Leaf Extract Research Articles

Plant‐assisted synthesis of Fe3O4 nanoparticles for catalytic degradation of methyl orange dye and electrochemical sensing of nitrite

AbstractThe present study details a more environmentally friendly method for synthesizing iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4‐NPs) utilizing Hibiscus sabdariffa (H. sabdariffa) leaf extract. The produced H. sabdariffa/Fe3O4‐NPs underwent characterization through VSM, XRD, FESEM‐EDX, TEM and FTIR analyses. The FESEM and TEM images revealed that the H. sabdariffa/Fe3O4‐NPs had a narrow distribution and an average particle size of 5±2 nm. Catalytic degradation studies of the synthesized Fe3O4‐NPs exhibited efficient reduction of methyl orange (MO) dye. The degradation of MO catalysed by H. sabdariffa/Fe3O4‐NPs follow the pseudo‐first order kinetics, with a rate constant of 0.0328 s−1 (R2=0.9866). Moreover, in electrochemical sensing studies, the anodic peak current of nitrite (NO2−) for H. sabdariffa/Fe3O4‐NPs/GCE showed a linear relationship with its concentration within the range of 0.5–7.5 mM, achieving a detection limit of 0.29 μM. These findings demonstrate that the modified electrode with Fe3O4‐NPs synthesized using H. sabdariffa leaf extract serve as a novel electrochemical sensor for determining NO2− with high sensitivity and reproducibility.

Formulasi Dan Evaluasi Sediaan Shampo Ekstrak Etanol Daun Cengkeh (Syzygium Aromaticum L) Sebagai Penumbuh Rambut Pada Tikus Putih Jantan

Clove leaves have the property of overcoming hair growth problems, where the eugenol compound contained in clove leaves is efficacious as a hair growth agent. This research was conducted to formulate a clove leaf extract shampoo preparation. The research method used was the experimental method. Tests were carried out on experimental animals, namely male white mice in various groups. The first group (without treatment), the second group (negative control), the third group (5% clove leaf extract shampoo), the fourth group (10% clove leaf ethanol extract shampoo), the fifth group (15% clove leaf ethanol extract shampoo) and groups sixth (positive control). The shampoo preparations were tested and evaluated, the results of the preparation evaluation test showed that the four shampoo preparations were homogeneous and had a pH ranging from 5.1-5.7, with a viscosity of 1700-3000 cps and a foam height of 9-11 cm. This shampoo preparation also does not irritate the skin. The results of the data analysis obtained showed that all data were normally distributed (p> 0.005) and homogeneous (p> 0.005). The results of the one way ANOVA test show that F1 (5% formula), F2 (10% formula) and F3 (15% formula) have significant differences. This research shows that clove leaf ethanol extract shampoo with a concentration of 15% is the most effective formulation in hair growth in male white rats. However, the ethanol extract of clove leaves shampoo is less effective than minoxidil 5% for hair growth.

Inhibitory activities of ten accessions of underutilised West Africa legume Macrotyloma geocarpum (Harms) Maréchal & Baudet, growing in Nigeria against metabolic enzymes α-amylase and α-glucosidase

Underutilised legumes are important crop species whose cultivation and consumption are declining despite their medicinal and nutritional benefits. One of the most pressing global health concerns of the twenty-first century is diabetes, characterised by elevated blood sugar levels (hyperglycaemia). Food plays a huge role in the incidence and management of metabolic diseases such as diabetes. Hence, pharmacological research along the food-medicine continuum is being ignited by recent evidence linking diet to health and illness incidence. Herein, we determined in vitro the inhibitory effects of the gene bank-stored seed and freshly cultivated seed and leaf extracts of ten accessions of an underutilised legume (Macrotyloma geocarpum) on the enzymes involved in carbohydrate breakdown to glucose (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) as a strategy to reduce hyperglycaemia. The extracts of seed accessions obtained from the gene bank showed weakly α-amylase inhibition (IC50 range = 300–1000 µg/mL) while, extracts of the cultivated seed accessions generally showed enhanced inhibitory effects (IC50 range = 63–355 µg/mL), when compared to standard Acarbose® (IC50 = 64.23 ± 0.02 µg/mL). Freshly harvested seed accessions (72–616 µg/mL) were also observed to have enhanced inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase enzyme than the seeds from the gene bank (39–185 µg/mL) when compared to Acarbose® (73.23 ± 0.02 µg/mL). However, the leaf extracts of the cultivated accessions displayed significantly higher α–amylase inhibition (IC50 range = 54–61 µg/mL) than the cultivated seeds while a reversed case was observed in the α–glucosidase inhibition. Overall, this study suggests the medicinal importance of the underutilised M. geocarpum legume in the management of diabetes while considering the varying bioactive effects of the accessions as well as cultivation and storage.

Antioxidant Activity and UHPLC-MS/MS Characterization of Polyphenol and Nicotine Content in Nicotiana Glauca Leaf Extracts: A Comparative Study of Conventional and Deep Eutectic Solvent Extraction Methods.

The leaves of Nicotiana glauca (N. glauca; Solanaceae) plant are a known, major human health concern. This study investigated the antioxidant activity and polyphenols composition of aerial parts of N. glauca collected from its wild habitat in Jordan, using Methanol-Conventional (MC) and deep eutectic solvents (DES) extraction methods in addition to nicotine content determination using UHPLC. Our results showed that the MC extract contains fewer total phenols and flavonoid content than the 90% DES extract, (0.1194 ± 0.009 and 0.311 ± 0.020 mg/mL equivalent to gallic acid) and (0.01084 ± 0.005 and 0.928 ± 0.09 mg/mL equivalent to rutin), respectively. Moreover, this study showed that the prepared MC extract contain 635.07 ppm nicotine, while the 90% DES extract contain 1194.91 ppm nicotine. Extracts prepared using the MC and the DES methods exhibited weak antioxidant activities; the highest was a 33% inhibition rate (equivalent to ascorbic acid), obtained by the 90% DES extract,. The performed UHPLC-MS/MS analysis in this study also revealed the presence of variations in the detected compounds between the two extraction methods. Furthermore, this study found that environmentally friendly DES extraction of N. glauca produced higher phenol and flavonoid content than the MC method; this highlights the superior efficiency and environmental benefits of sustainable chemistry methods for extracting valuable phytoconstituents.

Synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Ginkgo biloba leaf extract and its in vitro anticancer effects on nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells

Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using Ginkgo biloba leaf aqueous extract was optimized by response surface methodology to yield monodispersed, crystalline nanoparticles of 18 ± 4 nm diameter. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed capping by flavonoids, terpenoids and polyphenols providing stability for over 6 months. The biosynthesized AuNPs exhibited promising in vitro dose and time-dependent antiproliferative effects against human nasopharyngeal carcinoma CNE1 cells with IC50 reducing from 65.7 to 39.2 μg/mL over 24–72 hrs. Distinct cytoplasmic damage was observed under microscope. Treatment with 50 μg/mL AuNPs for 48 hrs dramatically upregulated pro-apoptotic Bax, Caspase-3 and p53 by 8.7, 6.5 and 4.3 fold respectively while downregulating anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 by 11.2 fold, indicating apoptosis induction via mitochondrial intrinsic pathway. The green fabricated G. biloba AuNPs displayed preferential toxicity towards carcinoma cells compared to normal fibroblasts, indicating potential for targeted nasopharyngeal cancer therapy.

Exploring Vernonia amygdalina’s leaf extracts for phytochemical screening and its anti-bacterial activities

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to screen the phytochemicals and assess the antibacterial properties of crude extracts from Vernonia amygdalina leaves against specific pathogenic bacteria. Qualitative and qauntitave analysis was performed on both ethanol and ethyl acetate crude extracts using standardized techniques. The analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenol, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, tannins, and cardiac glycosides in the ethanol extract, while saponins and glycosides were absent in the ethyl acetate extract. The quantities of phenols, flavonoids, and alkaloids were determined using Gallic acid, quercetin, and atropine assays, respectively. The ethanol extract contained 154.7 ± 3.6 (mg GAE/g) of total phenols, 33.3 ± 1.8 (mg QE/g) of flavonoids, and 2.4 ± 0.08 (mg AE) of alkaloids, whereas the ethyl acetate extract contained 93.7 ± 3.9 (mg GAE/g) of total phenols, 30.7 ± 8.3 (mg QE/g) of flavonoids, and 1.57 ± 0.3 (mg GAE/g) of alkaloids. This study identified 44 components in the ethanol crude extract and 10 components in the ethyl acetate crude extract. The presence of alkanes, alkenes, amines, carboxylic acids, and alcohols was confirmed by FT-IR analysis. Each crude extract was tested at concentrations of 500 mg/mL, 250 mg/mL, 125 mg/mL, and 62.5 mg/mL using the same method. A concentration of 0.001 mg/mL of Penicillin capsule standard drugs and dimethyl sulfoxide were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. Overall, the results of the study indicated that both crude extracts exhibited antibacterial activity at higher concentrations.

Comparative Studies on Antibacterial Potentials of Cassia fistula and Carica papaya Leaf Extract against Selected Fish Pathogens

Aim: To investigate the antibacterial efficacy of Cassia fistula and Carica papaya leaf extracts against selected fish pathogens such as Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis and Micrococcus luteus, Study Design: To carry out the antibacterial sensitivity studies of C. fistula and C. papaya leaf extracts using one way analysis of variance. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biological Sciences, Bells University of Technology, Ota, Ogun State, between November 2022-April, 2023 Methodology: Leaves were subjected to aqueous extraction, and concentrated at 500C in hot air oven. The extracts were screen for biomolecules responsible for antibacterial activities. Antibacterial sensitivity test was carried out on bacteria pathogens using agar well diffusion technique. Results: Results showed that C. fistula leaf extract was more effective against A. hydrophila (20.00b ± 2.31 mm) and P. mirabilis (17.00b ± 1.15 mm) than C. papaya leaf extract. (14.00c ± 2.31 mm and 15.00c ± 1.15 mm), while C. papaya was only effective against V. parahaemolyticus (17.50b ±1.73 mm) than C. fistula (15.50c ± 0.58 mm). The results depicted significant difference (P˂0.05) in the inhibition zone among A. hydrophila, V. parahaemolyticus and P. mirabilis, except S. aureus (12.50b ± 1.73 mm) and M. luteus (11.50b ± 0.58 mm) (P˃0.05). Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations and Minimum Bactericidal Concentrations confirmed that C. fistula was more effective on A. hydrophila than C. papaya at a lesser dose with a marked difference (P˃0.05). Conclusion: C. fistula leaf extract exhibited higher antibacterial efficacy than C. papaya, showing that it is more effective against all tested bacteria except V. parahaemolyticus. This implies that C. fistula is an excellent antibacterial agent with capacity to destroy a wide range of bacteria than C. papaya. Therefore, it can be used to treat fish diseases and pond water against bacteria pathogens, including multidrug resistant bacteria.

Phytochemical analysis, toxicity assessment, and wound healing properties of Emilia sonchifolia L. leaf extract in rats

Emilia sonchifolia is used in ethnomedicine to treat various diseases such as diarrhoea, diabetes, inflammation, cuts and wounds. This research focused on analyzing the phytochemical composition, toxicity levels, and wound healing effects of the leaf extract of Emilia sonchifolia (LEES). The phytochemical evaluation of LEES was conducted using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). During the acute toxicity test, rats were orally given a single dose of aqueous LEES up to 5 g/kg. In the subacute toxicity assessment, the rats were separated into four groups. Group 1 (normal control), and groups 2, 3, and 4 were given oral doses of 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg of ALEES. The GC–MS LEES analysis identified fifty five (55) chemical constituents, with eight bioactive compounds including limonene, D-carvone, hexadecane, tetradecane, 1-docosene, 9-octadecenoic acid (Z)-, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester, 2-piperidinone, N-[4-bromo-n-butyl]- and oleic acid. No signs of toxicity or death were observed following a single dose administration of 5 g/kg. Oral administration of ALEES led to significant reductions (p < 0.05) in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triacylglycerol levels compared to the control group. Rats administered with ALEES exhibited dose-dependent elevations (p < 0.05) in the levels of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. No significant changes (p > 0.05) were observed in the haematological indices, serum liver and renal biomarkers between the test and control groups. In wound healing studies, ALEES demonstrated higher wound contraction percentage and tensile strength in comparison to the control group. This study ultimately revealed that ALEES is non-toxic, yet contains bioactive compounds with pharmacological properties. These activities are associated with its ability to lower lipid levels, act as an antioxidant, and promote wound healing.

Wound healing potential and anti-inflammatory action of extracts and compounds of Myrciaria plinioides D. Legrand leaves.

Wounds or chronic injuries are associated with high medical costs so, develop healing-oriented drugs is a challenge for modern medicine. The identification of new therapeutic alternatives focuses on the use of natural products. Therefore, the main goal of this study was to evaluate the healing potential and anti-inflammatory mechanism of action of extracts and the main compounds derived from Myrciaria plinioides D. Legrand leaves. The antimicrobial activity of leaf extracts was analyzed. Cell viability, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of plant extracts and compounds were also assessed. Release of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and TGF-β by ELISA, and protein expression was determined by Western Blot. The cell migration and cell proliferation of ethanol and aqueous leaf extracts and p-coumaric acid, quercetin and caffeic acid compounds were also evaluated. The aqueous extract exhibited antibacterial activity and, after determining the safety concentrations in three assays, we showed that this extract induced p38-α MAPK phosphorylation and the same extract and the p-coumaric acid decreased COX-2 and caspase-3, -8 expression, as well as reduced the TNF-α release and stimulated the IL-10 in RAW 264.7 cells. In L929 cells, the extract and p-coumaric acid induced TGF-β release, besides increasing the process of cell migration and proliferation. These results suggested that the healing properties of Myrciaria plinioides aqueous extract can be associated to the presence of phenolic compounds, especially p-coumaric acid, and/or glycosylated metabolites.

Elucidation and active ingredient identification of aqueous extract of Ficus exasperata Vahl leaf against bisphenol A-induced toxicity through in vivo and in silico assessments.

Elucidation and active ingredient identification of aqueous extract of Ficus exasperata Vahl leaf against bisphenol A-induced toxicity through in vivo and in silico assessments.

FORMULATION OF NANOSTRUCTURED LIPID CARRIER GEL FROM CALLUS EXTRACT OF MULBERRY LEAF (MORUS ALBA L.) WITH 2, 4-DICHLORO PHENOXY ACETIC ACID AND BENZYL AMINO PURINE AS CALLUS GROWTH FACTOR

Objective: This research aimed to formulate the callus extract of mulberry leaf in the form of a Nanostructured lipid Carrier (NLC) gel. Methods: Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4–D) and Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) was used as a callus growth factor. Callus leaf extracted with ethanol 96% by maceration-sonication method. An amount of 0.5% callus leaf extract was formulated into NLC. The NLC is then evaluated for its particle size and polydispersity index. The NLC gel is evaluated for its organoleptic, homogeneity, viscosity, flow ability, and pH. The callus extract and the NLC gel were also evaluated for their tyrosinase inhibitor activity. Results: The best formulation of NLC showed a particle size of 189.8 nm and a polydispersity index of 0.578. The NLC is a semi-solid, yellowish, odorless, homogeneous gel, with viscosity of 26,666.67 cPs, plastic-thixotropic type, pH of 5.26. The evaluation of tyrosinase inhibitory activity of the callus extract and the NLC gel showed IC50 value of 217.64 and 248.12 ug/ml. Conclusion: It can be concluded that leaf callus extract of mulberry can be formulated into an NLC gel that is physically and chemically stable and has good skin-lightening activity.

Olahan Pangan Sehat dari Ikan Gabus Giling dengan Ekstraksi Daun Kelor (Pempek Kelor) di Lorong Oxindo Kelurahan 1 Ulu Palembang

Snakehead fish or Ophiocephallus striatus provides many benefits to the human body. Especially for children, pregnant women, and diabetics. There are many preparations that can be made using Snakehead Fish, one of which is Pempek. Pempek which is a typical food from the city of Palembang, in addition to containing a lot of protein and carbohydrates. It turns out that it can be a healthier processed food by mixing moringa leaf extract in it. Moringa or Moringa eleifera in addition to having low calories, moringa leaves also contain iron, magnesium, phosphorus, calcium, potassium, and zinc. Because of the efficacy of moringa leaves, the WHO even dubbed it as the Miracle Tree. The purpose of this community service activity is to inform and provide assistance to the people of Village 1 Ulu Lorong Oxindo on how to make healthy food from ground snakehead fish with moringa leaf extract. In this service, using the counseling method by providing material on the introduction of moringa products and their nutritional value, as well as direct training in making moringa pempek. It is hoped that the results of the activities will help develop attractive and sustainable tourism products, encourage local economic growth, and showcase healthy culinary innovations as part of the Palembang tourism experience.

Qualitative Phytochemical Detection of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Two Medicinal Plant Such as Ocimum basilicum and Coleus amboinicus

Study on phytochemical detection of ethanoic leaf by qualitative analysis focuses on the presence of phytochemicals in two different plant leaves. Ocimum basilicum and Coleus amoboinicus the findings are expected to contribute to the development of natural products and enhance the utilization of plant as a medicine.The method of extraction using ethanol as a solvent is attributed to its efficacy in extracting broad spectrum of phytochemicals, ensuring the comprehensive analysis of the bioactive constituents present in these plants. Preliminary phytochemical tests are being carried out by following standard procedure. Qualitative analysis revealed that Coleus amboinicus contained alkaloids, betacyanin, carbohydrates, Flavonoids, Cardiac glycosides, Phenol,and Starch. In contrast Ocimum basilicum exhibited a broad spectrum including Alkaloids, Anthocyaninand betacyanin, carbohydrates, Coumarine, Flavanoids, Cardiac glycosides, phenols, Saponins, Starch, Tannins, Terpenoids. The findings highlight the diverse bioactive compounds present in the leaves consideredfir studyshows their potential in the development of medicinal agricultural and cosmetics products.Further research in these phytochemicals such as terpenoids, terpenes in herbal plants as insecticide is recommended for sustainable agricultural practices.

Exploration of Antibacterial and Antioxidant Potential of Eclipta prostrata Leaf Extract

Background: Eclipta prostrate also recognized as Bhringaraja is an annual herbaceous plant, commonly known as king of hairs. It is an erect or prostrate, much branched, roughly hairy, annual, rooting at the nodes; the leaves are opposite, sessile and lanceolate belonging to family Asteraceae. This plant is a significant medicinal plant in the tropical and subtropical areas. It is broadly used in treating different diseases of skin, liver and stomach in India, Nepal, Bangladesh and other countries. Methods: The main aim of this work was to collect and analyze the available information on traditional uses, phytoconstituents and biological activities of E. prostrata. Eclipta prostrata L. methanol extract was evaluated for its phytochemical compounds, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and antibacterial activity. Result: Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, steroids, glycoproteins and volatile oil the total saponin content was found to be 84.175 ± 0.575 in mg/g equivalent of diosgenin. The results of antioxidant activity measured by the FRAP method revealed stronger reducing power of the extract. Further antibacterial activity was observed against K. pneumoniae and S. aureus in potential of inhibiting the tested microorganisms. Crude methanolic extract of E. prostrate recorded a minimum inhibitory concentration of 2 mg/ml. The results of current study suggested that antioxidant activity and antibacterial activity could be due to polyphenols, however chiefly by various active compounds or substances present in the extract. Further isolation, characterization and identification of the potential phytochemical compound from crude extract needs to be addressed.

FORMULATION OF BINAHONG LEAVES (ANREDERA CORDIFOLIA) EXTRACT NANOPARTICLE AND EVALUATION OF IN VIVO ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY

Objective: Binahong leaves (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) is an herbal plant that is most commonly used to cure various types of diseases in Indonesia, including diabetes. The objective of this study was to conduct a comparative analysis of the antidiabetic activities between binahong leaves extract and binahong leaves extract nanoparticles. Methods: Nanoparticle formulation was carried out using chitosan and sodium alginate polymers as crosslinkers. DDY strain mice with 70% ethanol extract of binahong leaves as test material Binahong leaf extract was tested on alloxan-induced diabetic mice at a dose of 200 mg/kgBW intraperitoneally. The dose of binahong extract used was 200 mg/kgBB and 200 mg/kgBB of chitosan-sodium alginate nanoparticles orally for 14 ds. Results: Obtained extract nanoparticle met the specification, with average sizes of 192.7 nm, zeta potential of+25.3 mV. Extract nanoparticle with a dose equivalent to 200 mg/kgBB binahong leaf extract can reduce blood glucose levels in mice induced by alloxan was better than binahong leaf extract at a dose 200 mg/kgBW with respective percent reduction in blood glucose levels are 45.89% and 33.38%. Conclusion: The formulated extract nanoparticle can enhance the antidiabetic activity of binahong leaves extract.

Encapsulation of anti-bacterial Piper betle leaf extract in thermo-sensitive and biodegradable chitosan hydrogels: synthesis, characterization and release kinetics

Encapsulation of anti-bacterial Piper betle leaf extract in thermo-sensitive and biodegradable chitosan hydrogels: synthesis, characterization and release kinetics

Changes in Individual and Group Compositions of Polyphenols in Leaves of Lonicera caerulea subsp. altaica and Spiraea chamaedryfolia as Related to Chemical Element Contents in Soil and Plants on Ultra-alkaline Parent Rock Material.

Using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the contents of main classes of biologically active polyphenols in leaf extracts were analyzed in the medicinal species Spiraea chamaedryfolia L. (Rosaceae) and Lonicera caerulea subsp. altaica L. (Caprifoliaceae). Their features were studied in relation to the macroelement and trace element contents in soil and phytomass in sites with sporadic occurrence of serpentinites in the Altai Mountains. A total of 16 polyphenolic compounds were identified for the first time in S. chamaedryfolia leaf extracts. Of these, three compounds were attributed to phenol carboxylic acids; ten, to flavonols; two, to flavones; and one was identified as a flavanone. In L. caerulea subsp. altaica, the analysis confirmed the polyphenolic composition measured earlier, including hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonols, and flavones, and identified an additional compound as a flavanone. Species-specific shifts in plant secondary metabolism were found to occur in response to specific edaphic properties and the accumulation of macroelements and trace elements in leaves of plants growing in an area with a natural geochemical anomaly.

Biomass of Anthonotha macrophylla leaf extract as a mild steel acid corrosion inhibitor: Experimental and theoretical study

This study investigated weight loss and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to explore the inhibition potential of Anthonotha macrophylla leaf extract (AME) on mild steel corrosion in 0.5 M H2SO4 medium. The result shows that the highest inhibition efficiency of 90.47 % at 303 K and 80.02 % at 333 K were obtained. At temperatures of 303 K and 333 K, it was discovered that the corrosion rate decreased as the concentration of the AME inhibitor rose from 0.1 g/L (7.73×10−4gcm−2hr−1) to 0.5 g/L (2.27×10−4 gcm−2hr−1). The result of the EIS measurement is in consistent with that of the weight loss method. Adsorption isotherms portrayed that Tempkin and Freundlich's adsorption isotherms were obeyed. Calculated values of Ea, ∆Hads and ∆Gads suggested a physical adsorption mechanism. FTIR, SEM-EDX, and XRD measurements revealed that the AME inhibitor efficiently shields the mild steel surface from further corrosion attack by inducing the formation of passivated film on the mild steel surface. The calculated quantum parameters correlated with experimental results, thus, AME can be used as an alternative inhibitor for the protection of mild steel against corrosion.

Impact of Irpex lenis and Schizophyllum commune endophytic fungi on Perilla frutescens: enhancing nutritional uptake, phytochemicals, and antioxidant potential

BackgroundEndophytic fungi (EF) reside within plants without causing harm and provide benefits such as enhancing nutrients and producing bioactive compounds, which improve the medicinal properties of host plants. Selecting plants with established medicinal properties for studying EF is important, as it allows a deeper understanding of their influence. Therefore, the study aimed to investigate the impact of EF after inoculating the medicinal plant Perilla frutescens, specifically focusing on their role in enhancing medicinal properties.ResultsIn the current study, the impact of two EF i.e., Irpex lenis and Schizophyllum commune isolated from A. bracteosa was observed on plant Perilla frutescens leaves after inoculation. Plants were divided into four groups i.e., group A: the control group, group B: inoculated with I. lenis; group C: inoculated with S. commune and group D: inoculated with both the EF. Inoculation impact of I. lenis showed an increase in the concentration of chlorophyll a (5.32 mg/g), chlorophyll b (4.46 mg/g), total chlorophyll content (9.78 mg/g), protein (68.517 ± 0.77 mg/g), carbohydrates (137.886 ± 13.71 mg/g), and crude fiber (3.333 ± 0.37%). Furthermore, the plants inoculated with I. lenis showed the highest concentrations of P (14605 mg/kg), Mg (4964.320 mg/kg), Ca (27389.400 mg/kg), and Mn (86.883 mg/kg). The results of the phytochemical analysis also indicated an increased content of total flavonoids (2.347 mg/g), phenols (3.086 mg/g), tannins (3.902 mg/g), and alkaloids (1.037 mg/g) in the leaf extract of P. frutescens inoculated with I. lenis. Thus, overall the best results of inoculation were observed in Group B i.e. inoculated with I. lenis. GC-MS analysis of methanol leaf extract showed ten bioactive constituents, including 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester, and hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester as major constituents found in all the groups of P. frutescens leaves. The phenol (gallic acid) and flavonoids (rutin, kaempferol, and quercetin) were also observed to increase after inoculation by HPTLC analysis. The enhancement in the phytochemical content was co-related with improved anti-oxidant potential which was analyzed by DPPH (% Inhibition: 83.45 µg/ml) and FRAP (2.980 µM Fe (II) equivalent) assay as compared with the control group.ConclusionInoculation with I. lenis significantly enhances the uptake of nutritional constituents, phytochemicals, and antioxidant properties in P. frutescens, suggesting its potential to boost the therapeutic properties of host plants.Graphical

Evaluation of the antibacterial and antifungal properties of oleuropein, olea Europea leaf extract, and thymus vulgaris oil

BackgroundAlthough synthetic preservatives and antioxidants may have high antimicrobial and antioxidant activity, they are usually associated with adverse effects on human health. Currently, there is a growing interest in natural antimicrobial and antioxidant agents. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of two medicinal plant extracts and one active compound. Olive leaf extracts (0.2, 0.3, and 0.4% w/v), oleuropein (0.2, 0.4, and 0.6% w/v), thyme oil (0.1%), and oleuropein in combination with thyme oil (0.4% w/v and 0.1% v/v) were used against three bacterial strains (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus) and two fungal strains (Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger).ResultsThe use of oleuropein resulted in complete antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. In this context, a reduction of 7 logs was achieved during the storage period (4 weeks). Oleuropein showed no fungal activity at low concentrations (0.2%), but Aspergillus niger was reduced by 2.35 logs at higher concentrations (0.6% w/v). Similar antibacterial and antifungal properties were observed for the olive leaf extracts. Oleuropein at a concentration of 0.4 w/v and a mixture of oleuropein and thyme at concentrations of 0.4 and 0.1 (v/v) showed strong antimicrobial activity against the studied microorganisms.ConclusionOlive leaf extract, thyme oil, and oleuropein have strong antibacterial and weak antifungal properties. There was a good synergistic effect between oleuropein and thymol.