Extraction Of Essential Oil Research Articles

Therapeutic Effect of D-Carvone on Inflammation, Apoptosis, and Cell Damage in Lithium-Induced Liver Injury Model in Rats

Objective: Lithium is an element denoted by the symbol Li in the periodic table. Lithium salts are widely used worldwide as therapeutic agents in the treatment of excitement. However, the use of lithium causes liver damage. Carvone is an unsaturated monoterpenoid ketone usually found in essential oil extracts of aromatic medicinal plants such as dill, mint, and cumin. Various studies have shown that D-Carvone has strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the protective effect of D-carvone on apoptosis, inflammation, and cell damage in lithium-induced liver injury. Materials and Methods: The rats in our study were divided into 4 groups control, D-Carvone, Lithium and Lithium+D-Carvone. After the treatments, rats were decapitated and liver tissues were removed. Results: We determined that lithium administration caused liver tissue damage and increased Bax, P2X7R, and Nfkβ-p65 expression and decreased Bcl-2 expression. D-Carvone administration prevented these changes. Conclusion: As a result, it was observed that D-Carvone administration prevented lithium-induced liver tissue damage and showed this effect by suppressing the inflammatory and apoptotic process.

Preservation of chicken breast meat by ginger extract and ginger essential oil

The study aims to extend the shelf-life of chicken breast meat by different treatments, including: (i) ratio of ginger: water = 60:40, 70:30 and 80:20; (ii) ginger essential oil 6%, 10% and 14%; (iii) edible coatings formula (sodium alginate combined with ginger extract or ginger essential oil). The research evaluated the effect of these treatments on the physicochemical parameters (pH, color, shear force, drip loss) and microbiological indicators (E. coli and aerobic plate count) of chicken breast meat during the cooling storage. The results showed that the physicochemical parameters of chicken breast meat were not affected by different treatments, these parameters were well maintained during cooling storage (4 ± 1°C). Moreover, the ginger extract 70%, ginger essential oil 10% and the combination of ginger with an edible coating positively inhibit the growth of microorganisms. The total aerobic and E. coli plate count of samples, which were treated by these treatments, decreased within 7-10 days of cooling storage. Moreover, the chicken breast meat was treated with sodium alginate-ginger essential oil 10% had E. coli and the aerobic microbial plate count was within Vietnamese National Standards (TCVN 12429- 3:2021) during ten days of cooling storage.

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of essential oils from Madhuca Longifolia flowers and its characterization

Madhuca longifolia (mahua), a deciduous tree growing throughout the subtropical region of the India is a potential source of differentiated essential oils (EOs) with distinct bioactives. The study aimed to assess the effect of extraction methods on the quantitative and qualitative divergence in the chemical composition of flavor compounds of mahua flower EO. The advanced supercritical CO2 extraction (SCFE) and ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction (UAE) was compared to the conventional extraction techniques such as hydrodistillation (HD), enzyme-assisted hydrodistillation (HDE) and soxhlet (SOX) for their high-quality essential oil (EO) extraction efficiency. The maximum EO yield of 2.074% was obtained by SCFE followed by HD (1.64%). The presence of significant amount of terpenoids, including 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, γ-terpinene, myrcene, α-terpineol, limonene, and L-linalool in EO was noticed with chemical profiling using GC-MS and E-Nose. SCFE method yielded EOs with best terpenoids as compared to other extraction methods. Furthermore, EO extracted using SCFE had higher total phenol and flavonoid content of 92.56mg GAE/g, 62.18mg QE/g respectively, and DPPH (100.06µg/mL), FRAP (91.52µM Fe(II)/g) antioxidant activity as compared to other extraction methods. A significantly (p<0.05) higher α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition of 37.16% and 43%, respectively, was shown by SCFE EOs. Total carotenoid content of EOs produced using all the extraction techniques ranged from 9.94 (HDE) to 29.673 (SCFE) mg/100g β-carotene. The “van krevelen” plots of CHNS analysis revealed ‘core metabolites’. This study illustrates that SCFE is a more effective method for EO extraction of high quality from low fat plant materials such as mahua flowers as compared to HD, HDE, SOX, and UAE.

In vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of essential oil extracts from underutilized Zanthoxylum ovalifolium tutcher fruits: Prospective applications in the food industry

Zanthoxylum ovalifolium fruits and its oils are being used in traditional foods as flavoring agent. So, the present investigation was taken to evaluate the potential of essential oils extracted from fruits activity against food borne spoilage microbes. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids and phytosterols. GC-MS results showed the presence of a total of 20 compounds, including Oleoyl chloride in the oil extracted from young fruit and Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in both oils. The LC-MS results revealed a total of 48 compounds, highlighting variations in composition between ZEY and ZEM, likely due to the fruit's maturity stage. DPPH free radical scavenging potential of young fruit essential oils extract showed highest percentage of scavenging activity and IC50 values. The antimicrobial activities of the essential oils were evaluated against bacterial and fungal strains by well diffusion method. S. aureus showed highest zone of inhibition and all fungal strains showed excellent inhibition compared to standard. These essential oils have appreciated capability of suppressing growth of wide variety of food borne microbes in turn scavenging the free radicals released by them. Derived from natural sources, this essential oil offers a promising alternative for extending the shelf life of food products.

Artificial neural network models for forecasting the extracted yield of essential oils from Curcuma longa L. by hydro-distillation

Abstract Turmeric is commonly acknowledged in traditional medical practices for its strong healing properties. In the present work, hydro-distillation was employed to extract essential oils from turmeric powder. The response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to investigate the effects of various parameters, including evaporation rate (0.23, 0.5, 0.8, 0.97, 1.36, 2 ml/min), solid/liquid ratio (4:100, 6:100, 8:100, 1:10, 11:100 g/ml), and extraction duration (13–250 min) on the yield of essential oils. The central composite design (CCD) proved to be an effective tool for evaluating the extraction yield of essential oils. A three-layer artificial neural network (ANN) was utilized to develop the extraction model, employing the Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) optimization algorithm. The neural network’s input layer comprised the solid/liquid ratio, evaporation rate, and extraction time, while the output layer indicated the yield of essential oil extraction. The most appropriate model included a hidden layer with 16 neurons, achieving R 2 and MSE values of 0.9989 and 0.0013, respectively. This investigation indicates that an artificial neural network prediction model serves as an effective method for estimating essential oil yield.

Simultaneous recycling of flavonone and polymethoxyflavonoids from Chenpi processing residue based on their complementary action on glycolipid lowering activity: Innovative combination use of yeast and aqueous two-phase system

This study aimed at recycling flavonoids with glycolipid lowering activity from Chenpi processing residue produced by essential oil extraction. The crude Chenpi flavonoids obtained by ethanol reflux mainly contained flavonone (hesperidin) and polymethoxyflavonoids (nobiletin, tangeretin, sinensetin, and isosinensetin), which complementally exerted strong glycolipid lowering activity as revealed by digestive enzyme inhibitory activity, molecular docking and network pharmacology. The reducing sugar and water-soluble impurities were efficiently removed by yeast fermentation and aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) extraction, respectively. The optimal combination use of yeast (2 % w/v, CN36) and ATPS formed by 22 % (w/w) (NH4)2SO4 and 25 % (w/w) ethanol improved flavonoid purity to 60.25 %, enriched flavonone and polymethoxyflavonoids by 6.69-fold, and enhanced digestive enzyme inhibitory activity, which was superior to the use of individual yeast or ATPS, unoptimized combination, macroporous resin (XAD-16), and ethyl acetate. This study was the first to develop a recyclable biophysical method for simultaneous enrichment of flavonone and polymethoxyflavonoids.

Progress in essential oil extraction and their applications in food packaging and preservation

AbstractEssential oils (EOs) are secondary metabolites synthesised by many aromatic plants, which have good antimicrobial and antioxidant activities making them popular functional agents for food preservation and packaging applications. In recent years, novel extraction techniques, such as super critical fluid extraction, pulsed electric field assisted extraction and ultrasound assisted extraction have been explored as alternatives to the conventional solvent‐based extraction methods. This review mainly discusses on recent progresses in sustainable extraction of essential oil (EO) from aromatic plants and food processing wastes and their functional properties, and applications in food preservation have also been summarised. Sustainable extraction techniques yield better‐quality EO due to low temperature and short time process compared to the conventional extraction. Despite efficacy of EOs as good active agents, their low water solubility, volatile nature, strong flavour, and susceptibility to food processing parameters are major challenges against their applications in food. These challenges can be mitigated by advanced techniques such as encapsulation and nanoemulsification of EO, which provide dual functions of enhanced applicability and improved functional properties. Incorporation of EO in the biopolymer‐based films and coatings can open avenues for sustainable food packaging and preservation.

The effect of four botanical volatile oil against aphid (Aphis gossypii) and mealybug pests (Phenacoccus solenopsis). A toxicological and chemical composition study

Given the economic damage caused by cotton mealybugs Phenacoccus solenopsis, (P. solenopsis) and aphids Aphis gossypii (A. gossypii), it was a need to look for more acceptable and safe materials. Four local plant extracts were assessed Ocimum basilicum, Origanum majorana, Pipper nigrum, and Schinus terebinthifolius represented by their volatile oils, against these two pests in the laboratory, with the following LC50 values for each applied volatile oil extract against aphid and mealybug 1938.05, 7391.33, 674.81, 5548.65, 644.45, 4383.52, 727.88, and 6735.62 ppm using the four previous extracts respectively. The highest mortality percentage was 50.0 and 49.3% for pipper nigrum, while the lowest percentage was for O. basilicum with 36.2 and 31.2% against P. solenopsis and A. gossypii, respectively. The oils that gave the highest mortality percentages pipper nigrum and Origanum majorana were analyzed using GCMS technique revealed the existence of major compounds belonging to the terpenoids chemical group, which have a noticeable role in the process of controlling these pests.

Extraction and characterization of essential oils from fresh and dry leaves of Pinus elliottii

Essential oils are secondary metabolites whose properties have been studied mainly with emphasis on antimicrobial, biological and pharmaceutical fields, such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, pest control and insect repellents. Essential oils from fresh and dry leaves of Pinus elliottii were extracted by hydrodistillation, chemically characterized and quantified by gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer. The plant leaves were collected in a reforested area in the south of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The two main components in both characterized essential oils were Germacrene D and β-Pinene. In the essential oil from fresh foliage, Germacrene D (47.71%) was the majority component, while in the essential oil from dry foliage, β-Pinene (30.06%) was the majority component. Literature data point that essential oils with large amount of Germacrene D may act as antibacterial and repellent agents. Additionally, literature data also support that essential oils with large amount of β-Pinene exhibit several biological properties, similar to the Germacrene D, in addition with a wide range of medicinal and pharmacological activities. Thus, from our results and with literature data, it is possible to elucidate new potential applications to essential oils from fresh and dry leaves of Pinus elliottii.

The Effect of Harvest Time of Sapu-Sapu Leaves (Baeckea frutescens L.) the Yield, Characteristics and Composition of Essential Oils Extached Using Steam-Hydro Distillation Method

The sapu-sapu plant (Baeckea frutescens L.) is widespread in the Bangka Belitung Islands Province, thriving in sandy areas such as beaches and highlands with less fertile soil. This study aimed to determine the optimal harvest time for sapu-sapu leaves to obtain essential oils' highest yield and most desirable characteristics. The research focused on the duck-type sapu-sapu leaves, using five variations of harvest time (coded as A1, A2, A3, A4, and A5, representing leaves harvested at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 months of growth, respectively). Essential oil extraction was performed using the steam distillation method. The resulting oils were then analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine their chemical composition. The results showed that sample A1 (1-month growth) produced the highest essential oil yield at 0.74% (w/w). This sample also exhibited the most optimal essential oil characteristics: clear yellow color, characteristic sapu-sapu odor, warm bitter taste, solubility in 96% ethanol at 1:13, specific gravity of 0.8863 g/mL, optical rotation of (+) 10.28°, and refractive index of 1.474. GC-MS analysis revealed that the main compounds in the A1 sample were α-pinene (43.84%), β-pinene (13.56%), and 1,8-cineol (24.26%). The study concluded that while the variation in harvest time of sapu-sapu leaves did not significantly affect the yield, characteristics, or composition of the essential oils, there were slight differences in yield and color. Sample A1, representing the youngest leaves, produced the most optimal results.

Comparative Biochemical and Pharmacodynamic Analyses of Asarum heterotropoides Fr. Schmidt var. Mandshuricum (Maxim) Kitag and Asarum sieboldii Miq var. Seoulense Nakai Roots

Background:Asarum heterotropoides and Asarum sieboldii are commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine. However, little is known about how they differ in terms of essential oil (EO) and ethanol extract (EE) content and composition. Moreover, the effect of various geographical locations on the essential oil (EO), ethanol extract (EE), and asarinin content of different Asarum samples remains unknown. We tested four root-drying methods, i.e., soil removal and shade drying (P1), water washing and shade drying (P2), and water washing and drying at 30 °C (P3) and 40 °C (P4). We used LC-MS and GC-MS to investigate these differences. We also investigated the pharmacodynamic effects of EO and EE. Results: Overall, the EO, EE and asarinin contents of the analysed samples were 19.21–51.53 μL.g−1, 20.00–45.00 μL.g−1, and 1.268–2.591 mg.g−1, respectively. P1 treatment yielded the lowest volatile oil content compared to the other three treatments. GC-MS analysis revealed 78 EO components. Among the six major EO components, eucarvone, 3,5-dimethoxytoluene, and methyl eugenol were higher in A. heterotropoides than in A. sieboldii. However, the latter had a higher myristicin content. LC-MS analysis identified 888 EE components in roots and leaves of A. heterotropoides and A. sieboldii; 317 differentially accumulated metabolites were identified. EO and EE showed a dose-dependent reduction in the degree of swelling and an increase in the inhibition rate of drug concentration on acetic acid writhing in mice. Asarum EO proved to be more effective than EE in the pharmacodynamic study. Conclusions: We conclude that Asarum species show inter- and intra-specific differences in EO and EE content and composition, which may influence the pharmacodynamics of Asarum root extracts.

Catalytic pyrolysis of cashew de-oiled shell and spent lemongrass

Residual/ spent biomasses are rising each day due to the increased processing of crops to extract essential oils. An efficient method is required for its management and value-addition. Therefore, this study aims to explore the catalytic pyrolysis of two residual biomasses, i.e., cashew de-oiled shell and spent lemongrass biomass. Different metal oxide(s) catalysts prepared using Al2O3 support, i.e., Fe2O3/Al2O3, Co3O4/Al2O3, Mn2O3/Al2O3, and NiO/Al2O3, are considered for this study. From the product distribution, it was analysed that the incorporation of catalyst led to a decrease in the bio-oil yield as compared to non-catalytic pyrolysis, which showed that Al2O3-supported catalysts promote the cracking reactions of pyrolysis vapours and produce lighter molecules. It was found that the incorporation of catalysts significantly affected the content of the functionalities present in the pyrolysis bio-oil. Fe2O3/Al2O3 was observed to greatly increase the area % of phenolics up to 52.35 and 75.57 area % in spent lemongrass and cashew de-oiled shell bio-oil, respectively. Metal oxide catalysts were also observed to reduce the oxygenates and produce high-quality bio-oil. Overall, this study demonstrates the effective utilization of cashew de-oiled shell and lemongrass biomass for cleaner energy/chemicals production through catalytic pyrolysis, highlighting the potential of metal oxide supported on Al2O3 catalysts in biomass valorization.

Enhancing the Shelf Life of Fresh Walnut Kernels Using Plant-Based Nano Pickering Emulsion Coatings Enriched with Peppermint Essential Oil and Green Tea Extract

Enhancing the Shelf Life of Fresh Walnut Kernels Using Plant-Based Nano Pickering Emulsion Coatings Enriched with Peppermint Essential Oil and Green Tea Extract

Integrated Valorization of Acorus Macrospadiceus by Comprehensive Evaluation of Hydro-Distilled Essential Oil and Residual Non-Volatile Extracts

Integrated Valorization of Acorus Macrospadiceus by Comprehensive Evaluation of Hydro-Distilled Essential Oil and Residual Non-Volatile Extracts

Correction: Khan et al. The Extraction and Impact of Essential Oils on Bioactive Films and Food Preservation, with Emphasis on Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities—A Review. Foods 2023, 12, 4169

There was an error in the original publication [...]

Mint (Mentha spp.) essential oil extraction: from conventional to emerging technologies

Mint (Mentha spp.) essential oil extraction: from conventional to emerging technologies

Parentucellia viscosa (growing in Türkiye): Essential oil, phenolic composition, antimicrobial and lipase inhibition

The essential oil (EO) and phenolic constituents of Parentucellia viscosa L. were analyzed by GC-FID-MS and HPLC, respectively. A total of 20 volatile compounds were identified accounting for 99.97% in hydrodistillation. Monoterpenes (50.57%, 5 compounds) were the primary chemical class in the essential oil of P. viscosa. Limonene (44.02%) and 1-octen-3-ol (25.23%) were the major components in the essential oil of P. viscosa. The phenolic constituent analysis for the methanol extract of P. viscosa gave benzoic acid (0.97 mg/g) as the major compound. The antimicrobial activities of the EO and crude solvent (n-hexane, acetonitrile, methanol, and water) extracts of P. viscosa were screened in vitro against ten microorganisms. n-Hexane and the acetonitrile extracts of P. viscosa resulted in the best activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis with IC50 values of 19.2 µg/mL and 53.8 µg/mL, respectively. The highest lipase enzyme inhibition activity was detected in the n-hexane extract with 44.22±1.1628 µg/mL IC50 value.

Evaluation of lavender essential oils and by-products using microwave hydrodistillation and conventional hydrodistillation

This study investigated the impact of two extraction methods, traditional hydrodistillation (TDH) and microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAH), on the essential oil yield and chemical profile of Lavandula angustifolia L., as well as the bioactive potential of the resulting wastewater. Essential oil composition was analyzed via GC–MS, revealing similar qualitative and quantitative profiles for both methods, with α-terpinolene and (–)borneol as major constituents. Wastewater analysis via LC–MS/MS and spectrophotometric assays demonstrated the presence of significant total phenolic content (3.29–1.78 mg GAE/g) and 32 individual phenolics (463.1 µg/kg for TDH; 479.33 µg/kg for MAH). These findings suggest that both essential oil and wastewater obtained by either method possess considerable bioactive potential, with the MAH method potentially offering advantages over TDH for essential oil extraction. Further exploration of wastewater applications in various industrial sectors is warranted.

Development and characterization of zein co-encapsulated wampee essential oil and propolis extract films for food preservation

This study aims to develop zein co-encapsulated Wampee [Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels] essential oil (WEO) and propolis ethanol extract (PEE) for incorporation into sodium alginate matrix (ZPWS). The films were evaluated for their morphological features, chemical structure, mechanical and barrier properties, as well as their resistance to high temperatures. Additionally, antibacterial effects and antioxidant activities of films were investigated. The functional properties of zein were also evaluated for its ability to effectively co-encapsulate WEO and PEE, achieving in delayed release. Overall, the ZPWS films exhibited excellent functional properties compared the original films. These enhancements included greater tensile strength, increased rigidity, heightened resistance to water, improved thermal stability, a more condensed structure, and the presence of strong antioxidant and long-lasting bacteriostatic properties. Finally, a real-time study on the edible coated films was carried out strawberries preservation. The ZPWS film demonstrated good potential for application in food preservation.

From Leaves to Reproductive Organs: Chemodiversity and Chemophenetics of Essential Oils as Important Tools to Evaluate Piper mollicomum Kunth Chemical Ecology Relevance in the Neotropics.

Piper mollicomum Kunth (Piperaceae) plays a vital role in the preservation of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest by contributing to the regeneration of deforested areas. Recent scientific investigations have analyzed the chemical constituents and seasonal dynamics of essential oils (EO) from various Piper L. species, highlighting the need to elucidate their chemical-ecological interactions. This study aims to expand the chemical-ecological knowledge of this important taxon in neotropical forests, using P. mollicomum as a model. The methodologies employed include the collection of plant material, EO extraction by hydrodistillation, analysis of EO by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID), recording the frequency of visits by potential pollinators and microclimatic variables, and by conducting calculations of chemodiversity and chemophenetic indices. Chemical analyses indicated that the diversity of EO and environmental factors are linked to the activities of potential pollinators. In the Tijuca Forest, P. mollicomum revealed significant interactions between its volatile constituents and microclimatic variables, showing that the chemodiversity of the leaves and reproductive organs correlates with pollinator visitation. Additionally, a notable difference in chemical evenness was observed between these vegetative structures. The chemophenetic indices by Ramos and Moreira also revealed correlations with chemical diversity.