Waste Extract Research Articles

Effect of Organic Foliar Nutrition on Performance and Production Potential of Mungbean [Vigna radiata L.

Background: Foliar spray of nutrients offers a best way to accelerate crop growth and boost up productivity of mungbean under irrigated conditions to meet out the demand raised by ever increasing population of our country. The study was framed to investigate physiochemical and biological properties of fermented fish waste extract (FFWE) and its effects on productivity performance in mungbean. Methods: The organic liquid FFWE was characterized for its physiochemical and biological properties in the laboratory. Field experiments were conducted during Kharif 2019 and 2020 in mungbean to study the effect of FFWE as foliar spray on growth, yield, quality and economics. Treatments consisted of foliar spray of different concentrations of FFWE (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 %) compared with 1% urea and control. The treatments were replicated four times in a randomized block design. Result: Laboratory analysis showed that fermented fish waste extract contains considerable amount of essential nutrients namely nitrogen (1.87%), phosphorus (0.49%), potassium (0.93%), calcium (0.54%), magnesium (0.26%), sulphur (0.04%), copper (3.1 ppm), zinc (38.2 ppm), manganese (4.8 ppm) and iron (118 ppm). The microbial population viz., total bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in FFWE were found to be 196±1.8, 11±0.06 and 203±0.87 (CFU/mL), respectively. Field experiments revealed that 2.0% FFWE foliar spray at flowering stage and 15 days after first spray in mungbean found to improve the plant height, (40.8 cm) dry matter production (1770 kg/ha), leaf chlorophyll (SPAD value 40.0), number of pods per plant (28.3), seeds per pod (9.9), grain yield (665 kg/ha) and grain protein (23.4%). Economics of foliar nutrition showed that foliar spray of 2.0% FFWE gave higher net return of Rs. 24057/- per ha and benefit cost ratio of 2.30. Thus, it could be concluded that foliar spray of 2.0% fermented fish waste extract could be considered as an excellent source of organic liquid manure for enhancing the productivity of mungbean.

Green synthesis of magnetically separable and reusable Fe3O4/Cdots nanocomposites photocatalyst utilizing Moringa oleifera extract and watermelon peel for rapid dye degradation

This study focused on green-synthesized magnetite/carbon dots nanocomposites (GS-Fe3O4/Cdots) utilizing Moringa oleifera leaf extract and watermelon peel waste for rapid degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye. Co-precipitation and hydrothermal method were used to synthesize GS-Fe3O4 and Cdots, respectively. In addition, the sonication method was used to link Cdots on Fe3O4 surface. X-ray diffraction spectrum of GS-Fe3O4/Cdots inform the cubic inverse spinel and has crystallite size in the range of 10.1–7.2 nm. The crystallite size also decreased with the increase of Cdots concentration. The transmission electron microscope showed the most uniform size of nanocomposites at around 13.4 nm. The functional group of Fe-O was detected on the nanocomposites, proof that Fe3O4 still exists after fabrication. The presence of C = C, C-O, and C-O-C also indicates the existence of Cdots on the surface of Fe3O4. The addition of Cdots affected the saturation magnetization and coercivity value in the range of 29.2 – 38.3 emu/g and 59–65 Oe, respectively, which showed a good magnetic properties. As an organic dye, MB was used for a photocatalytic process under UV irradiation. The degradation efficiency was raised to 98% for 30 min photocatalytic process. The magnetically separable capability makes nanocomposites could be recycled and reused three times with high degradation. Furthermore, GS-Fe3O4/Cdots potential as a low-cost and environmentally friendly reusable photocatalyst for rapid wastewater degradation.

Laccase immobilization on bacterial cellulose produced in a mulberry pomace waste extract medium: Characterization and use for dye decolorization

AbstractThe present study aimed to immobilize laccase on dry bacterial cellulose (BC) produced by Komagataeibacter xylinus B759 in mulberry pomace waste extract as a low‐cost and natural waste by‐product and to determine the effectiveness of the obtained laccase immobilized BC (Lac/BC) for textile dye decolorization. The highest BC yield obtained after optimization studies was as 1.70 g/L in pH 8.0 medium at 32°C after 15 days. BC and Lac/BC structures were characterized by different instrumental techniques. A transition to more amorphous character was observed with the binding of the enzyme structure. The morphological properties and fiber structure of the BC and enzyme‐linked cellulose structures were examined by SEM and AFM analyses. Obtained Lac/BC pieces were used for the decolorization of Reactive Blue 171 (RB 171) and Reactive Blue 198 (RB 198) diazo dyes during the repeated‐batch process. As a result of using 12 pieces of Lac/BC, 93% and 98% decolorization values were obtained for the RB 171 and RB 198 dyes in the first use, while the color removal was still 83% and 51% at the 8th use, respectively. The results showed that BC produced in a mulberry pomace waste extract can be used for laccase immobilization and Lac/BC is an effective and promising system for textile dye decolorization.

Optimized preparation and dyeing of Pterocarpus santalinus waste extract for enhancing healthy and environmental care performance of wool fabric

P. santalinus waste powders were utilized to prepare the aqueous extracts for the dyeing of wool fabric. The extraction and dyeing processes of P. santalinus were optimized for obtaining the dyed fabric with high color strength and flavonoids content. The antibacterial, antioxidant and aqueous Cr(VI) removal capacity of the dyed fabric was then examined and compared with other two plant (P. tinctorius and Lycium ruthenicum Murray) material extract dyed wool fabrics. The results indicated that the addition of ethanol in aqueous solvent could increase the content of colorants and flavonoid compounds in P. santalinus extract when soxhlet apparatus was used. The highest extraction effectiveness of P. santalinus was achieved at ethanol concentration of 80%. High dyeing temperature or low pH level caused an almost linear increment in color strength and flavonoid content of the dyed fabric. Optimum dyeing of wool fabric could be conducted when 35 mL of P. santalinus extract was used to prepare 100 mL of dyeing bath. The dyed fabric not only showed unique color, but also presented better antibacterial, antioxidant and Cr(VI) removal capacity, which were higher than those of the other two dyed fabrics. Increasing color strength or flavonoid content could enhance their functionalities.

Ecology of food waste chain-elongating microbiome.

Microbial chain elongation has emerged as a valuable bioprocess for obtaining marketable products, such as medium chain fatty acids usable in several industrial applications, from organic waste. The understanding of the microbiology and microbial ecology in these systems is crucial to apply these microbiomes in reliable production processes controlling microbial pathways to promote favourable metabolic processes, which will in turn increase product specificity and yields. In this research, the dynamics, cooperation/competition and potentialities of bacterial communities involved in the long-term lactate-based chain elongation process from food waste extract were evaluated under different operating conditions by DNA/RNA amplicon sequencing and functional profile prediction. The feeding strategies and the applied organic loading rates strongly affected the microbial community composition. The use of food waste extract promoted the selection of primary fermenters (i.e., Olsenella, Lactobacillus) responsible for the in situ production of electron donors (i.e., lactate). The discontinuous feeding and the organic loading rate 15gCOD L-1d-1 selected the best performing microbiome in which microbes coexist and cooperate to complete the chain elongation process. Both at DNA and RNA level, this microbiome was composed by the lactate producer Olsenella, the short chain fatty acids producers Anaerostipes, Clostridium sensu stricto 7, C. sensu stricto 12, Corynebacterium, Erysipelotrichaceae UCG-004, F0332, Leuconostoc, and the chain elongator Caproiciproducens. This microbiome also showed the highest predicted abundance of short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, the functional enzyme responsible for the chain elongation process. The combined approach herein used allowed to study the microbial ecology of chain elongation process from food waste by identifying the main functional groups, establishing the presence of potential biotic interactions within the microbiomes, and predicting metabolic potentialities. This study provided pivotal indications for the selection of high-performance microbiome involved in caproate production from food waste that can serve as a basis for further improving system performance and engineering the process scale-up.

Bio-Attractant of termites bait from waste paper and extract Ocimum basilicum Linn against Subterranean Termites Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren

Termites were the most destroying wood organism and one of the methods for controlling termites and suppressing its population is the baiting system. One of the conditions in the baiting system method is that the bait must be able to attract termites. Mostly the attractant is made from an extract of the plant. This research aimed to evaluate the attractants of termites bait from waste paper and extract of basil leaf (Ocimum basilicum) against subterranean termites Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren. Leaves of Ocimum basilicum extracted with maceration process with ethanol. After extraction, the yield was made into five concentration, consist of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%. The waste paper was made into termite’s bait with a square bait with measure 2 cm long x 2 cm wide x 1 cm thick. The result of research showed that the average of termites mortality value was 18.79% - 97.58%. The highest termites mortality was achieve on 10% concentration of extract Ocimum basilicum. Its followed by the concentration 8% with mortality value 91.52%; concentration 6% with mortality value 78.18%; concentration 4% with mortality value 61.82% and concentration 2% with mortality value 51.52%. Meanwhile on control treatment the mortality value was 18.79%. The average of weight loss of termite’s bait was 3.41% - 8.36%. The highest weight loss was achieved on concentration 8% and this bait was more attractive to termites. Termite’s bait from waste paper and extract of Ocimum basilicum was attractant to subteranean termites Coptotermes curvignathus and the optimum concentration was 8%.

Current progress in valorization of food processing waste and by-products for pectin extraction

Food processing waste and by-products such as peel of citrus fruit, melon, mango, pineapple, etc. and fruit pomace can be utilized for manufacturing of several high-value products. Valorization of these waste and by-products for extraction of pectin, can help offset growing environmental concerns, facilitate value-addition of by-products and their sustainable uses. Pectin has many applications in food industries such as gelling, thickening, stabilizing, and emulsifying agent, and as a dietary fibre. This review elaborates on various conventional and advanced, sustainable pectin extraction techniques, and paints a comparative picture between them considering extraction efficiency, quality, and functionality of the pectin. Conventional acid, alkali, and chelating agents-assisted extraction have been profusely used for pectin extraction, but advanced extraction technologies e.g., enzyme, microwave, supercritical water, ultrasonication, pulse electric field and high-pressure extraction are preferred due to less energy consumption, better quality product, higher yield, and minimal or no generation of harmful effluent.

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using extract of banana peel waste assisted by microwave irradiation

Silver (Ag) nanoparticles are among the most desirable nanomaterials for a variety of applications, such as lithium-ion battery, water pollution monitoring, photocatalytic water splitting, and medical devices. Their increased production and integration in environmental applications play an important role for nanoscience and nanotechnology in engineering. The synthesis methods of Ag nanoparticles include physical, chemical, and biological routes. In this study, we reported a rapid, eco-friendly, and cost-efficient method to synthesize Ag nanoparticles using an extract of banana peel waste as a reducing and capping agent under microwave radiation. A comparison between the conventional heating method and microwave radiation revealed that the microwave radiation method for the extraction of banana peel waste and the synthesis of Ag nanoparticles required much shorter extraction and reaction times. The effects of extraction conditions (banana peel content and extraction time) and synthesis conditions (silver nitrate concentration and reaction time) on Ag nanoparticles were investigated. The optimum conditions were found to be for the extraction: 50 g/L banana peel-to-water ratio and microwave extraction time of 140 s at 800 W and for the Ag nanoparticles synthesis: microwave reaction time of 120 s at 800 W and 1 mM silver nitrate solution and. Plasmonic Ag nanoparticles with a surface plasmon resonance peak at 420 nm and an average size of about 149 nm were synthesized.

Mycoremediation of Heavy Metals from Electronic Waste Polluted Water Using Indigenous Fungi and Its Implications

Background: Heavy metals (HM) pollutants are crucial environmental and public health problems due to their toxicity, which has implications on public health. The site of study has been reported to be densely polluted with heavy metals as a result of dumping used electronic wastes into the water body.
 Aim: This study was carried out to determine the biosorption potentials of indigenous fungi isolates in reducing heavy metal present in electronic wastes polluted water body.
 Study Design: This was a laboratory based study.
 Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the Microbial Resources Research Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Biology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Ogbomoso, Nigeria from July 2021 to June 2022.
 Methodology: Heavy metal polluted water sample was collected near the dumpsite of e-waste in Alaba International market, Lagos Nigeria. Fungi were isolated from the polluted water sample by carrying out serial dilution. Pure colonies were obtained and stored at 4°C. Media formulations (MF) trials for the biosorption process was achieved using brewery waste and honeycomb extracts. Exactly 200 ml of MF were dispensed into a 500 ml Elmeryer flask containing 100 ml of the e-waste polluted water and fugal discs. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used to determine the heavy metal concentration in the water samples. The biological interactions of the fungi with the polluted water sample was monitored using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The pH, electrical conductivity and other physicochemical parameters were also determined.
 Results: Trichoderma harzianum, T. viride, Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus and A. niger were isolated from the heavy metal polluted water samples. Heavy metal such as Pb (13.30 mg/L), Cd (16.50 mg/L), Cr (6.41 mg/L), Ni (3.81 mg/L), Zn (8.85 mg/L), Cu (8.33 mg/L), Fe (5.60 mg/L) had values which were higher than the acceptable limits. Biosorption efficiency of each of the fungus in reducing the metals present in the sample was in the increasing order of A. niger<A. flavus<F. oxysporum<T. viride<T. harzianum. FTIR showed that some peaks were shifted to lower wavenumber as a result of the interactions of the fungus with the heavy metal in the water sample. This study revealed that T. harzianum had the highest biosorption efficiency for the removal of heavy metal in the polluted water sample.
 Conclusion: It is essential that heavy metals be removed from polluted water body to avoid its deleterious effects on public health. This can be achieved biologically using any of the fungi isolated in this work.

Optimal pricing and sourcing strategies in a symbiotic supply chain under supply uncertainty

Uncertainty around the amount of recycled material is common in symbiotic supply chains. However, there are few studies in the field of operational decision-making that focus on this uncertainty. Considering the uncertainty and supply-side competition in a symbiotic supply chain, this paper focuses on decision-making among symbiotic supply chain stakeholders. We derive the analytical forms of the equilibrium solution for order quantities and the wholesale prices of recycled materials. By comparing different decisions, we obtain the conditions for various degrees of symbiosis. In general, a partial symbiosis mode is incurred when the effective purchase cost of recycled materials is higher than that of raw materials. Otherwise, a complete symbiosis mode occurred. Furthermore, the research results show that the decisions of all stakeholders in the symbiotic supply chain are influenced by a union of internal and external enterprise factors. In the partial symbiosis model, the decisions of all parties are influenced by a combination of technical and market factors, while in the complete symbiosis model, the decision-making of all parties is influenced only by a threshold formed by the above factors. In addition, the impact exerted by government policies (subsidies or taxes) on the symbiotic supply chain is studied through numerical experiments. The results of these experiments show that infrastructure subsidies are effective in certain scenarios. In some cases, the waste extraction cost subsidy is effective, while in other cases, the waste disposal tax increases the waste utilized.

Valorization of shalgam juice plant waste for the production of carotenoids by Rhodotorula glutinis

Food waste is an emerging global problem that should not be underestimated. One of the most abundant wastes in Türkiye and neighbour countries is the waste of shalgam juice plants (WSJP). In this study, WSJP was used as a growth medium for Rhodotorula glutinis. The effects of initial medium pH (3.4-5.4), carbon (0-60 g/L glycerol) and nitrogen sources (0-1 g/L urea) were investigated on biomass, medium pH, reducing sugar concentration, total lipid and carotenoid contents, as well as carotenoid composition (torulene, torularhodin, β-carotene). When crude waste extract (no additional nutrient) was used as growth medium (initial medium pH 3.4, 6.14 g/L sugar), biomass was relatively low (1.47±0.055 g/L), due to acidic pH and insufficient nutrients. However, these stress conditions increased the production of total lipid and carotenoid contents by R. glutinis. The highest lipid and carotenoid contents were obtained as 0.14±0.0004 g/g dry cell weight (dcw) and 1221.57±0.59 µg/g dcw, respectively, under these circumstances. As additional stress factor fermentation medium -crude WSJP extract- was illuminated for 72 h. This increased lipid content by 1.7-fold, while showing low impact on carotenoid content. Interestingly, illumination changed the carotenoid composition by decreasing torulene and β-carotene percentages, but increasing torularhodin percentage. On the other hand, tuning the initial pH to an ambient value (5.4) and the addition of carbon and nitrogen sources stimulated cell growth (4.67±0.07 g/L). This study presents the first time use of WSJP extract as a growth medium, without any additional nutrition, moreover, the simultaneous production of high-value added carotenoids.

Assessing anti-transpiration potential of beeswax waste on Calendula officinalis under drought stress conditions

Beeswax waste, as a novel biostimulant, may be involved in anti-transpiration process in plants exposed to drought stress. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the anti-transpiration effect of beeswax waste in comparison with chitosan, a known anti-transpiration substance. The treatments consisted of two drought stress conditions [no stress, 90% field capacity; and stress, 40% field capacity (FC)] together with four exogenous foliar applications [control (water), beeswax waste extract (BWE), chitosan, and BWE +chitosan]. Plants subjected to irrigation with 40% FC displayed a significant reduction in plant yield and physiological traits. In drought stress, foliar application with BWE and BWE + chitosan increased shoot dry weight, flower number and weight, net photosynthesis (Pn), essential oil percentage and yield, and decreased membrane permeability compared with water and chitosan spraying. Under drought stress, foliar treatment with BWE and chitosan decreased stomatal conductivity by about 8% and 31%, and transpiration (Tr) by 7% and 22%, respectively compared with water spraying. Under these conditions, the leaves sprayed with BWE and BWE + chitosan exhibited a lower temperature compared with water and chitosan treatments. Furthermore, foliar spraying with BWE + chitosan, BWE and chitosan increased the water use efficiency (WUE) by 104%, 92% and 56%, respectively, compared to control. Foliar application with BWE, chitosan and BWE + chitosan improved ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT) activity and osmoregulation parameters (increased proline, proteins and soluble sugars) as plant adaptive mechanisms to drought. In conclusion, BWE can mitigate the drought stress similarly to chitosan, a better known anti-transpiration agent.

Green Biogenic of Silver Nanoparticles Using Polyphenolic Extract of Olive Leaf Wastes with Focus on Their Anticancer and Antimicrobial Activities.

Agro-industrial wastes are rich in polyphenols and other bioactive compounds, and valorizing these wastes is a crucial worldwide concern for saving health and the environment. In this work, olive leaf waste was valorized by silver nitrate to produce silver nanoparticles (OLAgNPs), which exhibited various biological, antioxidant, anticancer activities against three cancer cell lines, and antimicrobial activity against multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria and fungi. The obtained OLAgNPs were spherical, with an average size of 28 nm, negatively charged at -21 mV, and surrounded by various active groups more than the parent extract based on FTIR spectra. The total phenolic and total flavonoid contents significantly increased in OLAgNPs by 42 and 50% over the olive leaf waste extract (OLWE); consequently, the antioxidant activity of OLAgNPs increased by 12% over OLWE, recording an SC50 of OLAgNPs of 5 µg/mL compared to 30 µg/mL in the extract. The phenolic compound profile detected by HPLC showed that gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, rutin, naringenin, catechin, and propyl gallate were the main compounds in the HPLC profile of OLAgNPs and OLWE; the content of these compounds was higher in OLAgNPs than OLWE by 16-fold. The higher phenolic compounds in OLAgNPs are attributable to the significant increase in biological activities of OLAgNPs than that of OLWE. OLAgNPs successfully inhibited the proliferation of three cancer cell lines, MCF-7, HeLa, and HT-29, by 79-82% compared to 55-67% in OLWE and 75-79% in doxorubicin (DOX). The preliminary worldwide problem is multi-drug resistant microorganisms (MDR) because of the random use of antibiotics. Therefore, in this study, we may find the solution in OLAgNPs with concentrations of 2.5-20 µg/mL, which significantly inhibited the growth of six MDR bacteria L. monocytogenes, B. cereus, S. aureus, Y. enterocolitica, C. jejuni, and E. coli with inhibition zone diameters of 25-37 mm and six pathogenic fungi in the range of 26-35 mm compared to antibiotics. OLAgNPs in this study may be applied safely in new medicine to mitigate free radicals, cancer, and MDR pathogens.

γ-Aminobutyric acid produced by Levilactobacillus brevis using Chinese cabbage waste

To utilize Chinese cabbage waste (CCW) recovered from the pickle industry, a simple medium named Chinese cabbage medium (CCM) was developed for Levilactobacillus growth and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) production. The optimal medium compositions were 30% Chinese cabbage waste extracts (CCWE), 3% glucose, 0.25% yeast extract (YE), 0.25 X salts (0.25% sodium acetate, 0.1% sodium citrate, 0.1% ammonium sulfate, 0.005% magnesium sulfate and 0.0025% manganese sulfate), and initial pH 5.0 adjusted by HCl. L. brevis was incubated in this medium with 1% monosodium glutamate (MSG) at 30 °C for 24 h. Cell counts reached 4.16 × 109 CFU/ml, and the control results from MRS medium was 4.07 × 109 CFU/ml. GABA conversion rate at 18 h of this medium was 99.12%, higher than the MRS medium of 95.01%. Fructose and maltose were beneficial to the growth of L. brevis, but glucose was conducive to GABA synthesis. To obtain a high yield of GABA, CCM medium with 10% MSG was optimized by response surface methodology and resulted in 21.84% CCWE, 5.5% glucose, 4% YE, 1 X salt, 0.2% disodium phosphate, and initial pH of 4.5. GABA conversion rate reached 100% at 48 h with a final yield of 55.1 g/L.

Repellent Effect of Leaf-Cutting Ant Waste Against the Aphid Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach)

Most conventional methods for controlling agricultural pests cause environmental problems. Thus, sustainable pest management methods have been constantly sought and tested in recent years. The waste substrate produced by leaf-cutting ants (referred to as ‘nest refuse’) is reported to be repellent to their own foraging. This substrate is avoided by leaf-cutting ants because it presents chemical and physical warning signs to the ants in addition to possible pathogens. In the present study, we experimentally analyzed whether a liquid formulation prepared with the discarded substrate produced by leafcutting ants of the species Acromyrmex balzani and Atta opaciceps would be repellent to the aphid Lipaphis erysimi. A total of 103 bioassays were carried out in petri dishes of Ꝋ = 150 mm, with two leaf discs of Brassica oleracea L. (var. acephala) sprayed with the control solution (water/alcohol 50%) or with the extract of the nest refuse of one of the ant species. Bioassays were compared using binomial analysis. Ant waste extracts from both species were efficient in repelling aphids (P < 0.05). New studies can help fill in the gaps found, such as the identification of substances potentially causing the effect, the duration of the effect, and the dosage and adequate amounts of extract to be applied, as well as other crops to be protected, and other pests to be repelled.

Biosynthesis, and characterization of Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) obtained from the extract of waste of strawberry

Nanotechnology has become a promising approach and gain the appreciable recognition due to have biomedical application. Nanoparticles exhibited unique characteristic and play an effective role in area of science. The synthesis of nanoparticles with desire size and shape is an important field of research in nanotechnology. Herein we synthesized the zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using zinc acetate as precursor and extract of waste strawberry extract as a reducing agent and stabilizing agent. Further, obtained ZnO NPs characterized by UV–vis, FTIR, EDX, XRD, and TEM analysis. The UV–vis result confirm ZnONPs formation with its surface Plasmon resonance peak (SPR) at 311 nm due to the collective oscillations of electrons in the conduction band in UV–vis spectra. XRD peaks also meet the standard of ZnONPs peaks and indicated that the prepared material consists of particles in nanoscale range. The SEM and TEM analyze the morphology, shape and size in range 50 nm with spherical shape. The FTIR was tested the functional group liable for the synthesis of ZnONPs.Graphical

Multiple modification on nanoporous silicon derived from photovoltaic silicon cutting waste for extraction of PbⅡ in industrial effluents

The post-processing and recycling of silicon cutting scraps in PV industry is of great importance both in environmental remediation and from an economic perspective. In this work, a novel organic-inorganic composite was synthesized by three-step surface modification of nanoporous silicon (NPSi) powder that was etched with Ag-assisted chemically of kerf loss silicon waste, which showed high-effective extraction of PbⅡ in industrial effluents. The factors that have a decisive influence on its absorption performance, such as original pH value, absorption saturation time, and original concentration of PbII, are studied in detail. The produced adsorbent has a maximum adsorption capacity of 253.3 mg/g for PbII at the ideal circumstances of pH = 6, t = 10 min, and C0 = 300 mg/L. Both the Langmuir isotherm and the pseudo-second-order model exhibit favorable agreement with the adsorption process. In addition, the adsorption mechanism is dominated by chemical chelation and ion exchange reactions between silanol groups and PbII. The EDA-CC-APTES-NPSi still held fantabulous adsorption capacity even after undergoing a consecutive regeneration round. Hence, this study is about contributing to a new recycling idea of silicon cutting waste, as well as providing a potential adsorbent for efficient PbⅡ removal.

Natural color performance from nine species origins of lowland wood wastes

In the past, natural pigments derived from plant-biomass wastes had been widely used for coloring purposes (e.g. fabrics/batik), before finally getting pushed aside by the imported synthetic/inorganic pigments. Thorough attempts to revive the use of such natural pigments then deserve carrying out. Relevantly, conducting storage of liquid/wet or dry natural coloring pigments, extracted from wood wastes; and use of fixatives for batik fabrics intended to impart fabric-color variations. Wood wastes (i.e. leaves and barks) were obtained from nine plant species (Acacia mangium Willd, Avicenia marina L, Caesalpinia sappan L, Ceriop tagal Perr. CB. Rob, Pelthophorum ferruginum Benth, Rhyzophora mucronata Lamk, Tectona grandis Linn.f., Terminalia catappa L and Xylocarpus granatum KD Koenig.), prevalently growing on plain/lowland areas; and their wood portions commonly utilized by wood industries, which generate similar wastes enormously. The pigments in liquid/wet and then in dry forms were produced from those wastes. The production process of pigments adopted traditions by local batik crafters in Bogor. Variations occurring in fabric colors could be due to fixatives, i.e. lime (CaCO3), ferrous sulphate/tunjung (FeSO4); and various wastes. Six-month storage insignificantly changed the coloring qualities of natural coloring pigments applied to fabrics, compared to those of corresponding initially produced pigments. Leaf wastes always contained green-colored compounds, while bark wastes appeared aptly brownish in color. Color performances of bark extracts at fabrics with ferro-sulfat fixative brought about strong grey colors, and with lime fixative produced brown colors. Coloring of fabrics using leaf waste extracts with ferro-sulfat fixative aptly exhibited greenish grey; while with lime fixative became reddish brown. Testing results on the leaching resistance of pigment-colored and fixative-treated fabrics against rubbing and exposure to sunlight revealed a very good category (4-5), but against detergent, washing was very low (2-3).

Functionalization of Screen-Printed Electrodes with Grape Stalk Waste Extract-Assisted Synthesized Silver and Gold Nanoparticles: Perspectives of Electrocatalytically Enhanced Determination of Uranyl Ion and Other Heavy Metals Ions.

Recently, nanotechnology and nanoparticles (NPs) such as AgNPs and AuNPs have become important in analytical chemistry due to their great potential to improve the performance of electrochemical sensors. In this work, Ag and Au nanoparticles have been synthesized using a green route in which a grape stalk waste extract is used as a reducing agent to obtain metallic nanoparticles. These NPs were used to customize the surface of commercial screen-printed electrodes (SPCNFEs). The spin-coating method was used to modify commercial SPCNFEs under a nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting electrodes were used in a determination study of Cd(II), Pb(II), and U(VI) with differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV). The customized green AgNPs and AuNPs electrodes presented higher sensitivity and electroanalytical performance than the non-modified SPCNFE. The results showed that the best analytical parameters were obtained with the green, silver nanoparticle SPCNFEs, with a LOD of 0.12 μg L-1 for Pb(II), which is a lower value compared to the most restrictive regulation guidelines. Additionally, the U(VI) ion was successfully determined using the developed G-AgNPs-SPCNFE in spiked tap water, showing comparable results with the ICP-MS technique.

Proposal for Implementation of Extraction Mechanism of Raw Materials during Landfill Mining and Its Application in Alternative Fuel Production

New approaches to waste management and the demands of the circular economy have changed the management of landfills. Over time, the decomposition of buried waste primarily determines the amount of recyclable and combustible materials. This pilot study attempted to assess the feasibility of extracting and recovering energy-intensive raw materials from landfills by developing a waste extraction mechanism and creating a solid recovered fuel (SRF) production line for use as a replacement fuel in the cement industry. The proposed mechanism consisted of two stages. The first stage was recommended to be carried out on the landfill territory by screening out the fine fraction and extracting inert materials and bulky waste. The second stage should be on the mechanical biological treatment (MBT) plant’s territory by adding additional technological equipment to the MBT line. The productivity of the SRF production line was calculated and was 4.9 t/h. The mechanism proposed in the work was tested at the operating test site in Lithuania. The composition of Landfill Mined Residues (LMRs) was studied, and the energy potential of the studied part of the landfill was calculated, which was 196,700 GJ. It has been found that the SRF produced complies with the European Union (EU) standard and, according to its classification characteristics, belongs to class III and can be used as a replacement fuel in the clinker firing process. An environmental and economic efficiency assessment was conducted using SRF in the cement kiln. The calculation result showed that using 10% SRF as a replacement fuel for coal used in clinker firing at 2.51 t/h would save 1274 USD/h in coal costs. This use of SRF will emit 3.64 t/h CO2 and achieve a net savings of 1355 USD/h. The mechanism proposed in this work aimed at reducing waste in landfills by converting materials into energy resources will help achieve the circular economy’s goals.