External Risk Factors Research Articles

Measuring radioactive content and the effective radiation doses of natural origin in most consumed foodstuffs in the city of Kut – Iraq

Natural radioactive materials known by the term (NORM) are among the most important sources of radiation that can be transmitted to humans through eating foodstuffs. Therefore, researchers took care to study the levels of this type of radiation. In the current study, the levels of radioactivity were determined for the three most important natural radioactive elements, uranium (U-238), thorium (Th-232), and potassium (K-40) in (29) of the most consumed food samples collected from Wasit Governorate Markets. A gamma-ray spectroscopy system consisting of a sodium iodide activated thallium detector (NaI)Tl with dimensions of “3×3” and electronic units attached to it was used in this study. The results obtained from the studied samples showed the concentrations of (U-238, Th-232, and K-40), the value of the annual effective dose, the equivalent concentration of radium Raeq-226, and external and internal risk factors indicated that all concentrations of the radioactive elements targeted in the study were within the permissible limits despite the discrepancy in the values of the concentrations of these elements according to the samples.

Financial Appraisal Through Ratio Analysis

Steel company in India contributes significantly to the Indian economy. With a powerful chronicle, India has-been a reputed name within the world steel industry. This more signifies the resilience and strength of the Indian steel company against external risk factors. Globalization feeds enough leeway to the company to expand overseas and enrich India with high quality products by implementing state-of-art-technology. Tata Steel Ltd. introduces India on the global fore. The present study contemplates to reveal the financial appraisal of Tata Steel Ltd. by venerable consociation between the feedbacks of balance sheet and profit and loss account. This research paper cannibalizing secondary data fixates on financial appraisal of Tata Steel Ltd. for the years from 2017-2018 to 2021-2022. Results unbosom that the company’s performance is moderately satisfactory but it gravitates to be benigner to investors by wielding funds to other opportunities for decision-making anent investment.

From Bumps to Binges: Overview of Deaths Associated with Cocaine in England, Wales and Northern Ireland (2000-2019).

The UK, as the "cocaine capital of Europe," currently accounts for ∼75% of all cocaine-related hospital admissions in Europe. This study aims to analyze the trends in cocaine-related deaths in England, Wales and Northern Ireland over 20 years (2000-2019). Cases reported to the National Programme on Substance Abuse Deaths (NPSAD) occurring between 2000 and 2019 where cocaine was detected at post-mortem (PM) were extracted for analysis. A total of 5,339 cases were retrieved, with an increase in the rate of reporting over time. Cocaine was deemed a cause of death and quantified in PM blood samples along with its major metabolite benzoylecgonine in 685 cases. Of these 685 cases, 25% (n = 170/685) occurred following acute use, 22% (n = 154/685) following chronic/binge use, 40% (n = 271/685) in combination with morphine, 4% (n = 29/685) in drug packer/swallower circumstances and 9% (n = 61/685) in a suicide context. Cardiac complications were evident in 22% of cases (n = 154/685). The average concentration of cocaine detected in cardiac cases (900 ng/mL) was considerably lower than that detected in cases where acute (19,100 ng/mL) or chronic/binge (6,200 ng/mL) dosing was evident. This is the first cocaine-related mortality study in these geographical areas. Deaths following cocaine use continue to rise despite its Class A drug listing in the UK. While underlying and external risk factors including polydrug use, cardiac complications and mental health can all contribute to the incidence of fatal drug toxicity following cocaine use, this study demonstrates that the risk of a cocaine overdose cannot be attributed to a specific blood concentration range.

The prevalence of varicella zoster virus, herpes simplex virus type 2, and human papillomavirus in breast cancerous tissues and their adjacent ones in Iran.

Breast cancer is the second type of cancer in the world. Some internal and external risk factors, especially infection diseases, can progress breast cancer. As the relation between varicella zoster virus (VZV), human papillomavirus (HPV), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), and breast cancer has not been understood, it was attempting to find the effect of these viruses and breast cancer in this study. We collected 40 breast cancer and 50 healthy adjacent tissues from Taleghani and Imam Hossein Hospital, Tehran, Iran, in 3 years starting in 2017. After extracting DNA from breast tissues, multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR), nested PCR, and PCR were done to analyze the prevalence of HSV-2, VZV, and HPV. Our results showed that HPV may be one of the important causes of breast cancer. Nested PCR illustrated nine breast cancerous tissues (mean age: 43) and three healthy adjacent ones (mean age: 41) were infected by HPV. Phylogenetic analysis illustrated that all of the infected HPV cancerous and healthy tissues were HPV 18 (except two healthy samples infected with HPV 6). Nevertheless, there were not any infected tissues by HSV-2 and VZV. It seems that HPV virus type 18 can have high prevalence in breast cancerous tissues in comparison with healthy adjacent ones, and it is likely to have an effect on breast cancer progression. However, the opposite trend is true for HSV-2 and VZV as we did not find any differences between different kinds of breast tissues.

Method for Determining the Body's Level of Protection According to Oxidant Status in Assessing the Influence of Industrial Risk Factors on Health.

This work aims at improving the quality of health assessments, specifically under the influence of occupational risk factors. For this purpose, additional informative indicators are utilized in prognostic and diagnostic models. The models are used to characterize the level of body protection based on oxidative status. A quantitative method is proposed to assess the body's level of protection by means of the levels of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant activity, which characterize the body's oxidative status. A mechanism is developed for integrating the proposed method into prognostic and diagnostic decision rules. The developed rules are in the form of mathematical models used to synthesize hybrid fuzzy decision rules, which are then used to quantify the level of body protection (LBP) against external risk factors, based on the use of protection level functions in terms of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant activity. A mechanism for embedding LBP into predictive and diagnostic decision rules has been proposed. The proposed method is used to predict the occurrence and development of coronary heart disease in railroad locomotive drivers. It was found that to improve the predicting and diagnosing of diseases caused by external pathogenic factors, quantitative assessments of LBP, determined by oxidative status, can be implemented. It has been established that the use of the protection level indicator in predictive decision rules makes it possible to increase the efficiency of the prediction while simultaneously increasing its accuracy.

Агрессивное поведение подростков в представлении педагогов: оценка факторов риска

Background. The article regards the assessment of teachers' ideas about various risk factors for aggressive behaviour in adolescents. Teachers' perceptions of the factors influencing adolescents' aggressive behaviour allow us to understand how it is conceptualized, what contributes to the study of the phenomenology of adolescents' aggressive behaviour and, thus, is important for modern prevention programmes. Objective. The purpose of this article is to make a theoretical and empirical review and to identify risk factors for aggressive behaviour in adolescents assessed by teachers. Methods. The article analyzes the answers to the questions “What external and internal factors do you think to be the causes of aggressive behaviour in adolescents?” The questions were asked separately about older (15–19 years old) and younger (11–14 years old) adolescents. Spearman correlation analysis and nonparametric Wilcoxon criterion were used to assess the relationship between the indicators concerning the assessments of external and internal risk factors. Sample. The study was implemented in the form of an anonymous online survey for teachers from five federal gegions of Russian Federation. The overwhelming majority of respondents are female (94%). The average age of respondents is 44.5 (SD = 11.7). A sample of 5728 teachers was used for the analysis. Results. The analysis reveals that educators rate the significance of both external and internal factors higher in relation to the older adolescents compared to the younger ones. An inverse correlation between the teacher's age and the assessment of the significance of risk factors was revealed. Conclusion. In the course of the study we obtained results indicating the specificity in assessing the significance of risk factors for aggressive behaviour of adolescents in the teachers' perception. External and internal factors are perceived by teachers of different ages heterogeneously, which may be due to both individual characteristics of teachers and the social situation of the development of modern adolescents. This contributes to the study of the phenomenology of aggression in adolescence. The obtained results can help develop professional development programmes aimed at correct identification of risk factors on the part of teachers in order to form strategies of educational work with younger and older adolescents.

Musculoskeletal Injuries in Ice Hockey: A Review of Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Mechanisms, and Rehabilitation

Hockey players must have good coordination skills, agility, and control of their body movements. The main movement pattern is the skating, which consists of a support and a swing phase. Those who skate effectively can reach speeds up to 48 km/h. Traumatic injuries predominate in hockey, with medial collateral ligament injury being the most common injury in both genders (44/1,000 h). Overuse injuries account for a smaller proportion of injuries, with the hip joint being the most affected area. One of the most important internal risk factors is a previous injury. External risk factors relate to the level of play, player position, and the characteristics of the game. Repetitive skating patterns can cause femoroacetabular impingement syndrome. Inadequate skating technique results in a knee valgus position, which can damage the medial collateral ligament. Rapid changes of direction cause an injury of the hip adductor muscles. Torsional forces in the ankle during skating can lead to high ankle fractures, and shear forces between the tendons and the stiff tongue of the skate can lead to tendon inflammation. Prevention activities should include strengthening of the hip, knee and shoulder girdle muscles, and sport-specific exercises early in the season. At the end of the article, rehabilitation strategies for specific injuries are also discussed.

Hallmarks of Skin Aging: Update.

Aging is defined as impaired physiological integrity, decreased function, increased susceptibility to external risk factors and various diseases. Skin, the largest organ in our body, may become more vulnerable to insult as time goes by and behave as aged skin. Here, we systemically reviewed three categories including seven hallmarks of skin aging. These hallmarks including genomic instability and telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations and loss of proteostasis, deregulated nutrient-sensing, mitochondrial damage and dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion/dysregulation, and altered intercellular communication. These seven hallmarks can generally be divided into three categories including (i) causes of damages as primary hallmarks in skin aging; (ii) responses to damage as antagonistic hallmarks in skin aging; and (iii) culprits of the phenotype as integrative hallmarks in skin aging.

Central concepts in mental health promotion programs for children and adolescents: Evidence and examples from Switzerland

Abstract Universal mental health promotion programs draw on a wide range of concepts to promote children's and adolescents’ mental health. This presentation aims to provide an overview of the central concepts from health, developmental and social psychology, psychiatry, and public health/health promotion and to illustrate their application using examples from Swiss mental health promotion programs for children and adolescents. Concepts on internal, biological, psychological and psychosocial factors such as the ten life skills that are recommended by the WHO, self-efficacy, (mental) health literacy, and the resilience literature are looked at as well as concepts on external risk and protective factors such as social support (quality of attachment and relationships, positive family climate and peer relations) and the quality of educational institutions. Evidence on their effectiveness is reported and conceptual similarities and differences as well as the underlying mechanisms of action are explored from a health behavior change perspective using the behavior change wheel. Finally, implications for the design and implementation of mental health promotion programs are discussed

NREM Sleep Parasomnias Commencing in Childhood: Trauma and Atopy as Perpetuating Factors.

Objective/Background: Phenotyping of non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) parasomnias is currently poorly undertaken. This study aimed to determine whether there are differences phenotypically among childhood-, adolescent-, and adult-onset NREM parasomnias continuing into and presenting in adulthood. Patients/Methods: A retrospective, cohort study of patients presenting with NREM parasomnia between 2008 and 2019 (n = 307) was conducted. Disorders included sleepwalking (n = 231), night terrors (n = 150), sexualised behaviour in sleep (n = 50), and sleep-related eating disorder (n = 28). Results: Compared to the adult-onset NREM behaviours group, the childhood- and adolescent-onset groups were more likely to have a family history of NREM behaviours (p < 0.001), experience a greater spectrum of NREM disorders (p = 0.001), and report a history of sleep-talking significantly more frequently (p = 0.014). Atopy was most prevalent in the childhood-onset group (p = 0.001). Those with childhood-onset NREM parasomnias were significantly more likely to arouse from N3 sleep on video polysomnography (p = 0.0003). Psychiatric disorders were more likely to be comorbid in the adult-onset group (p = 0.012). A history of trauma coinciding with onset of NREM behaviours was significantly more common in the childhood- and adolescent-onset groups (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Significant differences exist across childhood-, adolescent-, and adult-onset NREM parasomnia presenting in adulthood. This study suggests that adult-onset slow-wave sleep disorders may be confounded by psychiatric disorders resulting in nocturnal sleep disruption and that unresolved traumatic life experiences perpetuate NREM disorders arising in childhood and comprise one of the strongest external risk factors for triggering and perpetuating these disorders in adolescence.

Combined Evaluation of HSV Genome and Antibodies in Breast Cancer

Background: Breast cancer develops due to the combination of external and internal risk factors. Also, the role of viruses is considerable in developing breast cancer. Objectives: This study compared the frequency of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) and the level of IgM and IgG antibodies against HSV between cancer patients and healthy individuals. Methods: Sixty women with breast cancer and 60 healthy women (40 with fibroadenoma and 20 in good health) were selected. Breast tissue and serum samples were taken from all the subjects to evaluate the HSV-1 and HSV-2 genome frequency using real-time PCR. Also, serum levels of IgM HSV and IgG HSV antibodies were assessed using the ELISA technique. Results: The HSV-1 genome was detected in six cancer specimens and in two fibroadenoma specimens (P = 0.143, OR: 3.22, CI95%: 0.623 - 16.66). Three cancer cases and one fibroadenoma case were positive for HSV-2 (P = 0.309, OR: 3.105, CI95%: 0.314 - 30.73). HSV IgM antibody was positive in three subjects in the control group and six in the case group (P = 0.298, OR: 2.11, CI95%: 0.503 - 8.87). Although the higher mean levels of antibodies were found in the case group (4.01 ± 5.91 U/mL) compared to the control group (2.95 ± 3.51 U/mL), there was no statistically significant difference between them (P = 0.179). The serum of all samples was positive for the HSV IgG antibody, and there was a statistically significant difference in its mean levels between the case (91.22 ± 13.58 U/mL) and control (81.58 ± 17.02 U/mL) groups (P = 0.008). Conclusions: The present study showed that HSV-1 and HSV-2 were not directly related to breast tissue carcinogenesis and may act as co-factors.

Study of Failure Risk Factors for Residential Infrastructure Buildings

Purpose: The risks and uncertainties of construction projects have the potential to cause damage to construction projects. Risk analysis and management are the main features of construction project management to effectively deal with uncertainties and unexpected events to achieve project success.&#x0D; Design/methodology/approach: Some pertinent risk variables for each classification are six internal, four project risk factors, and four external. Researchers detected 14 external risk factor reasons, 36 internal risk factor causes, 16 project factor causes, and 36 external risk factor causes.&#x0D; Findings: Researchers suggest project risk management through this study by implementing overall risk management. A properly executed project plan and identified risks as early as possible at a later stage turn into success. Managing risks does not mean avoiding them but identifying them correctly to determine all associated opportunities and hazards for project success.&#x0D; Research limitations/implications: A good risk management approach anticipates the risk of building failure. It can happen in residential infrastructure projects. The first step in risk management is to study the risk factors for the loss of residential infrastructure buildings. Following an analysis, the project manager generates recommendations or plans for risk reduction in response to the primary risks in infrastructure projects.&#x0D; Originality/value: This paper is original&#x0D; Paper type: Research paper

Fall prevention in old people through occupational therapy home assessment, consultation and modification: aprocess outline

Falls occur frequently in old people and are associated with relevant short-term and long-term trauma sequelae. Particularly in the light of demographic change, preventive measures such as falls prevention are increasingly gaining in importance. Occupational therapy home assessments enable the evaluation of external and behavioral risk factors for falls in the context of environmental prevention. Environmental prevention is an effective measure in preventing morbidity and mortality related to falls in old people and the increase in healthcare costs associated with falls. Occupational therapy home assessments effectively reduce fall risk and fall rate among older people at risk of falling and can be implemented in the context of existing regulatory frameworks. The aim of this overview is to illustrate the optimal process of home assessment and adaptation for patients at risk of falling by general practitioners, orthopedic surgeons and occupational therapists.

A New Case of Tuberculosis Disease Management through Family Medicine Approach

Tuberculosis is still a threat to public health in Indonesia. Based on WHO, TBC Report 2020, TBC Case in Indonesia in 2019 is estimated at 845,000 cases with the incidence of 312 per 100,000 population, so Indonesia be the second largest TBC cases of the world after India. The family's input approach provides holistic treatment by improving family functions.&#x0D; The Primary data was obtained through anamnesis (Autoanamnesis), physical examination and home visits to assess the home condition and relation with the family. The secondary data were obtained from the patient's medical record in Hospital. Assessment is based on the holistic diagnostic. The result is presented in the case report. The patient who has a functional degree 1 with tuberculosis has an internal risk factor that does not pay attention to the initial complaints so the complaints increase weight, patient awareness efforts in avoiding risk factors and lack of knowledge of the disease. As for External risk factors are the lack of Family knowledge about the disease and home environment which is so close to the farm. Then do educate the patient and family about drugs that should he consume and eat right, side effect of the drugs and changes in his lifestyle. After the evaluation is compliance in taking medicine and do healthy lifestyle. The complex clinical activities take a long time and cooperation between health family workers. Where officers not only resolve the patient's clinical issues but also seek and provide solutions to problems - the problems in an environment affecting the health of patients and families.

Maternal Filicide: A Review of Psychological and External Demographic Risk Factors

ABSTRACT Filicide is an extreme form of homicide defined as the murder of a child at the hand of their parent. Women who kill are often portrayed in the media as angry, psychopathic, vengeful murderers, and their own experiences are often not included. Understanding filicide is complex; it is a mix of both social and psychological factors. This article focuses on a review of literature from 1961–2020. We also review a classification model which identifies filicidal motives including altruistic, acutely psychotic, unwanted child, accidental, and spouse revenge. Characteristics of filicide victims, including age and gender will also be discussed. Additionally, characteristics of maternal perpetrators, including marital status, education level, feelings of rejection, and exposure to neglect or substance abuse will be explored. This paper also reviews psychological risk factors associated with filicide through highlighting differences between psychotic and non-psychotic female perpetrators Lastly, prevention of filicide, including a focus on providing education of risk factors and appropriate language in order to avoid miscommunication and oversight will be explored.

Do associations between suicide ideation and its correlates (substance use, anxiety, and depression) differ according to victimization type among youth? A Smart platform study

The issues associated with mental health, substance misuse, and suicide ideation are complex and sensitive among youth. We sought to investigate the role that subjective health, internalizing and externalizing risk factors play in the association between victimization and suicide ideation among youth in Canada via used a custom-built digital epidemiological smartphone application (Smart Platform) on their personal smartphones.A sample of 818 youth citizen scientists in Saskatchewan, Canada downloaded the app to provide information on victimization, subjective health, internalizing problems (symptoms of stress, anxiety, and depression), externalizing behaviours (cannabis use, alcohol, smoking), and suicide ideation. Binary regression models were used to estimate associations and controlled for gender, age, perpetration, and ethnicity.From our sample, 23% of youth reported suicide ideation (i.e., thoughts) in the past year. Three types of victimization (cyberbullied, made fun or teased, or bullied via being left out) are associated with a two-times higher risk of suicide ideation. Although certain risk factors (anxiety, poor subjective health, and cannabis use) were associated with higher suicide ideation risk, they did not moderate the association between victimization and suicide ideation. Symptoms of depression were found to be protective against suicide ideation.Suicide ideation is high among this sample of youth in Canada. Certain types of victimization, internalizing and externalizing risk factors, and poor subjective health are associated with a higher risk of suicide ideation. However, our findings confirm that the pathway from victimization to suicide ideation is complex and is potentially moderated by factors other than the ones explored here.

Prolonged QT Interval in Cirrhosis: Twisting Time?

Approximately 30% to 70% of patients with cirrhosis have QT interval prolongation. In patients without cirrhosis, QT prolongation is associated with an increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias, such as torsade de pointes (TdP). In cirrhotic patients, there is likely a significant association between the corrected QT (QTc) interval and the severity of liver disease, and possibly with increased mortality. We present a stepwise overview of the pathophysiology and management of acquired long QT syndrome in cirrhosis. The QT interval is mainly determined by ventricular repolarization. To compare the QT interval in time it should be corrected for heart rate (QTc), preferably by the Fridericia method. A QTc interval >450 ms in males and >470 ms in females is considered prolonged. The pathophysiological mechanism remains incompletely understood, but may include metabolic, autonomic or hormonal imbalances, cirrhotic heart failure and/or genetic predisposition. Additional external risk factors for QTc prolongation include medication (IKr blockade and altered cytochrome P450 activity), bradycardia, electrolyte abnormalities, underlying cardiomyopathy and acute illness. In patients with cirrhosis, multiple hits and cardiac-hepatic interactions are often required to sufficiently erode the repolarization reserve before long QT syndrome and TdP can occur. While some risk factors are unavoidable, overall risk can be mitigated by electrocardiogram monitoring and avoiding drug interactions and electrolyte and acidbase disturbances. In cirrhotic patients with prolonged QTc interval, a joint effort by cardiologists and hepatologists may be useful and significantly improve the clinical course and outcome.

A Review on Effect of Physical Activity as an Exogenous Factor and Cognitive Change in Motor Neuron Disease

Motor neuron disease (MND) is a terrible neurodegenerative illness with a poor prognosis and significant impairment. Despite recent advances in symptomatic care, there are few medicines that can affect survival. However, a better understanding of the underlying etiology would substantially aid the task of finding effective treatments. In the etiology of MND, many potential external risk factors have been hypothesized as part of a gene-environment interaction. Following reports of a greater than predicted incidence of MND in professional athletes, there has been an increasing interest in the role of intensive physical exercise in the development of the disease. Current hypotheses about the cellular and genetic causes of MND also support this conclusion. Epidemiological evidence, on the other hand, is contradictory and inconclusive. FTD/motor neuron disease is the name given to a motor neuronopathy that complicates frontotemporal dementia (FTD) (MND). FTD is marked by severe personality changes, abnormal social behavior, and executive difficulties caused by frontal and temporal neocortical atrophy. Bulbar palsy and limb amyotrophy are symptoms of motor neuron disease. Micro vacuolation of the cerebral cortex is the most common histological alteration, along with atrophy of the bulbar neurons and anterior horn cells of the spinal cord. Large pyramidal cortical neurons, surviving cranial nerve nuclei, and anterior horn cells all have ubiquitinated inclusion bodies. Evidence is accumulating that some patients with classical MND/amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) who are not regarded to be demented show frontal executive function abnormalities. Moreover, frontal lobe abnormalities have been demonstrated by neuroimaging. Keywords: MND, FTD, ALS, motor neuron, behavior, physical activity, cognitive change.

Factores del riesgo crediticio en una cooperativa de ahorro y credito, en la emergencia sanitaria de la COVID-19

The Financial system is a fundamental component of the national economy which is made up of public and private financial institutions, and its purpose is focused on financial intermediation. During the COVID-19 health emergency, the exposure of the financial system to the materialization of the credit risk was practically inevitable. In consequence, this work was developed to identify the credit risk factors of a credit union from segment 1 in the context of the pandemic. Being a qualitative, non-experimental, descriptive and transversal research, for the data collection, not only a structured survey was applied to the members but also an interview to the executives of the institution. In addition, through fieldwork, documentation was analyzed, the one which provided valuable information and was complemented with an exhaustive bibliographic review. The results reveal that internal and external credit risk factors have increased significantly. The internal ones are evidenced in: low operability of the banking core, deficiency in credit origination, portfolio concentration, limited recovery management and lack of knowledge about credit card policies. The external ones are determined by: the loss of employment of the members, suspension of school activities, mobility restrictions at national level, and an impending reduction of the family income. In this sense it is concluded that, the credit union under study did not take the necessary measures to mitigate in a timely manner the internal credit risk factors and reacted somewhat slowly to the external credit risk factors during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The risk factors of the functional status, quality of life, and family psychological status in children with postintensive care syndrome: A cohort study.

Intensive care treatment has a side effect of several impairments after hospital discharge, known as postintensive care syndrome (PICS). PICS in children must be well evaluated because PICS can affect their global development and quality of life. Our specific aims are to determine the impact of intensive care treatment and the risk factors which contribute to PICS. In this observational cohort study, we identified critically ill children treated in intensive care units (ICUs) for more than 24 h and survived. We evaluated the internal and external risk factors of the patients in the intensive care. We interviewed their parents to define the functional status and quality of life of the patients in 7 days before ICU admission and the psychological status of the family at the time of intensive care admission. The interview was repeated in 3 months after the intensive care discharge. There was a significant decrease in functional status and quality of life after intensive care treatment (P < 0.001). However, none of the internal risk factors were significantly associated with PICS. Neurologic involvement in the disease was associated with the significantly reduced functional status of patients, while the severity of the disease was significantly associated with both functional status and quality of life. Our study also showed a significant psychological disorder of the family in the intensive care. The occurrence of PICS in children was associated with the severity of the disease, decreased the functional status and quality of life, and contributed to psychological disorders for the family.