Extraction Of Propionic Acid Research Articles

Removal of propionic acid from aqueous solutions by tributyl phosphate in a room‐temperature ionic liquid using Box-Behnken design

In this study, propionic acid removal from aqueous solutions by tributyl phosphate (TBP) in a room‐temperature ionic liquid was investigated. A room-temperature ionic liquid, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluormethylsulfonyl)imide [HMIM][Tf2N], was used as a diluent. TBP was utilized as a reactant. The relationship between the extraction efficiency and various process parameters like initial propionic acid concentration, initial TBP concentration in [HMIM][Tf2N], and water/organic phase ratio were analysed by using Box-Behnken design which is one of the response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum extraction conditions for the reactive extraction of propionic acid with [HMIM][Tf2N] were detected as initial propionic acid concentration of 5.429 % (w/w), TBP concentration in [HMIM][Tf2N] of 2.854 mol.L-1 and phase ratio of 0.558.

Hydrodynamics and mass transfer studies of liquid-liquid two-phase flow in parallel microchannels

Parallel or multiple microchannels (PMC) are being tried for high throughput operations. Extremely fewer reports on liquid/liquid two-phase flow in PMC exists in the open literature compared to the gas/liquid flow especially utilizing the new designs. In this work, a bifurcation-based PMC was employed to study hydrodynamics and the mass transfer aspect of solvent extraction of propionic acid. Slug formation, slug volume, specific surface area, extraction efficiency and mass transfer coefficients were evaluated. PMC exhibited better results than the single microchannels (SMC), making them superior in performance than the SMC. The standard deviation for uniform flow distribution is within 2%. A maximum specific surface area was obtained in PMC than the single channels, which is 10513 m2/m3. Similarly, the maximum extraction efficiency of 98% is achieved in PMC at flow rates 16 times higher than the SMCs. The overall pressure drop in PMC is significantly less than in the SMCs. Thus PMC is a suitable choice for process intensification in process industries.

Reactive extraction of propionic acid by using tri-octyl amine in edible oils

Reactive extraction of propionic acid by using tri-octyl amine in edible oils

Propionic acid recovery from dilute aqueous solution by emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) technique: optimization using response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) experimental design

ABSTRACT Carboxylic acids are present in very dilute form in aqueous solutions which poses difficulty in its recovery. Emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) technique which integrates solvent extraction and stripping was experimentally explored for propionic acid recovery existent in very dilute aqueous solutions. The ELM process was carried out using trioctylamine (TOA) as a carrier in 1-decanol, sorbitan monooleate (Span 80) as a surfactant in heptane, and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) as a stripping agent. The interactive effects of the different parameters on the propionic acid extraction efficiency were investigated. A comparative study utilizing Response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) was carried out. The statistical models were employed in the experimental design, optimization, construction and interpretation of response/output surface plots to analyze the effect of input variables on extraction efficiency. From the results obtained, both models gave statistically significant predictions of the response values. Results confirmation tests were completed to validate the predicted optimal operating conditions which include: propionic acid concentration = 0.082 kmol/m3, Na2CO3 concentration = 0.13 kmol/m3, fraction of TOA = 7.45%v/v, extraction time = 12 mins, treat ratio = 1.17 v/v with the experimental response. The optimum solution achieved by RSM led to an experimentally determined extraction efficiency of 92.28% which was in close proximity with the numerical predicted value of 93.68%.

Extraction Equilibria of Propionic Acid in Systems with Phosphonium Phosphinate Ionic Liquid, Dodecane, and Water

Experimental data on L/L equilibria in extraction of propionic acid (PA) from aqueous solutions by hydrophobic phosphonium ionic liquid (IL) tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium bis(2,4,4-trimethylpenty...

Process Intensification of Propionic Acid Extraction and its Recovery by Distillation in Microchannel

Extraction in microchannels has been studied extensively. However, the recovery of the solute and the solvent from the extract in microchannels has not been part of any reports. Hence, in this work, extraction of propionic acid (PA) using n-hexane and toluene and its subsequent recovery by distillation (flash) in microchannels is reported. Moreover, a total annual cost comparison between microchannels and conventional extraction and distillation units has been made. Microchannel extraction and distillation were conducted in a serpentine microchannel. The maximum percentage extraction is 36.3% with toluene. The maximum extraction efficiency is 99.6% with toluene and 98.4% with n-hexane. The overall KLa is in the range of 0.01-0.25 s-1. Distillation was conducted in the presence of nitrogen gas. The solvents n-hexane and toluene were recovered with high percentage recovery of 98% and 73% respectively at 0.01 mL/min feed rate. The maximum power requirement is in the range (2.7-3.8) kWh. The overall pressure drop for the distillation is about 3.4 kPa for both the systems. The hexane, toluene and PA mole fractions agree well with the ASPEN Plus results. The total annual cost (TAC) analysis indicates that microchannel can lead to significant capital and operating cost benefits.

Reactive extraction of propionic acid using trioctylamine in 1–decanol by response surface methodology optimization technique

Abstract Reactive extraction, a novel technique, was experimentally investigated for the removal of propionic acid, which is usually present in low concentrations in aqueous solutions. The experiments were conducted according to statistical design to develop an appropriate regression model. This was aimed at analyzing and optimizing the process variables and extraction efficiency for propionic acid reactive extraction from dilute aqueous streams using trioctylamine as extractant and 1-decanol as organic diluent. Response surface methodology in combination with Box–Behnken design involving 17 experimental runs was utilized for the propionic acid reactive extraction in this study. Three independent process variables were chosen as temperature (T), initial propionic acid concentration (CPAO) in the aqueous phase and trioctylamine composition (CTOA) in the organic phase. The statistical design analysis demonstrated that the propionic acid concentration and TOA composition had a significant effect while temperature had an insignificant effect on the response value as well as an interactive and quadratic effect on the response. The optimum conditions for propionic acid extraction were established as T = 300.752 K, CTOA = 18.252 %v/v, CPAO = 0.408 kmol/m3. Under these optimum conditions, the propionic acid experimental extraction yield was 89.788 %, which was in close conformity with the predicted yield value of 91.939 %.

Reactive Extraction of Propionic Acid Using Tributyl Phosphate in Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids: Optimization Study Using Response Surface Methodology

In this work, the reactive extraction of propionic acid from aqueous solutions using imidazolium-based ionic liquids was examined. Ionic liquids, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([BMIM][Tf2N]), and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([BMIM][PF6]) were utilized as diluents. Tributyl phosphate (TBP) as an extractant in ionic liquids was used. D-optimal design based on the response surface methodology (RSM) has been exerted to specify the effect of different variables on the reactive extraction process. Initial propionic acid concentration (2-10% w/w), extractant (TBP) concentration (0-3.00 mol.L-1) and temperature (25-45 ℃) were chosen as numerical variables, and type of ionic liquid was chosen as a categorical variable. Extraction efficiency, selected as a dependent variable, was calculated from the experimental data. In addition to, the model equation for the extraction efficiency was created. The optimum extraction conditions were obtained as the initial propionic acid concentration of approximately 5% (w/w), TBP concentration in ionic liquids of 3 mol.L-1 and temperature of 45○C. Under these conditions, the values of extraction efficiency were determined as 85.64% for [BMIM][PF6], and 81.91% for [BMIM][Tf2N]. This study has indicated that the systems of TBP in ionic liquids is an efficient and green reactive extraction method for the removal of propionic acid from the aqueous media.

Optimization of reactive extraction of propionic acid with ionic liquids using central composite design

Propionic acid is widely utilized in different chemical applications and industries such as plastic, coating, agricultural, chemical and perfume industries. However, propionic acid occurs in the waste streams of these industries and is produced in aqueous solutions by fermentation processes. Thus, removal of propionic acid from both waste streams and production medium is an important topic. In this experimental and optimization study, the reactive extraction of propionic acid from its aqueous solutions was investigated. Imidazolium-based ionic liquids namely, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([HMIM][PF6]) and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([HMIM][Tf2N]), were utilized as diluents, and tributyl phosphate (TBP) was utilized as an extractant. The effect of different factors like initial acid concentration (5–10%, w/w), initial TBP concentration in ionic liquids (0–3molL−1), and aqueous/organic phase ratio (0.5–1.5) on the extraction efficiency was investigated. The optimal conditions were determined by using central composite design (CCD) based on response surface methodology (RSM). The optimization work showed that within the investigated parameters, the most effective parameter was the initial TBP concentration in ionic liquids. The optimum extraction conditions were obtained as initial propionic acid concentration of 5% (w/w), TBP concentration in ionic liquids of 3molL−1 and phase ratio of 0.5. Under these conditions, the experimental extraction efficiencies were found to be 87.56% and 88.16% for [HMIM][PF6] and [HMIM][Tf2N], respectively.

Extraction of Propionic Acid from Aqueous Solutions Using Tri-n-octylphosphine Oxide and Dioctylamine in Different Solvents

This work examines the reactive extraction of propionic acid, a promising liquid–liquid extraction technique, using tri-n-octylphosphine oxide (TOPO) or dioctylamine (DOA) diluted with eight different solvents (n-octane, methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), 1-octanol, ethyl methyl ketone, diisobutyl ketone, n-decane, diethyl sabecate, 1-decanol) at 298.15 K to determine the most efficient mixture for the extraction processes. A phosphorous-based extractant, TOPO, has been chosen for the extraction tests since it has low water solvency and is more ecologically agreeable than the amine-type extractants. Among the other amine extractants reported in reactive extraction studies, there is no study on propionic acid extraction using DOA in the literature. Physical extraction experiments with pure solvents were also performed to analyze the effect of TOPO and DOA on the extraction process. Distribution coefficients, loading factors, and extraction yields of the processes were determined for the explanation of the resu...

The UNIFAC-LLE and COSMO-SAC ternary aqueous LLE calculations

The reliable description of a liquid-liquid equilibrium system is irrefragably important, given that liquid-liquid equilibrium has several important applications in industry, such as the extraction of propionic acid, reactant of esterification reaction for thermoplastics production, the removal of congeners of bioethanol through the equilibrium displacement by adding water, and the proper calculation of fuel blends equilibrium composition. The use of accurate models is one of the main necessities to achieve good predictions of a system. In this work, the use of the UNIFAC(LLE) and COSMO-SAC (2002) excess Gibbs energy models in liquid-liquid equilibrium is analyzed. Liquid-liquid equilibrium predictions of 55 ternary aqueous systems are performed, the models are compared and their accuracy evaluated. The systems may contain water, alkanes, alkenes, aromatic compounds, acids, alcohols and esters. The COSMO-SAC model yielded the most reliable results, although some systems were better described by the UNIFAC-LLE model.

68THE ROLE OF DELETERIOUS ULTRA-RARE VARIANTS IN ADHD RISK

The reliable description of a liquid-liquid equilibrium system is irrefragably important, given that liquid-liquid equilibrium has several important applications in industry, such as the extraction of propionic acid, reactant of esterification reaction for thermoplastics production, the removal of congeners of bioethanol through the equilibrium displacement by adding water, and the proper calculation of fuel blends equilibrium composition. The use of accurate models is one of the main necessities to achieve good predictions of a system. In this work, the use of the UNIFAC(LLE) and COSMO-SAC (2002) excess Gibbs energy models in liquid-liquid equilibrium is analyzed. Liquid-liquid equilibrium predictions of 55 ternary aqueous systems are performed, the models are compared and their accuracy evaluated. The systems may contain water, alkanes, alkenes, aromatic compounds, acids, alcohols and esters. The COSMO-SAC model yielded the most reliable results, although some systems were better described by the UNIFAC-LLE model.

Extraction of propionic acid by emulsion liquid membrane using trioctylamine in toluene

The extraction of carboxylic acids by emulsion liquid membranes has also attracted attention in biotechnology, due to the high selectivity for the desired product, high separation rate and lower costly. The emulsion type liquid membrane system consists of three phases (water/organic/water) in which the organic phase acts as a membrane between the aqueous internal phase and the aqueous external phase. The main parameters such as surfactant concentration, mixing speed, feed phase pH, carrier concentration, and feed phase concentration were investigated. In the optimum conditions, extraction efficiency was obtained 71% in 10 minutes using trioctylamine (5% w/w) as a carrier, Span 80 (4% w/w) as a surfactant, toluene (91% w/w) as a diluent, sodium carbonate (10% w/w) as a stripping solution, mixing speed 300 rpm and feed phase pH 2,5.

Fuels derived from starch digestion have different effects on energy intake and metabolic responses of cows in the postpartum period

Absorbed fuels from the digestion of starch include propionic acid (PA) produced by ruminal fermentation and glucose (GLU) from intestinal digestion, which may be partially metabolized to lactic acid (LA) by intestinal tissues. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of these fuels on dry matter intake (DMI) and feeding behavior of cows in the postpartum period. We hypothesized that these fuels affect feed intake differently and that their effects are related to differences in their hepatic metabolism. Glucose was expected to have little effect on feed intake because little or no GLU is extracted from the blood by the liver. Whereas both LA and PA are anaplerotic and can stimulate oxidation of acetyl CoA in hepatocytes, hepatic extraction of PA is greater than LA, which depends on cytosolic redox state. Continuous isoenergetic infusions (150 kcal of ME/h) of PA, LA, or GLU or no infusion were administered abomasally to 8 ruminally cannulated multiparous Holstein cows (12.4 ± 6.2 d postpartum) in a duplicate 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment, with four 1-d infusion periods, balanced for carry-over effects. Treatment sequences were assigned to cows randomly, and treatments included control (CON, no infusion), PA (0.41 mol/h), LA (0.46 mol/h), and GLU (0.22 mol/h). Solutions containing treatments were infused at 500 mL/h for 22 h/d and provided ∼3.3 Mcal/d. Feeding behavior was recorded by a computerized data acquisition system. Gross energy digestibility of the diet was determined for each cow and used to calculate metabolizable energy intake (MEI) from the diet. Total MEI was calculated as the sum of MEI from the diet plus energy from infusions. Data were analyzed statistically with a mixed model including the fixed effect of treatment and random effects of block and cow within block. Each treatment was compared with CON by contrasts. Compared with CON, PA decreased DMI by 24% (14.3 vs. 18.9 kg/d) and total MEI by 13% (34.8 vs. 40.2 Mcal/d) with a tendency to decrease meal frequency. Lactic acid decreased DMI by 14% (16.3 vs. 18.9 kg/d) compared with CON by decreasing meal size 20% but did not affect MEI. Glucose infusion did not affect DMI or MEI. Treatment effects on DMI and MEI were consistent with their expected effects on hepatic oxidation. Depression of feed intake in diets containing highly fermentable starch is likely because of differences in hepatic metabolism.

Comparison of liquid-liquid extraction in batch systems and micro-channels

Liquid-liquid extraction is an important mass transfer operation in the chemical, food processing and pharmaceutical industries. Our work focuses on experimentally quantifying mass transfer performance in a well stirred batch vessel and in stratified flow and slug flow in micro-channels. Extraction of propionic acid from toluene to water is chosen as a test system. The distribution of propionic acid in toluene and water at equilibrium was found to be non-linear. The batch experiments were carried out both with a flat interface and as a well-mixed dispersed system. The continuous experiments were carried out in micro-channels with a square cross-section. A lumped parameter model was used to quantify the mass transfer coefficient in batch mode. A lumped (distributed) model was used to describe the extraction in a slug (stratified) flow in a micro-channel. The overall extraction performance is characterized as a function of residence time of the phases and the hydrodynamics. It was found that the micro-channel gives a superior extraction performance in the slug flow regime as compared to the well mixed batch system although both have comparable sizes of the dispersed phase. This is attributed to the strong internal circulations induced by shear in the slug flow regime.

Partitioning of Propionic Acid in Polyethylene Glycol/ Different Salts of Sulfate Aqueous Two-Phase Systems

The extraction of propionic acid has been studied by liquid–liquid extraction with poly ethylene glycol /different salts of sulfate aqueous two-phase system (ATPS). In this study, a multilevel factorial design was applied to evaluate the effects of four independent variables (PEG molecular weight, type of salt, salt concentration, and temperature) on propionic acid extraction yield. The statistical significance of each factor was evaluated by an analysis of variance. The results indicated that the type and concentration of salt were the major contributing factors to propionic acid extraction. The PEG4000/ MnSO4 system was suitable for the extraction of propionic acid from dilute water.

OPTIMIZATION OF PROPIONIC ACID EXTRACTION BY AQUEOUS TWO-PHASE SYSTEM USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY

The optimal conditions for propionic acid extraction were determined by response surface methodology in an aqueous two-phase system. A second-order central composite design was applied to evaluate the effects of four independent variables (PEG 4000 concentration (%w/w), ammonium sulfate concentration (%w/w), temperature (°C), and propionic acid concentration (%w/w)) on propionic acid extraction yield. Correlation analysis of the mathematical regression model indicated that the quadratic polynomial model could be employed to optimize the extraction. The optimal conditions were 30.71 (%w/w), 31.77 (%w/w) 37.37 (°C), and 0.72 (%w/w) for PEG 4000 concentration, ammonium sulfate concentration, temperature, and propionic acid concentration respectively. Maximum yield of extracted propionic acid from the experiments was determined to be 69.78% under the optimal conditions.

Investigations of biocompatible systems for reactive extraction of propionic acid using aminic extractants (TOA and Aliquat 336)

This paper presents the reactive extraction of propionic acid from aqueous solution by amine based extractants such as tri-n-octylamine and Aliquat 336, dissolved in a mixture of n-dodecane and 1-decanol. Equilibrium experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of various parameters such as modifier (1-decanol) concentration, extractant type, extractant composition, diluent composition, and initial acid concentration on the extraction efficiency. The extraction efficiency was found to be increased with an increase in modifier composition and extractant composition, and decreased with increases in initial acid concentration. Different biocompatible extractant/diluent systems such as (1) 20% TOA, 20% 1-decanol and 60% n-dodecane, (2) 20% TOA, 30% 1-decanol and 50% n-dodecane, (3) 30% TOA, 20% 1-decanol and 50% n-dodecane and (4) 25% Aliquat 336, 25% 1-decanol and 50% n-dodecane are developed and used in this study. A mathematical model based on mass action law and a population-based search algorithm (differential evolution, DE) is proposed, and is used to estimate the extraction equilibrium constant (K E) and stoichiometry of reactive extraction. Individual equilibrium constants for the simultaneous formation of (1:1) and (2:1) acid:amine complexes are also determined. The extraction system comprised of 20% TOA, 30% 1-decanol, and 50% n-dodecane was found to be the best among the four biocompatible extractant/diluent systems studied. The loading ratios found in the range of 0.113 ∼ 1.05 indicated the simultaneous formation of 1:1 and 2:1 complexes between acid and TOA.

Direct reactive extraction of propionic acid from Propionibacterium acidipropionici simulated broths

Direct reactive extraction of propionic acid from Propionibacterium acidipropionici simulated broths

Direct Extraction of Propionic Acid from Propionibacterium acidipropionici Broths with Tri‐n‐octylamine

AbstractThe direct reactive extraction of propionic acid from Propionibacterium acidipropionici broths with solutions of tri‐n‐octylamine in dichloromethane, n‐butyl acetate or n‐heptane underlined the strong negative influence of the cells, due to the blockage of the interface by their adsorption. The magnitude of this effect <#>depends on the affinity of the cells for the organic phase, which is more important for n‐heptane, but only at biomass concentrations below 18 g L–1 d.w. (dry weight). Moreover, the interfacial mass transfer of the acid is also controlled by the solvent polarity, and is accelerated from n‐heptane to dichloromethane and by the addition to the organic phase of 1‐octanol as a phase modifier. The influences of the biomass concentration, the rotation speed and the solvent dielectric constant were included in a mathematical model describing the solute mass flow from the aqueous to the organic phase.