Extramarital Sexual Relations Research Articles

Encounter between Man and State: Crimes Caused by Emotions in 18th-Century Russia. Review of: Kamensky, A. B. (2022). Liubov’, strast’ i otchaianie — russkie prestupleniia XVIII veka [Love, Passion, and Despair — Russian Crimes of the 18th Century]. St Petersburg: Aletheia. 406 p.

This review analyses A. B. Kamensky’s book Love, Passion and Despair — Russian Crimes in the 18th Century. The author devotes his work to the struggle between the state and the church in early modern Russia, showing this through the changing legal norms that were used primarily to regulate the sphere of marriage and family relations. Each chapter analyses the process of criminalisation of such socially reprehensible deviations as extramarital sexual relations, rape, incest, violation of marriage regulations, suicide and others. One of the merits of the publication is the wealth of empirical material that perfectly illustrates the main trends in the development of Russian law. At the same time, the abundance of data seems to be one of the shortcomings of the study, as it sometimes tends to conceal from the reader the original intention of the book.

Implementation of Sexual Education to Prevent Promiscuity

The purpose of this research is to prevent promiscuity through the implementation of sexual education, and to develop the character of Muslims with piety and noble morals. This research uses library research by collecting information and data using different types of materials such as documents, articles, past journals, etc. The application of sexual education is very important today because this study found that Indonesian teenagers are having extramarital sexual relationships that go against religion and norms. In this study, it is important to remember that sex education is knowledge that enables children to recognize the functions of their own bodies. Additionally, young people are made aware of the ethical and social rules that apply and the consequences of their actions. Because without sex education, they will become curious about taking risks in the development of their sexual orientation, which will have fatal consequences in preventing promiscuity.

Development of self-care strategies to promote young Iranian women’s sexual health: an explanatory sequential mixed method study protocol

BackgroundIn contemporary Iran, the nation's traditional and deeply religious society is currently experiencing swift transformations in its moral, cultural, and social aspects. It is, therefore, not surprising to observe shifts in people's attitudes toward sexuality, largely attributed to the profound impact of widespread social networks, the proliferation of information technology, and increased levels of education. Unmarried young women may potentially face adverse consequences from engaging in extramarital sexual relationships across various aspects of their lives. Acknowledging the pivotal role of self-care in influencing the sexual behaviors of young women, the objective of this study is to compile a comprehensive list of self-care strategies aimed at improving the sexual well-being of young, single Iranian women.MethodsThe research will unfold in three distinct phases: Phase 1: Explanatory Sequential Mixed-Method Study This initial phase encompasses both quantitative and qualitative aspects. It begins with a cross-sectional survey, where we will gather data from 400 unmarried female students aged 18 to 29 years, utilizing a cluster random sampling method at Kerman University of Medical Sciences. Data collection will involve the use of a researcher-designed questionnaire. Subsequently, the qualitative phase will involve conducting in-depth, semi-structured interviews with female students from the University. To analyze this qualitative data, we will employ the content analysis approach. The findings obtained from both phases will be combined. Phase 2: Narrative Review In the second stage of the study, we will conduct an extensive narrative review to explore existing strategies related to the subject matter comprehensively. This review will serve as the foundational basis for our subsequent analysis. Phase 3: Strategy Prioritization In the final phase, we will prioritize the proposed strategies using a nominal group process, soliciting expert advice. This step will result in the definitive list of strategies that emerge from the study.DiscussionThis study pioneers the field of sexual health, with the goal of developing a protocol for creating self-care strategies based on the perspectives of young, unmarried Iranian women. It offers potential evidence-based insights into current developments in the physical, psychological, and social aspects of sexual health within this demographic. Additionally, it aims to furnish essential information to healthcare policymakers regarding the sexual health of young women.

Muslim women's knowledge, views, and attitudes towards sexually transmitted infections in Saudi Arabia: A qualitative study.

The cultural sensitivity surrounding sexuality in Islamic communities has an impact on awareness and prevention of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). This study explores Muslim women's knowledge, views, and attitudes towards STIs and people living with HIV/AIDs in Saudi Arabia. We conducted qualitative semi-structured interviews with Muslim women from Saudi Arabia. Interviews took place in a public hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia in 2019. Data were transcribed, coded, and analysed using a reflexive thematic analysis. Twenty-eight women were interviewed, the majority were college educated and employed. Participants lacked knowledge about STIs, and there were significant misconceptions. The majority of women expressed extremely negative attitudes towards STIs, particularly towards people living with HIV/AIDS. Participants believed that judgemental attitudes and stigmatisation of people with HIV/AIDS were justified if an infection was transmitted through extramarital sex. Men were believed to be the source of STIs, and STIs were viewed as punishment from God for extramarital sexual relations that are forbidden in Islam. Protection against STIs was believed to be achieved by strengthening religious beliefs. Attitudes towards people with STIs, HIV/AIDS in particular, were highly influenced by religious views towards extramarital sex, as well as lack of knowledge and misconceptions. There is an urgent need for accurate information and improved awareness of sexual health including STIs among Muslims in Saudi Arabia. Public health efforts should be directed towards reducing stigma and discrimination against people living with HIV/AIDS in Saudi Arabia and other Islamic communities.

Virginity as a sign of Masculinity: The case of the Borana Oromo, Ethiopia

This article discusses the socially constructed masculinity of unmarried girls among the Borana in southern Ethiopia. The Borana practice the longstanding Gadaa political system, which was inscribed by UNESCO as an intangible cultural heritage of humanity in 2016. Data for this article was gathered through qualitative approaches, including interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs), and direct observation of the 2012 Gadaa general assembly. Such an assembly is held once every eight years to enact new Gadaa rules and amend the existing ones. The findings indicated that the Gadaa system provides rules regulating Borana marriage lives, including premarital virginity for girls. The Borana refers to an unmarried girl as “dubra gammee,” which means “a virgin girl,” who has a masculine identity and is “a male person.” Unmarried girls have certain physical markers, particularly a hairstyle that they share with boys. Any sexual act with unmarried girls is therefore homosexual and punishable. Gadaa and all related institutions care for the premarital virginity of girls. The Gadaa rules impose punishment unconditionally on men who have sex with unmarried girls. On the other hand, the Borana tolerate extramarital sexual relations, which has partly contributed to maintaining the premarital sexual innocence of Borana girls.

Effect of comprehensive knowledge of HIV on risky sexual behaviours associated with HIV transmission among adult Ugandans: a propensity score-matched analysis

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of comprehensive knowledge of HIV on extramarital sexual relationships and consistent condom use.DesignQuasi-experimental study.Setting20 880 households, Uganda.ParticipantsMarried/cohabiting men and women, aged 15–54 years.MethodsWe applied propensity score-matched...

Critically Analyse Provisions of Adultery in Indian Context

Adultery is derived from a French word, about that has evolved from the Latin verb, “adulterium”, means to corrupt[1]. Adultery is defined as the consensual extramarital sexual relationship that is considered objectionable on social, religious and, moral and earlier on the legal grounds as well. Though adultery is decriminalized, it still exists as a delinquent act as it violates social norms which an individual is believed to be followed. Since the last 158 years, it was treated as a crime but after the verdict of Hon’ble Supreme Court in Joseph Shine v. Union of India, adultery is decriminalized and remained merely a civil wrong rather criminal offence. There were two major contentions for the decriminalization of adultery. They were:- This section provided husbands with the right to prosecute their wives’ adulterer while wives were deprived to complain against the adulteress of their husbands. The section was ignorant on the matter of the adulterous act of the husband.

Population Size Estimation of High-Risk Behavior in Isfahan, Iran: Using the Network Scale-up Method in 2018

Background and Objective: Due to the impact of risky behaviors in the community and the need for getting information and planning in this regard, the number of people with high-risk sexual behaviors in Isfahan will be indirectly estimated by the network scale-up method. Method:In a cross-sectional study conducted in June2018in14districts of Isfahan, a sample of1000 people was recruited by a non-random multistage method and interviewed using a standard questionnaire to identify people with high-risk sexual behavior. Data are analyzed based on a network scale-up method in the STATA application. Results:According to a report by men, the prevalence of male Extra marital sexual relations (N=2437) and relation with paying prostituted women (N=1211), with non-paying prostituted women (N=298), Homosexuality (N=696) and history of traveling for sexual relations (N =880/100,000); And according to a report by women, the prevalence of female Extra marital sexual relations (N=1386) and Sex Worker women (Monetary) (N=946), Sex Worker women (Non-Monetary) (N=258), and history of travelling for sexual relations (N=13/100,000). In both sexes, the age group of18 to 30years was more at risk for sexual behaviors than other groups. Discussion and Conclusion: It seems that the prevalence of sexual high-risk behaviors in Isfahan is remarkable as the increased prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV, but unfortunately, the required training is low in this regard, more attention should be paying to train people to prevent the prevalence of these high-risk sexual behaviors in society.

The Conflation of Single Mothers and Prostitutes in Morocco

The Conflation of Single Mothers and Prostitutes in Morocco

Disseminated gonorrhea with laryngeal involvement in a 25-year-old man.

A healthy immunocompetent 25-year-old married man presented to the emergency department with a 5-day history of severe odynophagia, fever (peak 40°C), and a scattered pustular skin eruption. He denied extramarital sexual relations. The patient’s physical examination was remarkable for scattered

Proactive versus Reactive Sexual and Reproductive Health Rights: A Comparative Case Study Analysis of Morocco and Tunisia

Morocco and Tunisia, two progressive Muslim-majority countries, took vastly different approaches to women’s sexual and reproductive health rights (SRHR). Sharing a French colonial past and Maliki Islamic tradition, Tunisia is an emerging democracy with a long history of top-down women’s rights advances and state-promoted SRHR. Tunisian women have benefitted from SRH education, access to contraception, emergency contraception, and state-funded first trimester abortion. Tunisia targets vulnerable populations, including unmarried, minor, rural, and poor women, with special clinics and subsidies. Finally, Tunisia holds men responsible for children they father outside of wedlock. In contrast, Morocco’s bottom-up feminist-driven approach to SRHR, including access to contraception, emergency contraception, and abortion, is circumscribed and exclusionary, targeting married couples. The criminalization of extramarital sexual relations and most abortions force single women with unwanted pregnancies to resort to unsafe abortion. Moroccan men who father children outside of marriage enjoy legal impunity from paternal responsibilities. Nevertheless, the recent rise of Islamic parties in both countries poses a potential threat to Tunisia’s proactive laws and policies governing SRHR, while adding another obstacle to adequate SRHR provision in Morocco.

\u201cIf I was with my father such discrimination wouldn\u2019t exist, I could be happy like other people\u201d: a qualitative analysis of stigma among peacekeeper fathered children in the Democratic Republic of Congo

BackgroundThe United Nations (UN) Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUSCO) comprises the largest and longest serving peacekeeping operation to date. Since the launch of the mission in 1999, sexual relations between UN peacekeepers and the local population regularly occur; some resulting in children being conceived. Reports have indicated that women and girls bearing children from such relations face difficult socio-economic realities. The present study is the first to explore the situation of peacekeeper fathered children (PKFC) through a qualitative analysis that includes interview material from mothers and child participants.MethodsThe article uses theories from stigma research to illustrate how children conceived through sexual relations with UN peacekeepers integrate into social networks. We conducted a case study of mothers and their PKFC at different sites of UN peacekeeping (UNPK) in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Based on 95 in-depth interviews held in 2018, a thematic qualitative analysis examined experiences of stigma and discrimination. In order to understand the challenges of mothers and children from a transgenerational perspective, we evaluated perceptions of rejection rooted in the mother-child relationship.ResultsOf the mothers and children surveyed, a large majority struggled with stigmatizing behaviour by family and/or community members. PKFC perceived their discrimination to be based upon their mixed ethnicity, fatherlessness, illegitimacy at birth, as well as a lack of resources and opportunity. Mothers most often attributed their stigma to economic deprivation, extra-marital sexual relations, single parenting and being associated with UNPK. Parallels in the experiences of mothers and children suggest a bi-directional transmission of status loss and stigma between generations.ConclusionsThis is the first empirical study to compare the situation of PKFC and their mothers in any country of UNPK deployment. The findings highlight multiple burdens that affect their daily lives and illustrate an interplay between drivers of stigmatization for mothers and children. The overarching needs identified are financial, and these call for action regarding policies and programmes that provide resources to those concerned. The results further demonstrate the need for psychosocial support that considers transgenerational dynamics and both mothers and children as core addressees of assistance.

Genital Warts Among Men Attending a Dermatology Clinic: Risk Factors and Knowledge

: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections, with the highest prevalence among young adults. We investigated the risk factors of this infection among men. A total of 224 men referred to a dermatology clinic in Shiraz to treat anogenital warts from June 2015 till Feb 2016 were enrolled. Data collection form included demographic characteristics and risk factors. The participants’ mean age was 28.84 ± 8 years, and half of them (54.5%) were in the second decade of their life. Nearly half of them were single, 110 (49.1%), and 103 had high education (48.4%). Among our participants, the mean age of sexual relationship onset was 20.31 ± 3.71; 69 (60.5%) of the married participants had experienced sexual intercourse before marriage, and 58 (61.05%) had extramarital sexual relationships. The mean number of sex partners was 2.8. More than half of the participants (n = 146, 66.4%) were not aware of STI symptoms. Our participants were young, and more than half of the married ones had extramarital relationships. Altogether, low awareness of STI symptoms was seen. HPV could be a public health challenge in our young male adults because of their risk factors and lack of knowledge.

Sexual and reproductive health needs of people living with HIV/AIDS and the social responses in association with stigma and discrimination

This cross-sectional study aimed at determining the sexual and reproductive health needs as well as to reveal the level and manifestation of stigma and discrimination associated with the daily lives of the people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) at Khulna City Area in Bangladesh. The sample size was 20, which was selected purposively, and data were collected by the interviewers from August 2013 to December 2013. The findings of the study revealed that extra marital sexual relationships, partners’ infection and blood transmission played a dominant role as the medium of HIV infection. NGOs were the predominant source of getting health care facilities for the PLWHA and they had to wait for a month to receive STIs treatment and the counseling support, which increased their vulnerability towards AIDS. A number of respondents were eager to conceive and, in this case, treatment and counseling support before and after conception, proper nutrition support, prevention of mother to child transmission support and high cost medicine support were needed for them. The facts of stigma and discrimination, the restriction placed on their free movement, exclusion from social and religious functions, opportunities and participation on the social and economic processes had direct consequences on their daily lives. Therefore, IGA support, ensure quality treatment in the stigma free environment, and widespread awareness campaign regarding HIV/AIDS related issues were highly recommended by the PLWHA.
 Mediscope Vol. 7, No. 1: Jan 2020, Page 7-16

CHALLENGES TO THE ENACTMENT OF THE ELIMINATION OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE BILL

<p>Indonesia currently has only one criminal law, Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP), which was enacted and inherited from our colonial government. There has been an effort to amend this law but up until now the amendment of this law is not enacted yet. In this law, there are only two types of sexual violence which have legal protection: rape and sexual molestation (<em>pencabulan</em>), while in the current reality, based on the reported cases to partners of Komnas Perempuan from 2001-2011, there are 15 types of sexual violence; and the number of sexual violence cases has been increasing. As a result, it is difficult for victims of the 15 types of sexual violence to have legal protection. This shows the existing hole in the <em>lex generalis</em> KUHP, which needs to be filled in by <em>lex specialis</em> law which specifically addresses sexual violence. Based on the need for legal protection for victims of various types of sexual violence and to protect women’s human rights, Komnas Perempuan and her partners have drafted the Elimination of Sexual Violence Bill since 2014. This Bill has become one of the priorities of the national legislation program since 2016, after the incidence of a gang rape to a school age child in Bengkulu. However, up until the end of September 2019, this Bill was not enacted yet. In addition, there has been currently opposition to this Bill from the conservative group, accusing that this Bill legalizes <em>zina</em> (extra marital sexual relationship) and LGBT. This paper aims at elaborating the background, aims, contents and challenges to the enactment of the Elimination of Sexual Violence Bill. I will argue that this Bill offers both procedural and substantive justice for women and the marginalized groups, the majority victims of sexual violence.</p>

Factors Affecting Married, Monogamous Women’s Risk of HIV Infection in India: Traditional Gender Roles and Husbands’ High-Risk Sexual Behaviours

International Journal of Medicine and Public Health,2019,9,4,112-117.DOI:10.5530/ijmedph.2019.4.25Published:December 2019Type:Review Article Factors Affecting Married, Monogamous Women’s Risk of HIV Infection in India: Traditional Gender Roles and Husbands’ High-Risk Sexual BehavioursKelly A A Leslie Kelly A. A. Leslie Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CANADA. Abstract:The prevalence of HIV in India has been steadily increasing over the last three decades and India is now thought to possess the third largest number of cases out of any country in the world. India is currently experiencing a significant feminization of its HIV epidemic; a large proportion of new HIV infections are observed in women and the majority of all HIV cases in India are contracted by heterosexual transmission. While married, monogamous women were initially considered at low risk for contracting HIV in India, they are now recognized as being a high-risk group, as the prevalence of HIV among women who have ever been married is higher than the national average. Because the vast majority of these women report that unprotected intercourse with their husband is their only risk factor for HIV infection, it can be concluded that they have likely been infected by their husband. This review investigates the principal factors involved in the infection of married, monogamous Indian women with HIV by their husbands, within the context of traditional Indian gender roles and cultural expectations of behaviour. Specifically, this article examines three high-risk sexual behaviour commonly perpetrated by Indian men: extramarital sexual relations, lack of condom use during sex and intimate partner violence. Given the magnitude of the problem of HIV in India and its implications for the spread of HIV throughout the world, the topic of women’s risk of HIV infection in India is clearly of immense public health significance. Keywords:HIV, India, WomenView:PDF (228.06 KB)

“I Am Not on the Footing of Kept Women”: Extra-Marital Love in Eighteenth-Century England

ABSTRACT This article uses the letters of one woman, ‘E.B.’, to indicate the experience of a woman engaged in an extra-marital sexual relationship in eighteenth-century England. Most existing studies of extra-marital relationships emphasise exploitation, social ostracism and economic precariousness. This article argues in contrast that women could manipulate mainstream discourses of romantic love in order to construct a positive self-identity and negotiate the association of extra-marital sex with shame. Women were not excluded from debates over the individualistic pursuit of happiness that characterised an eighteenth-century ‘sexual revolution’, but were able to re-appropriate discourses of sexual freedom and sensibility in defence of extra-marital relationships.

Condom Use and its Associated Factors Among Iranian Youth: Results From a Population-Based Study

Background: Given the young structure of Iran’s population and the fact that extramarital sexual relationships are both prohibited by legislation and shunned by society and religion, examining condom use practices among Iranian youth is highly important. The aim of this study was to explore condom use and its correlates among Iranian young adults. Methods: In a sample of 3,045 individuals aged 19-29 who were recruited from a nation-wide study, we analyzed data from 633 participants who reported a history of extramarital sex. Subjects were asked about their condom use practices during their last penetrative sex. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire where the respondents completed the survey on their own and passed it to trained gender-matched interviewers. Multivariable regression models were constructed to report adjusted odds ratios (AOR) along with 95% CI. Results: Of the 633 participants, 222 (35.1%) reported condom use at last sex. Men reported significantly higher condom use than women (38.5% vs. 25.7%). Having a stable job (AOR = 1.86, 95% CI: 1.01, 3.43), higher knowledge of condom use (AOR = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.03, 2.37) and sexual transmission of HIV (AOR = 1.83, 95% CI: 1.18, 2.85) were positively associated with condom use at last sex. Conversely, experience of sex under the influence of substances (AOR = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.45, 0.94) was significantly associated with reduced odds of condom use at last sex. Conclusion: This study shows that only one out of every three young adults reported using condoms at last sex. While educational programs are helpful, multi-sectoral approaches (eg, individual-, community-, and structural-level interventions) are required to change sexual behaviours towards safe sex practices and reinforce negotiating condom use among youth.

Gender aspects on HIV prevention efforts and participation in HIV vaccine trials among Police officers in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

BackgroundFor more than three decades, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) continue to dominate the health agenda. In sub-Saharan African countries, women are at more risk of contracting HIV and AIDS compared with men due to biological, social, economic, socio-economic and cultural factors. Women in the uniformed services may be more vulnerable to HIV/AIDS because of their work context, mobility, age and other factors that expose them to a higher risk of infection than women in the general population. This article describes gender dimensions, motives and challenges towards HIV prevention amongst Police officers (POs) in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.MethodsThis was a descriptive qualitative study conducted at Police stations in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Fifteen in-depth interviews were conducted on POs; seven men, and eight women. Content analysis approach was used to analyze data.ResultsParticipants’ self-descriptions shed light on gender differences in relation to self -perceptions, job contexts, sexual relationships and HIV prevention. Both men and women perceived themselves as role models, and believed that the surrounding community perceived the same. Safe sexual behavior appeared crucial to avoid undesirable health outcomes. Risky sexual practices were considered avoidable. Under unavoidable sexual temptations, women in particular would be keen to avoid risky sexual practices. Some participants expressed positive views towards condoms use during extra-marital sexual relationships, while others had negative opinions. Early phases of HIV vaccine trials appeared to gain support from sexual partners. However, condom use during phase I/II HIV vaccine trials was deemed as difficult. Support from the spouse was reported to influence condom use outside the wedlock. However, religious beliefs, socio-cultural issues and individual reasons were perceived as difficulties to promote condoms use.ConclusionsThese findings increase understanding of gender differences and context specific efforts towards HIV prevention. Individuals’ assertiveness against risky sexual practices and the intention to participate in HIV vaccine trials to develop an effective vaccine are worth noting. Nevertheless, uncertainties towards condoms use underscore the importance of condoms’ marketing particularly in extra marital sexual relationships and during early HIV vaccine trials.

God Is Dying in Turkey as Well: Application of Secularization Theory to a Non-Christian Society

Abstract It has been stated in academic studies and popular media that Islam began its rise in dominance in Turkey with the accession of the Justice and Development Party (AKP) to power in 2002 under the leadership of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. However, contrary to claims of societal Islamization, in light of quantitative and qualitative studies this study argues that despite the AKP and its leader Erdoğan being in power, the following evidence has been observed in Turkey: praying rates have decreased, extramarital sexual relationship has become prevalent, the number of mosques per person has decreased, the belief in virginity is a point of honour for fewer people, people‘s clothes have become more flatteringly formfitting and more attractive, including women’s head-scarves; secular experts rather than religious officials are being sought for help concerning problems in daily life, homosexuality has become more socially acceptable visible, traditional family structures has been shattered. Therefore, it is claimed that AKP (or Erdoğan) has failed in efforts to Islamize Turkey over the past 15 years (2002-2017) despite having all the governmental means and opportunities to do so. This study argues that the classical theory of secularization, which claims that modernization leads to secularization, can still explain not only the social transformation seen in historically Christian and Western European countries and their offshoots, but also the social transformation of Turkey, a Muslim-majority country that has been governed for the past 15 years by a political party with clear Islamic sensitivities.