Extraction Of Palm Kernel Oil Research Articles

Integration of white rot mushroom cultivation to enhance biogas production from oil palm kernel pulp by solid-state digestion

Solid-state fermentation is one of the promising technologies for biogas production because of its low water footprint and solid output which is potentially used in fuel or agricultural applications. Oil palm kernel pulp (OPKP) is a by-product generated from the extraction of palm kernel oil from the mesocarp of the oil palm tree and usually contains a large amount of lignocellulose and moderate protein content, which makes it suitable for use as a mushroom substrate. Cultivation of white rot mushrooms on lignocellulose may enhance its biodegradation by biodelignification. In this study, the incorporation of the cultivation of edible white rot mushrooms, Pluerotus ostreatus and Pleurotus pulmonarius, to enhance biogas production by solid-state digestion was studied. The biological efficiency of mushroom production from the OPKP substrate of P. ostreatus and P. pulmonarius was 49.81% ± 11.28% and 46.94% ± 13.49%, respectively, corresponding to the substrate weight loss of 15.87% and 13.92%. After 30 days, methane yield obtained through the solid-state digestion of P. ostreatus- and P. pulmonarius-treated OPKP substrates was increased to 98.11 mL/gVS (191%) and 101.10 mL/gVS (197%), respectively, compared with the untreated OPKP substrate. In consideration of energy loss during the biological conversion, the calorific values of the OPKP substrate, P. ostreatus-treated OPKP substrate, and P. pulmonarius-treated OPKP substrate were 11.03 ± 0.71 kJ/g, 9.30 ± 0.23 kJ/g, and 8.83 ± 0.70 kJ/g, respectively, while those of the digestion residues of P. ostreatus and P. pulmonarius-treated OPKP substrates were 8.45 ± 0.13 kJ/g and 8.55 ± 0.11 kJ/g, respectively.

Characterization, Kinetics, and Thermodynamics Analysis of Palm Kernel Oil Extraction

Characterization, Kinetics, and Thermodynamics Analysis of Palm Kernel Oil Extraction

Selection of pretreatment method and mannanase enzyme to improve the functionality of palm kernel cake

Palm kernel cake (PKC) is a by-product of palm kernel oil extraction with moderate nutritional value, containing 30-35% β-mannan, which is indigestible, slows growth, and reduces feed efficiency. PKC can be improved by mannanase hydrolysis, but the effectiveness of mannanase is dependent on the microbial source. Thus, the effect of steam pretreatment and bacterial mannanases on PKC quality was investigated. PKC was pretreated by steaming and hydrolyzed in the small intestine by various mannanases. The contents of reducing sugar, total sugar, and protein release were measured. Steamed PKC had a significant increase in protein (16.95±0.14 to 20.98±0.13%) and a substantial decrease in hemicellulose (29.52±0.44 to 3.46±0.88%) and lignin (8.94±0.28 to 1.40±0.22%). Mannanases from Escherichia coli-KMAN-3 and E.coli-Man6.7 recorded the highest activities, followed by commercial mannanase, Bacillus circulans NT6.7 and B. amyloliquefaciens NT6.3 mannanases, orderly. B.circulans NT6.7 and B.amyloliquefaciens NT6.3 had multi-activities that include glucanase (3.10±0.04% and 2.47±0.02%) and amylase (1.74±0.03% and 1.38±0.04%), respectively. B.amyloliquefaciens NT6.3 mannanase hydrolyzed steamed PKC to release more reducing sugar, total sugar, and protein than hydrolyzed raw PKC. In raw and steamed PKC, B.amyloliquefaciens NT6.3 mannanase produced the highest reducing sugar release. As a result, steam pretreatment and mannanase hydrolysis, particularly from B.amyloliquefaciens, can be used to increase the functioning of PKC and develop new feed ingredients for monogastric animals at a reasonable cost.

Investigation of optimal processing parameters of palm kernel oil extraction under uniaxial loading towards food security and energy sustainability

The present study evaluates the optimal conditions for palm kernel oil extraction under uniaxial compression loading. The response surface regression technique was used to test the independent variables, which were the force, vessel diameter and speed at three levels separately. The kernel oil yield was observed as the dependent variable where a regression model was described using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) at 5% probability level. The observed palm kernel oil yield was found to be 22.61% whereas the optimized value was 22.99%. The corresponding extraction (deformation energy) was calculated to be 1.24 kJ. The lack-of-fit of the regression model was non-significant (P > 0.05) implying its adequacy. The force, vessel diameter and speed at the levels of 200 kN, 60 mm and 4 mmmin-1 were identified as the optimum parameters for obtaining high percentage palm kernel oil under uniaxial compression. The findings would be validated in a mechanical screw press type Farmet Duo at a laboratory scale to optimize the palm kernel oil extraction process at small-to large -scale production.

De-oiled palm kernel cake for stall-fed buffaloes: effect on milk constituents, nutrient digestibility, biochemical parameters, and rumen fermentation.

Palm kernel cake, the main by-product of the palm kernel oil extraction process, is a highly available and low-priced agro-industrial by-product. However, several concerns exist to arriving at a safe inclusion level, especially for buffaloes. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding de-oiled palm kernel cake (DPKC) to tropical buffaloes. In trial I, four fistulated Murrah buffaloes arranged in a 4 × 4 Latin square design were fed diets containing DPKC inclusions at 0, 15, 30, and 45% levels of compound feed to study their effects on rumen fermentation parameters. Trial II involves feeding twelve lactating buffaloes with DPKC inclusion levels at 0 or 15% of the compound feed to evaluate the effect of DPKC on the nutrient digestibility, serum biochemical constituents, rumen fermentation patterns, and lactation profile. The DPKC diets did not affect rumen pH, TCA-ppt nitrogen, and TVFA proportion; nevertheless, the NH3-N data revealed a decreased trend (P = 0.076). The acetate fraction decreased linearly (P < 0.05) with increased DPKC diets. Replacing the conventional protein sources with DPKC at a 15% level did not influence the nutrient intake and digestibility coefficients. No significant effects were observed for serum biochemical and mineral profiles of the lactating buffaloes fed the DPKC diet. Neither milk yield nor milk constituents (SNF, total solids, density, lactose, protein) were altered with the diets fed, except for milk fat%, which tended to increase (P = 0.092) on feeding DPKC diets. All the lactation parameters varied with time of collection, and diet × time interactions were noticed for fat, density, protein, 6% FCM yield, and butterfat yield. The feed efficiency tended to increase (P = 0.070) in the buffaloes fed DPKC diets. The profit margins were ₹6.07 and ₹1.63 for the DPKC included diets and feed cost per Kg 6% FCMY, respectively. Inconclusion,the inclusion of DPKC in the diet decreases feed cost without affecting the nutrient intakes, digestibility coefficients, serum biochemical and mineral profile, and lactation parameters.

GREEN SOLVENT ENHANCED MECHANICAL EXTRACTION OF PALM KERNEL OIL

Even though the mechanical extraction process offers a simple and environmentally friendly process, the recovery of oil is relatively low. Thermal pretreating the oilseed increases the oil yield but produces unwanted oil color. A new method that combines grinding and extraction using green solvents was developed to extract palm kernel oil. The performance of six different green solvents such as water, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, dimethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, and d-limonene in the extraction of palm kernel oil was determined using a controllable blender extractor (CBE), new extraction equipment modified from a household blender appliance. Furthermore, ethyl acetate, which produced the maximum oil yield, was used to study the effect of the operating parameters of the CBE. The oil yield of 34.2% was obtained in the extraction condition of the ratio of palm kernel to ethyl acetate of 1:7, the rotational speed of 5000 rpm, and 10 minutes extraction time. Compared with other green extraction methods, the CBEintensified palm kernel oil extraction could save &gt;70% energy consumption. In terms of extraction time, the CBEintensified could extract palm kernel oil faster than existing extraction methods.

Razvoj održivih proizvoda iz ulja palme, jačanje nacionalne sigurnosti hrane - pregled

Increasing threat insecurity of food production in Nigeria is perceived in almost all parts and areas of the national food production. Food insecurity seems to be a global challenge that has a lot to do with surge in energy demand, population growth, climate change and competition for land, food and water. The rural settlements are more prone to irregular food supply, malnutrition, and low quality foods, high cost of food items and even widespread lack of food. This has created a serious concern towards national food security. However, the availability of agricultural and food products could mitigate this menace. So, in an attempt to arrest this situation, this paper presents a review of the development of some sustainable products from oil palm towards enhancing national food security. In a nutshell, it highlights the overview of oil palm tree, its classification, current and future mechanization, processing of oil palm fruit from the bunch to crude palm kernel oil extraction and other by-products, application of the products; and production capacity of palm oil from 2010 to 2020 in Nigeria. Besides, nutritional composition of palm oil and palm kernel oil, rationale for the use of oil palm and its derivatives in the development of sustainable food and allied products are also discussed. Furthermore, concept of sustainable palm oil, some food products made from palm oil and its functional attributes; and the development of some selected food products with palm oil as one of the major ingredients are also highlighted.

Recycling Oil Palm Industry Waste: Sustainable Solid Waste Treatment Utilizing Bioconversion Agent

Oil palm is one of Indonesia's most important crops. Indonesia produces 47.180 million tonnes of CPO from an area of 14.858.300 hectares. When there are a lot of CPOs, it suggests there are a lot of wastes. EFB (Empty Fruit Bunch) is a significant biomass by-product of the oil palm industry. These cellulosic materials are relatively inexpensive feedstocks for ethanol synthesis and have no problem with the food supply because they are abundant and outside the human food chain. The principal by-product of the palm kernel oil extraction process is palm kernel meal (PKM). It's a high-fiber, medium-protein feed that's best suited for ruminant or rabbit consumption. EFB was once utilized as a fuel to generate steam at mills, whereas PKM was recycled into animal feed. Another option is to use bioconversion to control these wastes. The Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) larval (BSFL) is a worldwide insect whose larvae are notable for their capacity to eat a variety of organic wastes. The BSFL were housed in a container and fed EFB and PKM. There were two different treatment options (3 replication per treatments). Each treatment contained 200 larvae and 400 grams of food. The research lasted 18 days. The larvae were collected on the 18th day, and container were measured. Treatment 1 (EFB) have average 9,46% waste consumption, and Treatment 2 (PKM) have 23,14% waste consumption on average.

Equilibrium and thermodynamic investigation of biosorption of nickel from water by activated carbon made from palm kernel chaff

Novel biosorbents were derived from a waste product of palm kernel oil extraction known as palm kernel chaff (PKC). One portion of the PKC was carbonized in a furnace and then activated chemically, while the other half was activated without carbonization. Both were designated as CPKC and UPKC, respectively. The two biosorbents so produced were then used to conduct batch equilibrium and kinetic sorption studies at 30 °C, 35 °C and 40 °C and pH 3.0 and 9.0 for an agitation period of 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 90, and 120 min. The Koble-Corrigan, Dubinin-Radushkevich, and the Freundlich isotherms fitted the experimental data very well with R2 values of 0.97 to 1.0, 0.95 to 1.0, and 0.96 to 1.0, respectively. The linear type II Langmuir isotherm performed much better (0.96 ≤ R2 ≤ 1.0) than the nonlinear isotherm. The maximum sorption capacity was obtained as 120.6 mg/g using CPKC at pH 9.0 and 35 °C. The Langmuir separation coefficient values (0.022 ≤ RL ≤ 0.926) show that the sorption of nickel to PKC is favorable. The most favorable sorption condition was found for CPKC at pH 9 and temperature of 40 °C. The values of sorption energy (8.21 ≤ E ≤ 14.27) and the isosteric heat of sorption (−133.09 ≤ ∆Hx ≤ −17.92) indicate that the mode of sorption is mostly ion exchange. Thermodynamic parameters also show that the process is exothermic and entropy-driven. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model shows the best correlation compared to the other kinetic models. The coefficient of correlation for the pseudo-second-order model was mostly within the range of 0.999–1.000 for 90% of all kinetic studies carried out.

Oil Recovery from Palm Kernel Meal Using Subcritical Water Extraction in a Stirred Tank Reactor

Palm kernel meal (PKM) is one of the main byproducts of the oil palm industry. PKM can be obtained as the result of solvent or mechanical extraction of palm kernel oil; in both cases, meal has a remaining oil content that could be recovered. In this work, PKM coming from a mechanical pressing extraction system with an initial oil content between 7 to 8% (wt.) was treated with subcritical water in a batch stirred reactor. To find the proper operational conditions, a three-step experimental process was performed. Extraction temperature, reaction time, particle size and alkaline catalyst usage were selected as process factors. After subcritical extraction, the system was cooled down and depressurized; then oil phase was separated by centrifugation. After extraction, meal was oven-dried at 80 °C. A maximum recovery of 0.034 kg-oil/kg-meal was obtained at 423 K, 720 s and particles smaller than 0.001 m. The experimental procedure showed consistent extraction yields of 40% without modifying the quality of the obtained oil.

Extraction process of palm kernel cake as a source of mannan for feed additive on poultry diet

Palm Kernel Cake (PKC) is a by-product of palm kernel oil extraction and found in large quantity in Indonesia. The inclusion of PKC on poultry diet are limited due to some nutritional problems such as anti-nutritional properties (mannan). On the other hand, mannan containing polysaccharides play in various biological functions particularly in enhancing the immune response and to control pathogen in poultry. The research objective to find out the extraction process of PKC and conducted at animal nutrition and Feed Science Laboratory, Agricultural Faculty, University of Sumatera Utara. Various extraction methode were used in this experiment, including fraction analysis used 7 number sieves, and followed by water and acetic acid extraction. The result indicated that PKC had different particle size according to sieve size and dominated by particle size 850 um. The analysis of sugar content indicated that each particle size had different characteristic on treatment by hot water extraction. The particle size 180—850 um had higher sugar content than coarse PKC (2000—3000 um). The total sugar content were recovered vary between 0.9—3,2% from PKC were extracted. Treatment grinding method followed by hot water extraction (100—120 °C, 1 h) increased total sugar content than previous treatments and reach 8% from PKC were extracted. Utilisation acetic acid decreased the total amount of total sugar from PKC were extracted. It is concluded that treatment by hot temperature (110—120 °C) for 1 h show highest yield to extract sugar from PKC.

Performance evaluation of Magnus screw press (Model MS-100) for palm kernel oil extraction

The screw (expeller) press is extensively used for commercial extraction of palm kernel oil (PKO) from oil-palm kernels. In this work, Magnus (Nig.)screw press (Model MS-100,) locally fabricated at Nsukka, Nigeria was evaluated for throughput capacity, feed rate, press cake oil content, oil expelling efficiency (OEE), percentage un-pressed grits output, percentage sludge output, and specific energy consumption. One-factor-at-a-time (OFAT), completely randomized designed (CRD) experimental approach with 4 factor levels and 2 replications was used to determine the effect of kernel moisture contents (KMC), kernel heating temperatures (KHTs), and kernel heating durations (KHDs) on the (OEE) of the screw press. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique was used to analyze the results. In its best operating settings, the MS-100 screw press has a throughput capacity of 91.7 kg-products/h at an average feed rate of 101.7 kg-kernels/h, press cake oil content of 13.6% (w/w); percentage actual oil yield of 33.6% (w/w); percentage cake output of 38% (w/w); percentage un-pressed kernel grits output of 14.2% (w/w); percentage sludge output of 3.6% (w/w); OEE of 73%; and specific energy consumption of 0.44 kWh/kg-kernels. The screw press is adjudged suitable for palm kernel oil extraction based on its OEE. The ANOVA of the results show that the best kernel factors for highest OEE include KMC of 5% w.b.; KHT of 50 - 130 o C; and KHDs of 5 - 10 min. The 14.2% un-pressed kernel grits output, however, is a problem of Magnus Screw Press that needed to be reduced or eliminated through design modifications. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v36i2.40

Utilization of the supercritical carbon dioxide extraction technology for the production of deoiled palm kernel cake

The main focus of the present study is to produce deoiled palm kernel cake from palm kernel using the supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) extraction method. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the process parameters of SCCO2 extraction of oil from palm kernels. The influences of pressure, temperature and extraction time on the yield were investigated. Results showed that the experimental data were fitted into the second order polynomial model. The linear terms of SCCO2 pressure, temperature and extraction time had the significant effect on the yield of the oil extraction from the palm kernel. The optimum SCCO2 extraction process parameters were pressure 44.6MPa, temperature 60°C and extraction time 50min. Under these experimental conditions, the oil yield was about 49.2%. The presence of nutrient and anti-nutrient compositions in deoiled PKC subjected to SCCO2 (PKCsc) was also investigated and compared with the nutrient and anti-nutrient compositions of PKC collected from palm oil mill (PKCM). Determination of the nutrient compositions in deoiled PKCsc and PKCM revealed that SCCO2 maintained the nutrient compositions in deoiled PKCsc during extraction of palm kernel oil. Determination of the anti-nutrients compositions in deoiled PKCsc and PKCM showed that SCCO2 effectively influenced the anti-nutrients in deoiled PKCsc. The findings of the present study suggest that SCCO2 extraction is an effective technique to produce deoiled PKCsc, which can be used as a cheap source of protein and fiber for human and animal food consumption.

Mathematical Modeling of the Solvent Extraction of Palm Kernel Oil from Palm Kernel

The model for the solvent extraction of palm kernel oil from palm kernel was generated for the process at varying particle sizes of palm kernel, temperature of extraction, duration of extraction and mass of palm kernel respectively using Least Square Linear Equation. Petroleum ether was used as solvent to carry out the extraction in a soxhlet apparatus. The percentage oil yield was determined for every extraction carried out. The experimental results obtained showed that percentage oil yield decreases with increase in particle size and mass, but increases with increase in the temperature and duration of extraction. The characterization of the extracted oil was also done to determine its physiochemical properties, which revealed palm kernel oil as a non-drying oil. Statistical analyses of each variable studied and its corresponding oil yield was carried out followed by the modeling of the extraction process for each parameter using least square linear equation. The interpretation of the model developed revealed a model which was significant in the variations obtained from the experimental results.

Eye Diseases among Women Engaged in Local Extraction of Palm Kernel Oil in the Kumasi Metropolis

The study aimed to determine the prevalence of eye diseases among women engaged in the local extraction of palm kernel oil in the Kumasi Metropolis. A cross-sectional study was carried out in five women groups purposively sampled. A total of 150 women were sampled. History taken from the women included participants’ demographics and ocular and occupational history. Ocular examination included visual acuity and ophthalmoscopy. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17.0 was used to analyze the data. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square test were employed. A total of 150 women aged from 17 to 84 years were examined. The prevalence of eye diseases was 56.0%. The ocular disease with the highest prevalence was pterygium (34.0%), followed by cataract and pinguecula (20.0% each). The study revealed a high ocular morbidity rate. Regular eye examination and education are recommended for these women since they are exposed to several risk factors which play important roles in ocular morbidities.

DIFFUSION RATE ANALYSIS IN PALM KERNEL OIL EXTRACTION USING DIFFERENT EXTRACTION SOLVENTS

This study investigated the rate of diffusion on th e extraction of palm kernel oil using various solve nts, namely, n-hexane, Benzene, Trichloroethylene, and Carbondisulfide. The solvent s and the extracted palm kernel oil were character ized using the AOCS standard methods, and the results are shown in tables 1 and 2. The palm kernel used in the study was obtained from Akpugo in Nkanu West local Government Area of Enugu State. The effects otime and temperature as well as quanti ty and nature of solvent were investigated as reported in figures 1-3. The charac terized PKO was used to determine parameters used i n establishing the Diffusivity (6.47 x 10 -9 m 2 /s), which in turn was used to calculate the rate o f diffusion,(4.00 x 10 7 kmole/m 2 .s), and the coefficient of mass transfer, (3.2 x 10 -5 kmloe/m 2 .s), all of which conformed to the standard values, [12]..

Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Palm Kernel Oil from Palm Kernel Cake

Supercritical fluid carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) at pressure 19.8 MPa and temperature 51°C with different amount of ethanol (0-100 mL) was studied the extraction of palm kernel oil from palm kernel cake. The amount of oil produced from SFE and Modified ethanol-CO2 are proportional to the amount of ethanol. It was found that I±-tocopherol, I±-tocotrienol, sterols and fatty acid such lauric acid, myristic acid and oleic acid were present in all of the palm kernel oil sample.

Response of cockerels to graded levels of local and industrially processed palm kernel meal (Elaise guineasis)

One hundred and eighty (180) two weeks old cockerels were randomly allocated to five dietary treatments in a 2 × 3 factorial layout. They were used to compare the effects of two processing methods of palm kernel oil extraction (local and industrial) and three dietary levels of palm kernel meal (PKM) (0, 20 and 40%). Parameters considered were feed intake, daily weight gain, feed cost, carcass characteristics, blood constituents and nutrient metabolisms. The result showed that the cockerels on industrial PKM had a significantly (P<0.05) higher feed intake, daily weight gain and better feed conversion ratio (P<0.01) compared to the control and those on local PKM. The highest weight gain and lowest feed cost/kg weight gain was obtained for 40% PKM diets. The carcass analysis was not significantly different except for the slaughter, head and feet weight and length of small intestine. Not all these followed any particular pattern. Cockerels on industrial PKM had significantly (P<0.05) longer small intestine compared to control and local PKM diets. The blood analysis also showed a significant effect of processing method on packed cell volume, albumin and total protein in favour of industrial PKM. The nutrient metabolism study showed a significant treatment and processing method effect. The nutrient metabolism decreased with increase in PKM inclusion level. In conclusion, industrial PKM can be included up to 40% level in the cockerels’ diet with very good results. Key words: Cockerels, processing methods, performance, nutrient utilization.

Modelling the palm kernel oil extraction process in a hot-water medium

The physical process was modelled to create understanding and better assess the performance of a palm kernel oil extraction system. Mathematical models were developed to describe the extraction of palm kernel oil in hot-water from the comminuted particles. The models developed included parameters such as particle size, moisture content and charge ratio, all as a function of time. Experimental data were used to evaluate the oil recovery performance. The theoretical models were used to simulate the oil extraction process and the validity and accuracy of the predicted results were compared with experimental data. The assessment indicated that the model fitted the data from the extraction tests with coefficient of correlation (r) varying from 0.9881 to 0.9981 and absolute average percentage deviation from 4.0 to 8.9 in the range of the parameters studied.

Extraction of Palm Kernel Oil in Cameroon: Effects of Kernels Drying on the Oil Quality

Extraction of Palm Kernel Oil in Cameroon: Effects of Kernels Drying on the Oil Quality