Extracted Research Articles

Fabrication and application of functional active packaging material based on carbohydrate biopolymers formulated withLemon verbena/Ferulago angulataextracts for the preservation of raw chicken meat

In this research by using of Zedo gum (ZG) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as well as Lemon and Ferulago extracts (LVE/FAE) new active packaging was designed. Biodegradable films with five various proportions of ZG to CMC was made applying casting process. Incorporation of LVE or FAE into CMC/ZG composite films significantly reduced moisture content (MC) and water vapor permeability (WVP). The tensile strength increased from 6.92 (MPa) for CMC/ZG film to 11.51 MPa for CMC/ZG/2.5 μL LVE and FAE film; as well as elongation at break decreased from 24.21% for CMC/ZG film to 6.10% for CMC/ZG/2.5 μL LVE and FAE film. In conclusion the 20:80 proportion of ZG/CMC along with 2.5 μL LVE and FAE can be used as a best ratio for mechanical properties, moisture content and permeability compare to the CMC/ZG film with individual FAE or LVE and can be a good source for making edible films.

Regulation of Tyrosinase Enzyme Activity by Glutathione Peroxidase Mimics.

Hydrogen peroxide plays a crucial role in the melanogenesis process by regulating the activity of the key melanin-forming enzyme tyrosinase, responsible for the browning of fruits, vegetables, and seafood. Therefore, a molecule with dual activities, both efficient tyrosinase inhibition and strong hydrogen peroxide degrading ability, may act as a promising antibrowning agent. Herein, we report highly efficient selone-based mushroom tyrosinase inhibitors 2 and 3 with remarkable glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzyme-like activity. The presence of benzimidazole moiety enhances the tyrosinase inhibition efficiency of selone 2 (IC50 = 0.4 μM) by almost 600 times higher than imidazole-based selone 1 (IC50 = 238 μM). Interestingly, the addition of another aromatic ring to the benzimidazole moiety has led to the development of an efficient lipid-soluble tyrosinase inhibitor 3 (IC50 = 2.4 μM). The selenium center and the -NH group of 2 and 3 are extremely crucial to exhibit high GPx-like activity and tyrosinase inhibition potency. The hydrophobic moiety of the inhibitors (2 and 3) further assists them in tightly binding at the active site of the enzyme and facilitates the C═Se group to strongly coordinate with the copper ions. Inhibitor 2 exhibited excellent antibrowning and polyphenol oxidase inhibition properties in banana and apple juice extracts.

Microencapsulation of bromelain from pineapple extract powder by industrially scalable complex coacervation

An industrially scalable complex coacervation process (referred to as the CoCo process) enables the formation of dry complex coacervated microcapsules in one step using a low-cost spray drying approach. Here, we demonstrated the feasibility of maintaining the activity of an enzyme directly coacervated with alginates in dry powder particles by the CoCo process. As a proof of concept, bromelain, an enzyme mixture extracted from pineapple, was used to form bromelain-alginate complex coacervated (CoCo) powder. The proteolytic activity of bromelain was fully recovered from the bromelain-alginate CoCo powder, with approximately 40% of the protein coacervated with alginate. Preservation of enzyme activity by the CoCo process demonstrates the potential for scalable, cost-effective application of enzymes in foods, as well as nutraceutical, household, and industrial products.

The Effect of Pineapple Extract (Ananas comosus L) on the Quality of Anchovy Fish Sauce

This research aims to determine the appropriate concentration of pineapple extract to produce anchovy fish sauce with quality that is by the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). The research was conducted from June to September 2021. This research used an experimental method with 4 additional treatments of pineapple extract concentrate, that is 0%, 10%, 15%, 20%. Each treatment used three replications. Observations were made by chemical tests for protein, fat, ash, water and pH levels. The results showed that each treatment had a significantly different effect on the levels of protein, fat, water, ash and the pH value of fish sauce. The treatment according to the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) was the addition of 10% pineapple extract with an average protein value of 15.88%.

Total phenolic compound and its antioxidant activity of by-product from pineapple

Pineapple is a popular tropical fruit. This work aimed to investigate the total phenolic and total flavonoid content in pineapple by-products including peel, core and pomace. In addition, the antioxidant activities of their extract were determined. The results showed that pineapple peel gave the highest extract yield followed by core and pomace, while the peel and core extract contain a high amount of phenolic and flavonoid. In addition, the highest DPPH radical and ABTS+ radical scavenging activity was pineapple peel extract. The Fuzzy Analytical Method has been performed to evaluate the best value material by using 3 criteria which are composed of extract yield, amount of bioactive compound and its antioxidant activities. The results showed that the peel was the best value material followed by core. This can be pointed out that the pineapple peel could be a choice for food ingredients.

Lemonade as a rich source of antioxidants: Polymerization of 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate in lemon extract

Controlled radical polymerization techniques have become increasingly widespread in the interdisciplinary space of polymer chemistry for receiving predetermined structures designed for specific applications. In this contribution, the freshly squeezed lemon extract was used for the polymerization of 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) by activators regenerated by electron transfer atom transfer radical polymerization (ARGET ATRP) concept at ambient conditions in an air atmosphere. Lemon extract is a rich source of many bioactive compounds that can play a role of reducing agents in ATRP, e.g. ascorbic acid (vitamin C) or citric acid. Therefore lemon extract-accelerated ARGET ATRP provided well-defined PDMAEMA structures, accelerating the polymerization about 3–4 times compared to syntheses in water. The chain extension experiment confirmed the preserved chain-end functionality of prepared PDMAEMA. The proposed concept can be scaled up for the industry due to (a) a facile reaction setup that does not need degassing or heating – the polymerization at room temperature in open to air conditions, hence the use of a readily available reactor is sufficient, (b) no need to use laboratory-grade chemical reducing agents because of their high content in lemon extract, (c) the synthesis in the environmentally-friendly aqueous reaction medium, (d) very low catalyst concentration in the reaction mixture. • Lemon extract is a reach source of reducing agents for ARGET ATRP concept. • Polymerization of DMAEMA in freshly squeezed lemon extract. • ARGET ATRP in lemon extract accelerates the polymerization of DMAEMA compared to synthesis in water. • A reaction setup for polymerization of DMAEMA that can be easily scalable for industrial application.

Characterizations of Milkfish Sauce on Amino Acid Content with Variations in Addition of Salt and Pineapple Extract Concentration

Fish sauce is synonymous with salty taste and distinctive fish aroma. The good quality of fish sauce is supported by the amino acid content, proximate analysis and the assessment of the organoleptic preferences of the product by the panelists. This research aimed to determine the effect of increasing the concentration of pineapple extract on the organoleptic characteristics of fish sauce and the most abundant amino acid content in fish sauce and the best quality of fish sauce treatments. The research is based on randomized design of 4 days fermentation with salt : pineapple extract concentration ratio of 20%:5%, 20%:10%, 15%:15% and 25%:20% respectively. Research analysis such as amino acid content and proximate analysis were evaluated by the ANOVA test and DMRT test, while organoleptic test was evaluated by Kruskal Wallis test. The higher of the concentration of pineapple extract, the lower of amino acid content of the fish and the taste getting sourer. The best treatment for milkfish sauce was found in the treatment with salt concentration : pineapple extract = 15%:15% indicated by the highest amino acid content of glutamate, lysine and aspartate compared to other treatments, the highest protein content and water content and the best organoleptic assessment.

Effect of IAA Addition and Some Organic Supplements on Growth and Rooting of Cavendish Banana (Musa Acuminata, AAA) In-Vitro

In vitro propagation of Cavendish banana is an alternative to produce healthy, uniform and sufficient plant materials of high qualities. Appropriate culture media formulation is needed for shoot growth and rooting stage. This experiment aimed to study effects of IAA and organic supplements on in vitro shoot growth and rooting. Explants were subjected to MS medium with IAA and various organic supplements, in a factorial arrangement of a completely randomized design. The first factor was IAA concentrations (0; 0.5; 1 and 1.5 mg.L-1), and the second factor was types of organic supplement (control, coconut water, potato extract and banana extract). At 8 weeks after planting, shoot growth and root performance of plantlets were recorded. The results showed that addition of IAA did not affect shoot height. Addition of potato extract and banana homogenate resulted in the highest plantlets. Medium with IAA at 1 mg.L-1 resulted in the highest number of roots. The highest number of shoots was produced on media with IAA 1 mg.L-1 + coconut water and IAA 1.5 mg.L-1 + potato extract. The highest number of roots was produced in medium with potato extract. The longest roots were produced in media with 0.5 mg.L-1 IAA + banana homogenate. Keywords: Banana extract, Cavendish, Coconut water, IAA, Potato extract

Root induction of Phalaenopsis amabilis with various types and concentration of banana extract by in vitro

Root induction is an important step in plant propagation in vitro. Root stimulation can occur in the presence of the hormones auxin and gibberellins which can be obtained from other plants, one of which is bananas. The research aims to determine the effect of various species and concentrations of the banana extract on Phalaenopsis amabilis root induction in vitro. The research was conducted in the Laboratory of Tissue Culture Alifa Agricultural Research Center (AARC), Medan, North Sumatera, from May until July 2020. The research used a Factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 2 factors, the first factor was the type of banana extract with 3 levels, consisting of Ambon, Raja, and Kepok. The second factor is the concentration of banana extract (C) with 4 levels, consisting of 50 g/l, 100 g/l, 150 g/l, 200 g/l. The results showed that the concentration of banana extract had a significant effect on the number of roots, but various species of bananas and the interaction of the species of bananas and concentration banana extract had no significant effect on root induction

EFFECIENCY OF SILVER NANOPARTICALES AS ANTIBACTERIAL AGAINST AEROMONAS HYDROPHILA ISOLATED FROM INFECTED COMMON CARP

The present investigation was carried out to investigate the antibacterial efficiency of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in vitro against Aeromonas hydrophila using disc diffusion assay and minimum inhibitory concentration. The pathogenic A. hydrophila was isolated from infected common carp, usually diagnosed by chemical methods, and Avitek 2 compact device were used to confirm the diagnosis. The effectiveness of the prepared AgNPs was tested by chemical and biological (green synthesis using lemon extract) methods and were diagnosed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-Visible spectroscopy, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), which was spherical shape of the nanosilver and the size ranged between 30-50 nm. Results of disc diffusion assay showed that the chemical synthesized of AgNPs in 18hr recorded the highest inhibition zone followed by the bio-synthesized AgNPs and Oxytetracycline respectively. After 24 hr the highest inhibition zone was registered in Oxytetracycline, however after 5 days bio-synthesized AgNPs showed the higher inhibition zone which was significantly different(P≤0.05) in comparison to other products. Based on these results, both bio and chemical synthesized of AgNPs were effectively act as antibacterial against A.hydrophila. However, green synthesis using lemon extract is considered better antibacterial with low MIC than chemical AgNPs because lemon extract is regarded eco-friendly and also the low cost product compared to chemical AgNPs synthesis.

Effect of Extraction Methods and In Vitro Bio-Accessibility of Microencapsulated Lemon Extract.

The extraction of bioactive compounds from fruits, such as lemon, has gained relevance because these compounds have beneficial properties for health, such as antioxidant and anticancer properties; however, the extraction method can significantly affect these properties. High hydrostatic pressure and ultrasound, as emerging extraction methods, constitute an alternative to conventional extraction, improving extractability and obtaining extracts rich in bioactive compounds. Therefore, lemon extracts (LEs) were obtained by conventional (orbital shaking), ultrasound-assisted, and high-hydrostatic-pressure extraction. Extracts were then microencapsulated with maltodextrin at 10% (M10), 20% (M20), and 30% (M30). The impact of microencapsulation on LEs physicochemical properties, phenolics (TPC), flavonoids (TFC) and relative bio-accessibility (RB) was evaluated. M30 promoted a higher microencapsulation efficiency for TPC and TFC, and a longer time required for microcapsules to dissolve in water, as moisture content, water activity and hygroscopicity decreased. The RBs of TPC and TFC were higher in microcapsules with M30, and lower when conventional extraction was used. The data suggest that microencapsulated LE is promising as it protects the bioactivity of phenolic compounds. In addition, this freeze-dried product can be utilized as a functional ingredient for food or supplement formulations.

Effect of Fruit Acidulants on Instrumental Colour Values and Sensory Qualities of Paneer

Colour is one of the important parameters for the acceptability of many food products. Therefore, a study was carried out to investigate the effect of milk coagulation with fruit juice acidulants (lemon and amla) on the instrumental colour values and sensory qualities of paneer (Indian soft cheese type). The paneer was prepared per standard methods, and paneer curry was prepared using commercial masala as labelled instructions. Raw materials and paneer were analysed for instrumental colour and expressed as *L, *a and *b values. First, sensory evaluation was conducted by blinding the type of acidulant used for raw and curried paneer and then disclosing the kind of acidulant used for raw paneer. We found that the fruit juice acidulants affected both instrumental colour values and sensory qualities of paneer. The sensory scores were highest for paneer coagulated with citric acid, followed by lemon and amla extracts. However, disclosing the type of acidulant used increased sensory scores for amla paneer while the scores for lemon paneer slightly decreased. Moreover, currying increased sensory scores of the amla paneer. Therefore, lemon and amla juice have potential in manufacturing paneer with high acceptability despite the colour imparted from the fruits.

Microalgae cross-fertilization: short-term effects of Galdieria phlegrea extract on growth, photosynthesis and enzyme activity of Chlorella sorokiniana cells

Galdieria spp. (Rhodophyta) are polyextremophile microalgae known for their important antioxidant properties in different biological systems. Nowadays, the beneficial and bio-stimulant effect of microalgal extracts is widely tested on crops. Here, for the first time, potential positive effects of aqueous extracts from Galdieria were tested on a second microalgal culture systems. Chlorella sorokiniana cultures were supplemented with Galdieria phlegrea extracts (EC) and the short-term (48 h) effects of extract addition on growth and biochemical and physiological parameters were monitored and compared to those of non-supplemented Chlorella (CC). Growth of Chlorella was improved in EC as shown by higher optical density and cells number in the enriched cultures. In addition, EC appreciably increased the pigments (chlorophyll (a and b) and carotenoids) contents of Chlorella cells. Increase of photosynthetic pigments was associated with higher photosynthesis and lower non-radiative dissipation of light in EC as indicated by chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. Reduced activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and APX), but increased total antioxidant capacity (ABTS) were observed in EC, suggesting that this culture was under a low oxidative status, but can activate antioxidant defences if exposed to oxidative stress. In conclusion, a short-term positive effect of the addition of G. phlegrea extracts on growth and physiology of C. sorokiniana was demonstrated.

Anti-Inflammatory Activity of the Peel Extract of Ambon Bananas (Musa Paradisiaca L.) Examined With the Human Red Blood Cell Membrane Stabilization Method

Inflammation is the body’s reaction to the presence of infection, irritation or foreign substances as part of the body’s defense mechanisms. Public interest in treatment with natural medicines is increasing. One of the medicinal plants that can be used for anti-inflammatory treatment is the peel of the Ambon banana (Musa paradisiaca L.). This study employed the red blood cell membrane stabilization method which is widely used in research as a biochemical parameter for in vitro testing of anti-inflammatory activity. This was an experimental study that aimed to determine the anti-inflammatory activity of the peel extract of the Ambon banana (Musa paradisiaca L.) using the red blood cell membrane stabilization method. The percentage level of hemolysis that occurred when the extract was added indicated that the tested extract had anti-inflammatory properties. The stability of the red blood cell membrane of the peel extract with a concentration of 125 ppm was 1.09%, and was 12.40% with a concentration of 250 ppm, 17.36% with a concentration of 500 ppm, and 42.79% with a concentration of 1000 ppm. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the peel of the Ambon banana (Musa paradisiaca L.) has potential as an anti-inflammatory agent.
 Keywords: anti-inflammatory, banana peel, red blood cell membrane

COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL EFFICACY OF VARIOUS HERBAL ROOT CANAL IRRIGANTS AGAINST ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS - AN IN VITRO STUDY

Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance has been a global concern. Currently, interest has been focused on exploring antimicrobial properties of plants and herbs. Herbs such as Garlic,Lemon,Guava leaf are used in this study. Aim: To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of various herbal root canal irrigants against enterococcus faecalis. Material and methods: Agar diffusion method was used to evaluate the antimicrobial action of different medicines. Sixty samples were segregated into four groups with 15 samples in each: Group I: Garlic extract, Group II: guava leaf extract, Group III: Lemon extract, and Group IV: 5% Sodium hypochlorite. The inhibition zones against E. faecalis were recorded and statistically assessed using one‑way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test (P < 0.05). Result: Significant antibacterial effect against E. faecalis was observed with Garlic extract followed by sodium hypochlorite, lemon and Guava leaf extract. Conclusion: Herbal extracts seemed to be effective against E. faecalis compared to 5% Sodium hypochlorite.

In vitro seed propagation of endangered Dendrobium - Dendrobium lituiflorum Lindl. and D. aduncum Lindl.

Genus Dendrobium of Orchidaceae prized for their floricultural excellence, that have fascinated the commercial growers all over the world and attention has paid to exploit this group. Destruction of specific habitats encourage the species vanished and need attention to conservation and restoration of rare and endangered taxa. In vitro seed propagation is the most popular multiplication technique and indispensable components of plant genetic resource management. Present observation deals with the effect of different media on In vitro seed proliferation and growth of plantlets of two endangered Dendrobium – D. lituiflorum Lindl. and D. aduncum Lindl. for large scale propagation. In D. lituiflorum, the highest germination percentage (95.48%) was recorded in MS medium supplemented with yeast extract, otherwise, in D. aduncum, 90.43 % germination was recorded in medium supplemented with potato extract. Quick proliferation of D. lituiflorum by the use of banana extract exhibited 12.5±1.77 number of shoot and 12.5±1.77 length. However, maximum number of shoots as 14.5±1.77 and length 4.84±0.58 cm. recorded in D. aduncum. After 12 weeks of culture, the medium containing 1.5 mgL-1 IBA supplemented with 0.2% banana extract showed maximum root formation (5.9±0.95) in D. lituiflorum. Otherwise, in D. aduncum, the highest number of roots7.9±1.33 per shoot was recorded the medium supplemented with 1.5mgL-1 IBA and 0.2% potato extract after 9 week of culture. In green house condition the seedlings of D. lituiflorum showed better performance in the medium containing brick chips: charcoal: coconut husk (1:1:2) and brick chips: charcoal: sphagnum moss (1:1:2) is better for D. aduncum. Seed derived propagation is very easy approach for multiplication of these species and could be successfully applied for mass multiplication intended for future conservation, and commercial aspects.

Development of active films utilizing antioxidant compounds obtained from tomato and lemon by-products for use in food packaging

This study focused on the recovery of antioxidant compounds from lemon and tomato by-products for use as natural additives in the development of active food packaging formulated using three different polymeric matrices that included low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polylactic acid (PLA), and G-polymer (GP). The films were characterized according to chemical-physical, thermal analyses, and their barrier and mechanical properties. Migration assays were performed to evaluate the release of active compounds from polymeric matrices, which were quantified in the food simulant by high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector and then confirmed via liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The antioxidant capacities of the films were determined to evaluate their applicability for use as antioxidant-active packaging. The incorporation of extracts into polymers resulted in different structural changes and enhanced properties according to the nature of the polymeric matrix based on the interactions of the –OH groups of polyphenols and the chemical groups of the polymers. The lemon (LE) and tomato (TE) extracts lead to a substantial improvement in water barrier properties of PLA and GP-based films. The active PLA and GP films released high amounts of polyphenolic compounds (up to 65% for GP containing LE); mainly hesperidin and eriocitrin for LE films, and chrologenic acid for TE films. PLA loaded with lemon extract at 4% was selected as the most suitable for use as antioxidant packaging to extend the shelf-life of foods with high fat content.

Highly Sensitive, Cost‐Effective, and Flexible SERS Substrate Based on Green Synthesized GO/rGO for Pesticide Detection**

AbstractIn this work, a novel approach is adopted to synthesize graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) from a natural precursor Desmostachya bipinnata (halfa grass). GO is synthesized by treating ash of halfa grass with aqueous and molten KOH. Further, reduced with lemon extract to synthesize rGO. Then GO and rGO active SERS substrates are fabricated with flexible adhesive tape. Structural and morphological features of SERS substrates are analyzed. Raman spectrum of GO and rGO consists of characteristic D and G peaks around 1331 and 1600 cm−1 and a 2D peak around 2700 cm−1. The variation in ID/IG ratio, decreasing inter‐planar spacing, and the redshift of UV – Vis absorption peak from 225 to 280 nm confirm the reduction of GO on lemon extract treatment. SERS activity of fabricated substrates is analyzed with agro pesticide thiabendazole (TBZ). The detection range of TBZ by SERS substrate lies between 1 mM to 1 nM with a minimum detection limit of 1 nM. This study emphasizes the use of GO synthesized from aqueous KOH treatment and reduced with lemon extract (rGO) for the development of highly sensitive, low cost and flexible SERS substrates to detect TBZ in various agricultural products.

Red orange and lemon extract preserve from oxidative stress, DNA damage and inflammatory status in lambs

Oxidative stress causes several pathological conditions in farm animals by inducing a reduction in animal welfare and production with major economic losses for livestock. The standardised phytoextract obtained by red orange and lemon processing has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. In this study we have investigated whether treating lambs for 40 days with red orange and lemon extract (RLE) was able to prevent the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms, typically in newborn period. For this purpose, at the end of treatment, redox status was assessed in plasma using oxidative stress markers: malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) activities. Moreover, 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in urine was measured as a biomarker of DNA damage and finally, the markers of inflammatory status, interleukin (IL) 1β and 6, were measured in plasma by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results showed that RLE-treated lambs improved antioxidant mechanisms as demonstrated by the increase in SOD, CAT and GPx activities and, furthermore, a significant reduction in oxidative stress-induced damage was demonstrated through MDA and 8-OHdG measurements. Moreover, RLE was also able to prevent the increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines concentration, such as IL- 1 β and IL 6. Results showed in the present paper demonstrate the potential beneficial effects of the RLE in lambs. HIGHLIGHTS Oxidative stress causes economic loss and welfare impairment in livestock. Several oxidative markers can be used to assess the redox status in plasma. The activity of some antioxidant enzymes increased in RLE treated lambs. A reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines was recorded in RLE treated lambs.

The synergistic influence of lemon extract on the physio-chemical properties of Kibisu silk reinforced wheat gluten biocomposite

The synergistic influence of lemon extract on the physio-chemical properties of Kibisu silk reinforced wheat gluten biocomposite