio-based solvent 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF) and conventional petroleum-derived solvents (n-hexane and 2-methylpentane). Results indicated that 2-MeTHF achieved significantly higher oil yields (27.60% in 2021 and 29.77% in 2022) compared to n-hexane and 2-methylpentane. Unfortunately, 2-MeTHF-extracted oils exhibited greater susceptibility to oxidation, displaying elevated levels of primary and secondary oxidation products relative to other solvents. Meanwhile, 2-methylpentane-extracted oil showed a relatively high oxidative stability index. In addition, differential scanning calorimetry results also aligned with the oxidative status. Further variance analysis revealed that the harvest year exerted a more pronounced impact on fatty acid and triacylglycerol profiles than the solvent type. Additionally, tocopherols and tocotrienols were abundant, with β- and δ-tocopherols predominating. 2-MeTHF-extracted oils harvested in 2022 contained the highest total tocols (1118.83 mg/kg) among all samples. Also, phytosterols were detected, with β-sitosterol constituting the predominant compound. Furthermore, the 2-MeTHF-extracted oils contained higher β-carotene contents compared to other samples. These above findings concluded that 2-MeTHF is a good alternative to conventional solvents for extracting of A. lobatum kernel oil.

Efficient Method for the Synthesis of 5-Methylfurfural from l-Rhamnose Using a Biphasic System

In this work, the method of highly efficient conversion of l-rhamnose to 5-methylfurfural (MF) catalyzed by various catalysts in a biphasic system was developed. To enhance the MF yield, the effects of the catalyst species, reaction temperature (150–180 °C), extraction solvents and volume ratio of the extraction to the aqueous phase (0–5) on the conversion of l-rhamnose to MF were systematically investigated. Under optimal conditions, a high MF yield of 94% was achieved in the biphasic “diisopropyl ether (DIPE) + H2O” system due to the fact that the extraction of MF to the DIPE phase significantly inhibits the condensation and degradation of MF in water. Finally, detailed reaction energetics and chemical structures of intermediates of the l-rhamnose dehydration to MF were investigated using the B3LYP level of theory and the SMD solvation model. It is evident that MF, which exhibits excellent chemical stability, harbors the potential to function as a bio-derived platform chemical within the domain of the green industry.

Physicochemical Profile of Yucca filamentosa and a Comparative Chemical Profiling Study of its Mother Tinctures Prepared in and Outside India

Abstract Yucca filamentosa is primarily used in homeopathy for treating gastric ailments, supported by its saponin content. Despite being exotic to India with limited availability, its mother tincture is widely accessible in the country. Given these factors, assessing the quality of these medicines in India is crucial. Therefore, alongside pharmacopeial standardization, a comparative chemical profiling study was conducted on mother tinctures sourced from plants grown in India (OM), those produced in India (IM), and those manufactured abroad (AM).The pharmacopeial parameters of the raw drug, such as loss on drying, different ash values, extractive values in various solvents, and volatile oil content, were measured. Additionally, phytochemical screening of the raw drug in different extractive solvents was performed. Subsequently, the physicochemical parameters including organoleptic characteristics, sediments, total solids, and ultraviolet–visible absorption spectra of OM, IM, and AM were compared. Further comparative phytochemical screening and qualitative high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis were conducted.The pharmacopeial data for the raw drug were reported for the first time. The comparative study on the mother tinctures OM, IM, and AM revealed significant chemical differences.The comparison of the three mother tinctures (OM, IM, and AM) highlighted substantial chemical variations, underscoring the need for more rigorous chemical and biological evaluations.

Determination of Fungicides in Fresh Fruit Juice Using Magnetic Solid-Phase Extraction Coupled With Gas Chromatography-Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry.

A fast, simple and effective method was developed and validated for determination of 11 fungicides using magnetic solid-phase extraction with NH2-Fe3O4@GO (graphene oxide) combined with gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). To carry out the extraction of the fungicides from samples, NH2-Fe3O4@GO nanocomposites were synthesized and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The target analytes were extracted on NH2-Fe3O4@GO and then eluted by ethyl acetate and acetonitrile (1:1 v/v). Finally, the extraction solvent concentrated by nitrogen blowing was analyzed by GC-MS/MS, which demonstrated good linearity between 0.05 and 5.0mgL-1. The limits of detection (signal-to-noise ratio = 3) and the limits of quantification (signal-to-noise ratio = 10) for the 11 fungicides ranged from 1.0 to 3.5 and 3.0 to 10.5μgkg-1, respectively. The accuracy and precision of the proposed method were evaluated by measuring tagged samples; the recoveries and relative standard deviations ranged from 75.3% to 103.9% and 2.19% to 4.68%, respectively. The utility of the adsorbent was demonstrated to determine trace fungicides in fresh fruit juice samples.

Occurrence of Alternaria mycotoxins and aflatoxins contamination in vegetable oils by enzyme immunoassay study

Vegetable oils constitute a significant component of the human diet. The oilseeds utilized for their production are susceptible to contamination by mycotoxins (MTs) during cultivation and storage, particularly under suboptimal conditions. The extent and nature of fungal invasion leading to MT contamination also depends on the geographical origin of oilseed production. This study sought to investigate the prevalence of aflatoxins (AFs), alternariol (AOH), and tenuazonic acid (TEA) contamination in 18 types of edible vegetable oils using appropriate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). The oils examined (n = 102) included common types such as sunflower, linseed, olive, mustard, sesame, hemp, and some others from the domestic market. The detection limits of the established assays were found to be consistent with the regulatory limits: 5, 10, and 100 μg/kg for AFs, AOH, and TEA, respectively. To ensure a satisfactory recovery of the analytes from the oil matrix, individual extraction solvents were necessary for AFB1, AOH, and TEA. The recovery ranges of MTs from a wide range of common edible oils were found to be 68.8–99.8%, 63.9–114.1%, and 70.6–115.9%, respectively, with variation coeffecients of less than 19%. The ELISA detection limits of 0.003, 0.02, and 0.15 ng/mL provided high detectability of AFB1 and AOH (73.5%), and TEA (66.6%) in the studied oils. However, their content above the maximum residue limits (MRLs) was observed only in 0, 4.9%, and 7.8% of the samples, respectively. The examination showed a notable decrease in the incidence and residual levels of AFs, AOH, and TEA in the refined sunflower oils compared to the unrefined oils. This study offers insights into the occurrence and MT contamination of vegetable oils within the Russian region and validates the efficacy of ELISA, in conjunction with optimized extraction protocols, for the routine analysis of a broad spectrum of oil types.

Betaine and Total Dietary Fiber Recovery from Red Beetroot Peels by Means of Ultrasound and Pulsed Electric Fields

Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) using water as a green solvent is a promising non-thermal technique for the extraction of total dietary fiber (TDF) and betaine from red beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) peel. Compared to conventional thermal extraction (CE), UAE has proven to be a more efficient alternative method for the extraction of TDF and betaine. The pretreatment of beet was carried out using pulsed electric field (PEF) technology, with the specific energy of the PEF treatment set at 1.6 kJ/kg. To achieve the maximum betaine concentration of 24.80 µg/mL, the optimum UAE parameters were 50% amplitude with an extraction time of 3 min using distilled water as extraction solvent. The optimum TDF yield of 44.07% was achieved at 75% amplitude, 6 min treatment time and 50% ethanol solution as extraction solvent. These conditions can effectively supplement UAE, especially in the extraction of bioactive compounds from red beetroot peel. However, the TDF obtained in the residue must be evaporated for further use, which increases energy consumption. Ethanol concentration had no statistically significant effect (p > 0.05) on the TDF results, suggesting that distilled water could replace ethanol as a solvent in UAE. This substitution offers environmental and economic advantages, as water is more environmentally friendly and less expensive than ethanol. In addition, the use of distilled water eliminates the need to evaporate ethanol, which is particularly advantageous when the extracted material is intended for fortification or improvement of the technological and functional properties of food products.

Speciation of butyltins by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction in combination with an in situ derivatization is suggested for butyltin compounds sampling and preconcentration from water solutions. The derivatization was carried out with sodium tetraethylborate at pH 4.5. The effects of extraction and disperser solvents type, volume, extraction time and ionic strength of the solution on the extraction efficiency were investigated. Tetrachloromethane containing n-hexadecane as an internal standard was used as an extracting solvent and methanol was used as a disperser solvent. The calibration graphs were linear from 2.8, 4.2 and 9.8 ng L–1 up to 10 μg L–1 for monobutyltin, dibutyltin and tributyltin, respectively, correlation coefficients were 0.996–0.999, detection limits were 1.7, 2.5 and 5.9 ng L–1 for monobutyltin, dibutyltin and tributyltin, respectively. Repeatabilities of the results were acceptable with relative standard deviations up to 17%. A possibility to apply the proposed method for butyltin compounds determination in water samples was demonstrated.

Sustainable valorization of citrus by-products: natural deep eutectic solvents for bioactive extraction and biological applications of Citrus sinensis peel

Abstract Orange is one of the most consumed fruits worldwide, generating significant byproducts and wastes. By following the principles of green chemistry, the reuse of orange by-products can be made sustainable. In this context, natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) have emerged as a promising alternative. The present study aims to analyze the physicochemical characteristics and biological effects of orange peel extracts obtained with choline chloride-based NADES. An investigation was conducted on the extracts, including a chromatographic analysis of phenolic and volatile compounds, a spectroscopic FTIR analysis, as well as the evaluation of their antioxidant capacity, their antimicrobial activity on different pathogens, and their capacity to modulate the activity of digestive enzymes. Both chromatographic approaches and FTIR studies indicated that different NADES had various extraction efficiencies towards phenolic compounds, affecting the antioxidant capacity of extracts. The volatile profile of NADES extracts was primarily composed of alcohols, aldehydes, and terpenes, whereas the ethanolic extract (50% (v/v), used as a control) exhibited a higher abundance of terpenes. All extracts were demonstrated to enhance pepsin enzyme activity without affecting that of chymotrypsin. Only choline chloride: glycerol: citric acid gave an extract capable of inhibiting trypsin and amylase activity, as well as the proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms. In conclusion, choline chloride-based NADES may represent a sustainable method for reusing orange byproducts, as they are more effective in extracting valuable bioactive compounds from orange peel when compared to old-fashioned organic solvents.

Sustainable dyeing of cotton, silk and leather using natural dye from Bixa orellana seeds: extraction, optimization and assessment of antibacterial activity

IntroductionNatural dyes offer an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic colorants in textile processing. This study explores the sustainable dyeing of cotton, silk, and leather using pigment-rich extracts from Bixa orellana seeds, with a focus on process optimization and antibacterial efficacy.Materials and methodsUsing an array of extraction solvents [water, methanol, ethanol, ethanol: methanol (1:1)] and extraction techniques [direct heat (DH), ultrasonic water bath (USB), ultrasonic probe, (USP)], Bixa orellana seeds were utilized to produce a yellow-orange dye. The color strength of the extracted dye was investigated using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer to measure the absorbance wavelength. The functional groups identified in the extracted natural dye were described using an FTIR spectrophotometer.Results and discussionUsing methanol as the solvent and 5 g of seed at 60°C for 60 min, the highest color yield was observed in USB. Using the ultrasonic water bath dyeing method at 60°C for 40 min without using any moderant, cotton, silk fabric, and leather were effectively colored in a yellow-orange color. The L*, a*, and b* values of the dyed material treated using the USB approach were 80.95, 4.52, 75.35 for cotton, 88.65, -1.35, 62.85 for silk, and 79.55, 015.35, 66.45 for leather, respectively. Compared to the other bacterial reduction, 85.25% of the colored materials showed substantial antibacterial action against Staphylococcus sp. Vibrio sp. (76.69%), Pseudomonas sp. (75.83%), Klebsiella sp. (74.24%), and Micrococcus sp. (74.21%) were the following most prevalent bacteria. The ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) measurements showed that leather and cotton treated with B. orellana seed dye had higher UV radiation shielding properties.

Development and thorough evaluation of a multi-omics sample preparation workflow for comprehensive LC-MS/MS-based metabolomics, lipidomics and proteomics datasets.

Development and thorough evaluation of a multi-omics sample preparation workflow for comprehensive LC-MS/MS-based metabolomics, lipidomics and proteomics datasets.

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction of flavonoids from Amomum villosum Lour. Using natural deep eutectic solvent: Process optimization, comparison, identification, and bioactivity.

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction of flavonoids from Amomum villosum Lour. Using natural deep eutectic solvent: Process optimization, comparison, identification, and bioactivity.

Novel approach extraction method to obtain optimum antioxidant and skin-lightening compound from Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk. leaves

Context: Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaves have the potential to be developed as a raw material for traditional medicine or herbal cosmetics. In this study, the green extraction method and the selection of solvents to increase the extraction yield of active compounds and bioactivities from R. tomentosa leaves were carried out. Aims: To develop the environmentally friendly extraction method for R. tomentosa leaves using pharmaceutical excipients and find out the best extraction solvent and conditions that can simultaneously extract the active compound and bioactivities. Methods: R. tomentosa leaves were extracted using 14 different solvents, including conventional solvents and pharmaceutical excipients. The ultrasound-assisted extraction method was chosen to promote the green extraction principles. All the extracts obtained were then evaluated for their phenolic, flavonoid content, antioxidant, and in vitro tyrosinase inhibition activities. Meanwhile, the optimization was carried out using Box Behnken response surface methodology. Results: The ethanolic extract of R. tomentosa leaves has the highest (p<0.05) extraction yield, very strong antioxidant activity, and tyrosinase inhibitory activity compared to water, ethyl acetate, and chloroform. Among 10 excipients tested in this study, propylene glycol has the best (p<0.05) ability to extract R. tomentosa leaves. Propylene glycol was then used in the extraction optimization phase. Our result showed that the extraction conditions for optimizing phenolic compounds were a temperature of 30°C, an extraction time of 40 min, and a solid-to-liquid ratio of 0.05 g/mL. Conclusions: The use of propylene glycol and the UAE method together showed good potential to be developed as a green extraction method for R. tomentosa leaves.

Ultrasound-assisted combined with natural deep eutectic solvents for Platycodon grandiflorum polysaccharides extraction: Process optimization and evaluation of anti-lung cancer activity

Ultrasound-assisted combined with natural deep eutectic solvents for Platycodon grandiflorum polysaccharides extraction: Process optimization and evaluation of anti-lung cancer activity

In-situ formation of magnetic deep eutectic solvent for acetanilide herbicides extraction by liquid–liquid microextraction combined with magnetic solid-phase extraction

In-situ formation of magnetic deep eutectic solvent for acetanilide herbicides extraction by liquid–liquid microextraction combined with magnetic solid-phase extraction

Pioneering polysaccharide extraction with deep eutectic solvents: A review on impacts to extraction yield, physicochemical properties and bioactivities.

Pioneering polysaccharide extraction with deep eutectic solvents: A review on impacts to extraction yield, physicochemical properties and bioactivities.