Extinction Research Articles

Serial reconstruction of Hominini manual phalanges.

Serial reconstruction of Hominini manual phalanges.

Future climate change increase species vulnerability and present new opportunities for biodiversity conservation in China.

Future climate change increase species vulnerability and present new opportunities for biodiversity conservation in China.

Understanding how agroforestry systems biodiversity drives ecosystem services in degraded habitats.

Understanding how agroforestry systems biodiversity drives ecosystem services in degraded habitats.

A habitat‐based approach to reporting the direct impacts of an organization on biodiversity

AbstractThere is a rapidly growing need for efficient but rigorous methods for organizations to assess and disclose their biodiversity impacts. We devised a habitat‐based analytical approach for estimating the direct impacts of an organization on biodiversity. In our broad approach, we considered the time series of an organization's spatial footprint and assumed its biodiversity position was the accumulated positive and negative impacts over space and time. We demonstrated the approach by assessing the biodiversity position of CSIRO—Australia's national science agency, which has owned or controlled 50 sites across Australia since 1916, covering >460,000 ha. We applied 3 complementary habitat‐based biodiversity indicators (effective habitat area, species extinction risk, and threatened species habitat), all with a fine resolution annual (1987–2023) time series of ecosystem condition as their basis. At the end of the most recent observation year, the CSIRO was in a negative biodiversity position in terms of all 3 biodiversity indicators. Over the time series considered, the activities of CSIRO were estimated to have led to an increase in the extinction risk for all native species by 1.0 species; a reduction in effective habitat area of 11,945 ha and a reduction in threatened species habitat of 22,307 species hectares (i.e., condition‐weighted amount of habitat available to threatened species). Although the magnitude of the biodiversity position for CSIRO was strongly influenced by a single very large site (Murchison), the vast majority of the CSIRO sites were also in a negative position when considered separately. We demonstrated how future‐looking scenario analysis can be linked with this biodiversity assessment approach, with a single natural regeneration action across the large Murchison site estimated to return CSIRO's biodiversity position close to neutral within 50 years.

Effect of UV-B stress on stomatal pore size and pore width in some landscape plants

It is known that global climate change is an irreversible process and will directly or indirectly affect all living things in the world. It is estimated that the most devastating effects of the process will be seen on plants and, especially, woody species that do not have a long life cycle. Therefore, being prepared for the process, determining the extent to which species will be affected, and taking precautions are of great importance in terms of preventing individual, population, and even species losses. This study determined the effects of the increase in UV-B, one of the process's most important effects, on stomatal pore length and pore width. Within the scope of the study, UV-B treatments were made to 10 woody broad-leafed plants at 4 different intensities. At the end of the treatments, leaf samples were obtained from tree species, and images were then taken to scale with the help of an SEM (scanning electron microscope), and stomatal pore length and width were measured. The study results show that the treatments do not significantly affect these characters. However, it is also known that the most important effects of global climate change will be temperature increase and drought. Therefore, it is recommended that similar studies be conducted by including drought stress.

Local and landscape heterogeneity promotes high functional structure of rove beetle community in Andean coffee crops

Abstract Trait‐based approaches are becoming increasingly important in understanding the functional structure of biological communities in response to anthropogenic disturbances. Coffee is one of the most important crops in tropical regions and has gone through a process of agricultural intensification at a landscape scale that could cause the loss of species and functional diversity at a local scale. Rove beetles are diverse in Andean coffee crops and are an ideal group for evaluating the impact of the environmental heterogeneity at local and landscape scale on the functional structure of their community through identifying trait syndromes. Using a trait‐based approach with RLQ analysis, five life‐history traits of rove beetle species were studied from 27 sites in a region dominated by sun‐grown coffee in the Colombian Andes. We evaluated how environmental heterogeneity at local and landscape levels affects the functional structure of the rove beetle community, identifying groups of species with shared common traits. We found that both local and landscape variables play a crucial role in shaping the functional structure of the rove beetle community. Despite the dominance of predators and the small body size of beetle species as an indicator of the transformation processes (i.e. forest conversion to crops) that have undergone the studied coffee landscape, four trait syndromes were identified in sun‐grown coffee crops. Large and small predators, small specialist predators, medium saprophagous organisms and medium parasitoids were identified in coffee crops, supporting the idea that the high environmental heterogeneity promotes different trait syndromes in coffee crops. Synthesis and applications. Our study suggests that high environmental heterogeneity at local (small size of coffee farms) and landscape level (number of forest patches) promotes the functional structure in rove beetle communities. We discussed how trait‐based and RLQ analysis is a useful approach to evaluate the landscape simplification effect on functional diversity in tropical regions, especially with groups of highly speciose and taxonomically poorly known insects.

Macroecological patterns of planktonic unicellular eukaryotes richness in the Southeast Pacific Ocean

In recent years, studies focusing on microbial biogeography have been developed, but macroecological processes in marine microorganisms remain unclear, especially in seemingly continuous environments such as the Southeast Pacific Ocean (SPO), where information on microbial distribution patterns is limited, and they may vary depending on the habitat and lifestyle. We used unicellular planktonic eukaryotes as model organisms to determine their biogeographic patterns in the SPO, identify the underlying ecological and historical-evolutionary processes and compare with other microorganism groups. Our analyses were based on the Niche Theory to model species diversity distribution using large open-access ecological and physical-biogeochemical databases based on Bayesian approaches, an integrated nested Laplace approximation (INLA), and Generalized Additive Models (GAM). As a result, two richness hotspots were observed, which are associated with coastal and offshore regions in the central southern areas of SPO. The richness hotspots were associated mainly with nutrients (N/Si ratio) and Mixed Layer Depth (MLD), which could be explained by highly productive upwelling events in the SPO. In contrast, the negative correlation of predicted richness with low pH is strongly related to the effect of calcareous shells (tests), as lower pH levels hinder the formation and stability of calcium carbonate shells in protists like foraminifera and radiolaria, thereby affecting overall unicellular planktonic eukaryote diversity. Our results support the role of ecological processes related to productivity, energy dynamics, and ecological limits in shaping broad-scale diversity patterns of unicellular planktonic eukaryotes in the SPO. The results show colonization and extinction dynamics through species replacement (i.e. High Turnover) along the Chilean and Equatorial coasts associated mainly with the Hotspots of their biodiversity, but also a gradual species loss (i.e. High Nestedness) along the Peruvian Coast associated mainly with the Coldspots of their biodiversity; highlighting how local environmental fluctuations can shape these planktonic microorganisms’ behavior, ecology and distribution. The distribution patterns of planktonic unicellular eukaryotes show little evidence of the effects of historical and evolutionary processes. This is because the high dispersal capacity of planktonic microbes probably dilutes the influence of these processes in environments lacking clear barriers to species dispersal. Additionally, the effect of historical events could be highlighted in specific taxonomic groups at the kingdom, phylum level or habitat type and addressing gaps about latitudinal richness in the SPO. This provides insight into the spatial distribution of marine microbes and contributes to conservation efforts, as these organisms are an essential foundation of the upper levels of the food web.

Community guidelines to increase the reusability of marine microfossil assemblage data

Abstract. Data on marine microfossil assemblage composition have multiple applications. Initially, they were primarily used for (chrono)stratigraphy and palaeoecology, but these data are now also widely used to study evolutionary and ecological processes, such as past biodiversity and its links with environmental dynamics, or to provide a basis for conservation efforts and biomonitoring. The large range of potential applications renders microfossil abundance data ideal for reuse. However, the complexity inherent in taxonomic data, which encompass extant and extinct species, coupled with the inherent intricacies of information on biological communities extracted from sedimentary archives, poses considerable hurdles in reusing marine microfossil data, even when they are publicly available. Here, we present guidelines derived from an online survey conducted within the marine micropalaeontological community, aimed at improving the reusability of microfossil assemblage data. These guidelines advocate for clarity and transparency in the documentation of the methods and the outcome, and we outline the data attributes required for effective reuse of micropalaeontological data. These guidelines are intended for researchers who generate microfossil abundance datasets and for reviewers, editors, and data curators at repositories. A total of 113 researchers evaluated the relevance of about 50 data attributes that might be needed to enable and maximise the reuse of marine microfossil abundance datasets. Each property is ranked based on the survey results. All information is, in principle, considered “desired”. Information that improves the reusability is ranked as “recommended”, and information that is required for reuse is ranked as “essential”. Analysis of a selection of datasets available online reveals a rather large gap between data properties deemed essential by survey participants and what is actually contained in publicly available microfossil assemblage datasets. While the survey indicates that the micropalaeontological community values good data stewardship, improving data reusability still requires new efforts to incorporate all the essential information. The guidelines presented here are intended as a step in that direction. Determining the optimal forms and formats for data sharing are obvious next steps the community needs to take.

Research on risk propagation mechanism and control strategy of prefabricated building supply chain: based on complex network model and dynamic simulation analysis

PurposeAs the construction industry transforms towards green and low-carbon development, prefabricated buildings (PBs) have become the mainstream trend of industry development with their significant advantages of environmental protection, high efficiency and resource conservation. However, the prefabricated building supply chain (PBSC) faces many risks and challenges in actual operation, which pose a serious threat to the stability and sustainable development of the supply chain (SC). Taking the PB project of Enterprise J as an example, this paper deeply explores the risk propagation mechanism in its SC and proposes a practical risk control strategy, aiming to enhance the risk resistance and resilience of the SC and ensure its sustainable development.Design/methodology/approachBased on the actual contract data of Enterprise J, this study constructed a four-layer PBSC network model, covering PB contractors, material suppliers, module manufacturers, and PB construction enterprises. By identifying and evaluating the main risk factors in the SC, combined with the improved Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation method and the cloud-matter element evaluation model, the weight and vulnerability of each risk factor were analyzed. MATLAB R2022b software was further used to simulate the Susceptible-Infected-Recovered-Susceptible (SIRS) model to analyze the impact of different risk control strategies on risk propagation.FindingsThis study analyzed the PBSC network of J Company and found that it has high connectivity and low group characteristics, which promotes the rapid spread of risks. SIRS model analysis shows that the infection rate is most sensitive to risk transmission, and a higher infection rate accelerates the spread, emphasizing the importance of controlling the initial infection rate. The recovery rate significantly affects the speed of risk transmission, while the immune extinction rate affects the long-term stability of the SC. The betweenness centrality strategy based on betweenness centrality performs well in controlling risk transmission, and can effectively reduce the number of infected enterprises and shorten the recovery time. The study also found that PB contractors and material suppliers are key links and are prone to become the source of risk transmission; while module manufacturers and PB construction enterprise show strong risk resistance.Practical implicationsThis study provides a new theoretical framework and practical strategy for risk management of PBSC of enterprise J, helping enterprises to identify key risk nodes and effectively control risk propagation through reasonable immunization strategies, thereby enhancing the stability and resilience of the SC. The research results provide strong support for coping with external uncertainties and technological changes, and promote the healthy development of enterprise J.Originality/valueThis study takes the PBSC network of J Company as an empirical object, deeply analyzes its risk propagation mechanism and control strategy, and has significant academic innovation and practical value. By constructing a four-layer weighted directed network model that conforms to the actual operation of the enterprise, and combining the SIRS model for dynamic simulation analysis, this study reveals the key impact of infection rate, recovery rate and immune extinction rate on SC risk propagation, and provides a new perspective and theoretical basis for J Company’s SC risk management. In particular, the betweenness immunization strategy based on betweenness centrality, as an innovative solution, provides a practical path for enterprises to identify and control key risk nodes. The study also further analyzes the vulnerability and recovery capacity of different levels, and proposes targeted strategies to enhance the resilience and risk resistance of the enterprise SC. This study not only enriches the theoretical framework of J Company’s SC risk management, but also provides an operational practical guide for it to improve the stability of the SC and cope with the challenges of external uncertainty.

Local nutrient addition drives plant diversity losses but not biotic homogenization in global grasslands

Nutrient enrichment typically causes local plant diversity declines. A common but untested expectation is that nutrient enrichment also reduces variation in nutrient conditions among localities and selects for a smaller pool of species, causing greater diversity declines at larger than local scales and thus biotic homogenization. Here we apply a framework that links changes in species richness across scales to changes in the numbers of spatially restricted and widespread species for a standardized nutrient addition experiment across 72 grasslands on six continents. Overall, we find proportionally similar species loss at local and larger scales, suggesting similar declines of spatially restricted and widespread species, and no biotic homogenization after 4 years and up to 14 years of treatment. These patterns of diversity changes are generally consistent across species groups. Thus, nutrient enrichment poses threats to plant diversity, including for widespread species that are often critical for ecosystem functions.

From Extinction to Opposition: The Double Threat Facing Zoology in Modern Society through the Lens of Australia

The overarching theme of Science Under Siege: Zoology Under Threat highlights the urgent need to reject the idea that science is optional or dismissible in today’s society. Much of the pushback against science, including zoology, comes from religious groups, political interests seeking short-term benefits, or from philosophical views that oppose the scientific study and management of wildlife. An extreme stance within the animal rights movement also opposes conservation efforts, even though ethical considerations regarding animals and the environment are essential for their sustainable management. Brian Martin, in his insightful piece Breaking the Siege: Guidelines for Struggle in Science, notes that when science comes under attack, opponents often use tactics to minimize public outrage—such as covering up their actions, discrediting the targets, reinterpreting events, or using official channels to create an illusion of fairness. Currently, zoology and zoologists are facing such attacks, and the continued degradation of our ecosystems is a disturbing consequence. In Australia, the accelerating extinction rates, fuelled by invasive species, climate change, and habitat destruction, are steadily erasing the country's rich zoological heritage. This paper has been conducted through the analysis of secondary data sources, including published scientific literature, policy reviews, and ethical critiques. No primary data collection was undertaken. The reliance on secondary data ensures that the arguments presented are rooted in peer-reviewed evidence and authoritative documentation relevant to the intersection of zoology, ethics, and environmental governance. The collected literature was examined to trace common themes, prevailing arguments, and underlying conceptual structures relevant to the research focus.

Geobotanical Study and Preservation of Rare and Endangered Rosaceae Species.

The loss of plant species, especially endangered and endemic ones, poses a significant threat to global biodiversity. These species cannot easily be replaced when their populations decline or become extinct, which makes their loss particularly devastating. This study focuses on the geobotanical study of nine Rosaceae species (Cotoneaster karatavicus, Crataegus ambigua, Malus niedzwetzkyana, Malus sieversii, Prunus tenella, Prunus ulmifolia, Sibiraea laevigata, Sorbus persica, and Spiraeanthus schrenkianus) and the development of ex situ approaches for the conservation of Rosaceae species listed in the Red Book of Kazakhstan. The geobotanical study revealed an alarming trend of biodiversity loss in five regions of Kazakhstan. This loss is driven by threats from diseases and pests, as well as the aging of plants, small population sizes, weak in situ fruiting, and other factors, such as climate change. We have established an in vitro collection for the short- and medium-term conservation of seeds, embryos and shoots taken either directly from field-grown plants or from budwood cuttings forced indoors. We also use long-term sexual conservation methods, such as the cryopreservation of seed and embryonic axes, alongside conventional seed banking at -20 °C. Ex situ conservation efforts that use multiple propagules and storage methods for the same species are well-suited to a diverse genebank facility. These efforts enable future generations to use this valuable reservoir of genetic diversity for crop improvement and may also serve as a basis for propagating planting material to restore degraded populations.

Effects of archipelago geo-environmental dynamics on phylogenetic tree shape

In archipelagic environments, the successive emergence and submergence of islands induces changes in area, spatial structure and isolation. Here, we aim to understand how such geo-environmental dynamics, by altering immigration, speciation and extinction over time, may influence phylogenetic patterns. We use a neutral, stochastic, individual-based model which simulates a community evolving in an archipelago where four islands emerge and submerge consecutively. We record each birth, death and immigration event, allowing us to build the complete phylogeny at any time, from which we extract the phylogeny of extant species. We show that the rate of lineage accumulation and tree imbalance vary according to a hump-shaped curve, and we show that this is mainly due to variations in area and inter-island connectivity. We highlight that past abrupt changes, such as island emergence, may leave persistent imprints in the rate of lineage accumulation. We show that the spatial configuration of an archipelago modulates these effects: (i) enhancing inter-island connectivity leads to more frequent inter-island speciation events, resulting in a faster accumulation of lineages, and in larger evolutionary radiations, which in turn produce highly imbalanced phylogenies; (ii) increase in mainland connectivity brings ancestral lineages to the islands, which slows down the rate of lineage accumulation and increases the species turnover, allowing for more balanced phylogenies. Accounting for variations in the geo-environmental configuration of an archipelago is important to understand the shape of contemporary phylogenies. However, these effects have to be interpreted in the context of the spatial configuration of an archipelago. The emergence and submergence of islands in an archipelago influences immigration, speciation and extinction rates at both island and archipelago scales Landscape dynamics in an archipelago drives insular species diversification rates and influences phylogenies of island species Inter-island dispersal favors lineage accumulation and generates imbalanced phylogenies Mainland connectivity increases species turnover, slows down lineage accumulation and makes phylogenies more balanced The establishment and size of a phylogenetic island clade may depend on the spatial configuration of the archipelago at the time of colonization

Freshwater fish functional diversity shows diverse responses to human activities, but consistently declines in the tropics

Freshwater environments are intertwined with human activities and the consequence has been environmental degradation and biodiversity loss. Fish provide key ecological and economic benefits, and fish abundance and diversity can be affected by human activities resulting in functional diversity (FD) changes that might scale up to ecosystem impacts. Changes in FD can be expressed by quantifying its three main FD components: richness, regularity and divergence. There is no consensus about how human activities affect the main components of FD. In addition, human activities might affect the functional diversity of communities differently in temperate and tropical regions because of differences in the regional species pools and the distribution of functional traits. Here, using a meta‐analytical approach, we assess how different human activities (e.g. deforestation, invasion, reservoirs) in freshwater systems affect FD components in fish communities. We compiled information from 2012 to 2023, and we found highly idiosyncratic patterns globally, but consistent loss of functional richness and regularity in face of human activities in the tropics. This idiosyncrasy could be related to high environmental heterogeneity or the multiple ways in which communities can be affected by human activities, including species loss or introduction of non‐native species, or the distribution of functional uniqueness and redundancy. The reduction of functional diversity in tropical regions reveals that high redundancy alone does not prevent declines in functional diversity, and that human activities are removing specific ecological functions from natural environments. Despite the general patterns of reduction observed, local features play a crucial role in shaping how communities respond to human activities. Therefore, it is essential to understand these patterns at a local scale and to investigate the mechanisms by which specific activities impact FD.

Editorial

Worldwide, climate-related disasters are becoming increasingly common, resulting in severe destruction, loss of life, political uncertainty, climate migrations, and the extinction of numerous plant and animal species. As a result, forces of nature are often viewed as an adversary, something to fear and guard against. This perspective has led to the idea of nature as something malevolent and dangerous, even in the scientific debate, promoting the flawed notion that the changing climate must be controlled and corrected through technological means. However, it is necessary to acknowledge that for centuries we have deliberately extracted material from the soil, constructed megacities on floodplains, confined wide river meanders within narrow canals, built dams and reservoirs on geological fault lines, established petrochemical plants in rare biodiversity regions, and developed agricultural land below sea level or in the deserts. Since the Industrial Revolution, in the name of progress, we have increasingly tried to dominate nature through technological advancements, believing we could control the water cycles, temperatures, species evolution, and geological dynamics. Yet, we are ultimately realizing that these are natural processes that lie beyond our control. This issue of the Journal of Delta Urbanism seeks to redefine natural disasters as human-induced accidents, aiming to reshape our understanding of nature, human impact, and climate change. It promotes the perspective that these phenomena are inextricably inherent and immutable, urging the envisioning of new ways of living, designing new forms of adaptation rather than fostering attempts at control or fixing nature.

Global hydrological model: A comprehensive review of types, applications and uncertainties

The rapid growth of industrialization and urbanization has significantly impacted our natural resources, such as air, water, and soil. Many problems have been brought about by these changes, such as drought, more frequent flooding, pollution, climate change, biodiversity loss, the extinction of numerous plant and animal species, changes in land cover and usage, and deterioration of the land. Extensive research has been conducted to understand how these physical changes affect natural resources, particularly using the use of hydrological models. As a result, a trustworthy hydrological model that can provide outcomes in line with observable parameters is essential. This comprehensive analysis highlights the vital role of hydrological modelling plays in forecasting floods, managing water supplies, and simulating ecosystems. This review explains the mathematical underpinnings and applicability of hydrological models for various system aspects by classifying them into empirical, conceptual, and physically-based frameworks. To furnish details with a comprehensive understanding of model robustness and dependability, this study encompasses calibration methodologies and uncertainty analysis frameworks. Furthermore, it meticulously elucidates the diverse sources of uncertainty inherent in hydrological modelling, thereby providing a nuanced perspective on the subject. It also presents a summary of well-known global hydrological models, emphasising their goals, history, and contributions to our knowledge of biogeochemical cycles, climate change effects, and water shortage dynamics.

The Extinction Rate of a Branching Random Walk with a Barrier in a Time-Inhomogeneous Random Environment

The Extinction Rate of a Branching Random Walk with a Barrier in a Time-Inhomogeneous Random Environment

The Role of Experiencing Self-Efficacy When Completing Tasks—Education for Sustainable Development in Mathematics

A wide variety of requirements can be placed on tasks that deal with education for sustainable development in mathematics lessons. They should be as authentic as possible, use real problems as the mathematical learning material, and stimulate action, among other qualities. This article discusses the role of self-efficacy and the experience of self-efficacy when working on modelling tasks that are geared towards a sustainable future. High school students in Germany worked in a STEM learning environment on different aspects of climate change and species extinction, including plastic waste, recycling, rainforests, and their deforestation. These aspects were analysed from a geographical, biological, physical, and mathematical perspective. In mathematics, specifically, tasks were used to address the learners’ self-efficacy. After completing the tasks, a questionnaire was distributed to assess the interest and motivation of the learners. The results show that even a slightly different use of self-efficacy, whether by focusing on what has already been achieved (sustainable successes that promote positive emotions) or on what can still be achieved, can influence the learners’ interest in completing the tasks. The learners’ experience of self-efficacy seems to have a positive influence on their willingness to solve tasks. Additionally, the results indicate a complex relationship between motivation and interest on the one hand and self-efficacy on the other.

Integral Ecology as a Call to Responsibility: Approximations Between Hans Jonas and Pope Francis

This article aims to examine the concept of responsibility through the lens of the “integral ecology” proposed by Pope Francis in Laudato Si’. The objective is to demonstrate how the ethics of responsibility developed by Hans Jonas in his seminal 1979 work aligns with Pope Francis’s concerns and simultaneously offers a complementary theoretical–philosophical framework. To this end, we begin by showing how responsibility occupies a central place in the papal encyclical, assuming a multidimensional perspective. From there, we analyze how the understanding of responsibility transitions from ontology (Jonas) and anthropology (Francis) to ethics, taking the biosphere as a new object of responsibility in light of the threats posed by the unchecked advance of technological powers against nature. This investigation is based on a comparative and conceptual analysis of primary texts by Hans Jonas and Pope Francis. This shift also entails the recognition of nature’s intrinsic rights and an understanding of species extinction as both an impoverishment (Jonas) and a mutilation (Francis) of creation. We conclude by demonstrating how the call for integral ecology becomes an urgent task for the present generations in the context of catastrophe prevention. In this way, integral ecology attains its radical meaning when understood as demanding two fundamental transformations: a change in consciousness and a change in lifestyle—from consumerism to frugality.

Dynamics of Predator-Prey Models with Negative Direct Effects of Climate Change

The impact of climate change has become a very important topic and can have a direct impact on predator-prey interactions. Therefore, in this paper, we introduce a novel competitive predator-prey model under the negative effects of climate change due to its effects and importance. Based on their different properties, Holling type I and II functional responses are considered to be two different models for studying dynamic behaviors. Two approaches to the negative impacts of climate change are assumed: static and periodic changes. Firstly, models with negative climate change are taken as static changes. The existence, positivity, and boundedness of solutions are established. Local and global stability conditions are obtained for all feasible equilibrium points. The Hopf bifurcation is investigated, by taking climate change constants, as bifurcation parameters. Which shows that the model with Holling type I is globally stable whenever there exists an internal equilibrium point. However, the model with Holling type II contains two dynamics: stable and limit cycle dynamics. Uniform persistence is proved, and various extinction scenarios have been analytically yielded. In addition, numerical simulations are used to demonstrate and verify our theoretical findings. Negative climate impacts have a significant impact on system stability as well as on the coexistence and extinction of species. Secondly, models with negative climate change are considered periodic changes taking seasonality into account, which is considered tangible evidence of climate change. The dynamics of these effects are investigated numerically. Due to the existence of seasonality, the dynamics become more complex and different, as there are multiple cycles and chaos, which makes the systems more realistic for describing some environments due to the presence of some environmental impacts. The findings of this study show many undesirable scenarios for predator-prey interactions due to negative climate change. In light of these findings, many phenomena and changes due to negative climate change in ecosystems can be explained and predicted from an ecological point of view.