Rapid urbanization has increased the challenges of providing adequate housing for low-income communities, particularly in Malaysia, where 85% of the population is expected to live in urban areas by 2040. Modern housing development often prioritizes on efficiency and cost, overlooking the cultural and social dimensions embedded in vernacular practices. This study aims to examine whether the spatial patterns in low-income urban housing in the Klang Valley demonstrate any interaction with vernacular knowledge, or whether they have been entirely shaped by modern ideas. Using diagrammatic analysis through the space syntax method, the study compares the floor plans of low-income urban housing and traditional vernacular houses in remote areas of Peninsular Malaysia. Justified Permeability Graph are used to identify patterns of integration and segregation concerning access, movement, and spatial hierarchy. The findings reveal that although modern housing responds to urban living needs, elements of vernacular spatial logic do remain. However, there are significant differences, particularly in the relationship between domestic spaces and external areas. Urban housing tends to exhibit a more individualistic character, as regulated by government policies. Conversely, vernacular houses show a stronger integration between interior and exterior spaces to foster closer community ties. This study highlights the importance of integrating local cultural values into urban housing design in order to create more inclusive, meaningful, and socially connected living environments.

This article re-reads the use of images of domestic materiality in descriptions of landscape in three of Alice Munro’s short stories concerned with memories of abuse, violence and death in light of Andrea Skinner’s revelations of July 2024. Disrupted domestic materiality is identified as domestic imagery incorporated into descriptions of landscape which destabilize spatial boundaries and intensify the shared threat of exterior and interior spaces. While it has primarily been identified through discrete images from Munro’s oeuvre (for example, the ‘linoleum cave’) this article expands on and connects three further examples of this disrupted domestic materiality to illustrate its extensive presence in Munro’s short fiction. As these images signal a preoccupation with memory and knowledge which characterize her later stories, new readings emerge from the context of Munro’s role in the denial of her daughter’s sexual abuse by Munro’s second husband, Gerald Fremlin. The disrupted domestic materiality of ‘Vandals’, ‘Runaway’ and ‘Gravel’ requires further attention given that they, to differing extents, draw on, as material, the revelation and denial of Skinner’s experience of child sexual abuse.

This paper presents a multi-device scan-to-HBIM workflow developed for the adaptive reuse of the Odd Fellows Building (b.1911), a socially significant historic landmark with seven stories above ground and a basement, located in Atlanta’s Sweet Auburn National Historic Landmark District. As a major contributing structure within the culturally significant corridor, the building’s adaptive reuse demands precise documentation, rapid data collection, and efficient stakeholder communication. To meet these goals within strict time and funding limits, the research integrates Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS), Matterport 360-camera technology, and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to create an efficient and accessible pipeline for documenting historic buildings, assisting with renovation and construction processes. TLS is employed as a benchmark capture method to establish a baseline point cloud for aligning all other data. Matterport technology enables fast interior scanning while providing high-resolution visuals and an interactive virtual tour platform. UAVs are deployed to supplement data collection in hard-to-access exterior areas, especially where ground-based reality capture tools encounter spatial or logistical barriers. This not only accelerates data acquisition under time and budget constraints but also offers stakeholders the ability to remotely revisit the space without geographic limitation. This multi-device strategy optimizes the trade-off between capture speed and spatial tolerance, accommodating a complex mix of preserved historic elements (exterior and lobby space) and altered upper floors. Besides, a full TLS capture approach could cause potential data saturation and processing inefficiencies. The multi-device approach has multiple data processed registered to provide one combined point cloud, which is integrated into a semantically rich HBIM model developed in Autodesk Revit at Level of Development (LoD) 300. Although not a full Digital Twin (DT), the resulting model establishes a foundational framework for future digital twinning and immersive applications. By demonstrating how different reality capture technologies can be effectively integrated to accommodate site limitations, stakeholder needs, and funding constraints, this case study contributes to the broader discourse on digital transformation in construction, particularly the evolving intersection of BIM, remote visualization, and the early stages of DT development in the preservation sector.

This study analyzes architectural explanation videos published on architecture information websites to clarify visual expression techniques based on subject depiction structures. Main subjects were assigned to each shot, and N-gram analysis was used to extract patterns in depiction sequences. Correspondence analysis and multinomial logistic regression were applied to examine the relationship between visuals and speech. The results show that meaning is formed through sequences of different subjects, and depictions of interior spaces, exterior spaces, exteriors, and parts play key roles. A consistent alignment between spoken content and visuals was also observed.

The correlation between spatial vitality and multi-alienation in the exterior spaces of large-scale public buildings: A case study of three sites in Shanghai

Architecture is not merely a construction discipline, but a spatial expression of the human-nature relationship. This relationship, while functional, also encompasses a multilayered world of meaning, transforming architecture into an ontological medium. In this study, the house-garden relationship is considered not just as a matter of physical adjacency, but as two architecturally integrated components on existential, ecological, and cognitive levels. Inspired by Frank Lloyd Wright’s philosophy of integration with nature, this approach presents a holistic design paradigm that perceives architecture as a part of nature, dissolves the boundaries between interior and exterior space, and fosters a sensory connection between the individual and their environment. The article evaluates the house-garden integrity through various lenses such as architectural form, fractal aesthetics, soil health, water cycles, microclimatic effects, computational landscape techniques, and philosophical meaning-making. Through contemporary approaches such as biophilic design and responsive surface systems, the forward-looking dimension of organic architecture beyond its historical context is also emphasized. Ultimately, organic architecture is proposed not merely as a nature-compatible structural aesthetic, but as a way of life that invites users to connect with their environment and inner self.

This article examines the modernisation of higher education buildings. It includes a literature review of scientific works on the subject. The recently developed concept project for the modernisation of the Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW) Water Centre building in Warsaw contained a wide range of works encompassing large-scale interventions involving remodelling, renovation, reconstruction and expansion of the existing building. The aim of the article is to examine the possibilities of adapting and optimising both the interior and exterior space through the use of contemporary, computer-aided design methods and incorporating sustainable development aspects. The research hypothesis is that a holistic approach to modernisation, integrating various industries and technologies, can significantly improve the functionality, energy efficiency, and accessibility of the building, and improve the development of the surrounding area. The research method adopted is a review of current literature on the topic and a case study of the Water Centre project on the SGGW campus in Warsaw. The results of the case study analysis indicate a number of problems related to the existing infrastructure and opportunities for improvement through the implementation of a design concept that takes into account the sustainable development goals (SDGs). The conclusions of the paper emphasise the need for interdisciplinary collaboration and a comprehensive approach that considers economic, social, and environmental aspects when modernising buildings with complex functions, which can contribute to improving the quality of space and meeting the needs of various user groups.

This study investigates the integration of traditional Suzhou garden design techniques into contemporary art museum spaces in the Jiangnan region of China. Using a qualitative multiple-case study approach, three representative museums were examined : the Suzhou Museum, China National Silk Museum in Hangzhou, and Nanjing Museum. Data collection involved on-site observations and documentary analysis of spatial layouts, design elements, and gardening techniques. The findings reveal three primary integration strategies : first, the adoption of Suzhou garden spatial layout concepts including asymmetrical arrangements and layered spatial hierarchies; second, the application of traditional framing techniques (jiejing) using architectural elements to create visual connections between interior and exterior spaces; and third, the "introducing scenery into the museum" approach that incorporates natural elements such as water features, rocks, and plants to enhance visitor experience. The comparative analysis demonstrates that museums successfully applying these techniques show improved visitor engagement and reduced museum fatigue. These findings provide practical design guidelines for museum practitioners and architects seeking to integrate traditional Chinese garden aesthetics into modern cultural spaces while preserving regional cultural identity.

<p class="AGGAbstract"><span lang="sr-Cyrl-BA">The process of infill within the built environment represents a fundamental and increasingly indispensable approach to sustainable societal and environmental development. Although rooted in past practices and experiences of modern urbanization, its methodological frameworks must be continuously reinterpreted in response to climate change and contemporary modes of living. In this context, the re-examination of both architectural heritage and professional practice becomes essential, ensuring that sensitivity, creativity, and innovation remain central to design strategies.</span></p> <p class="AGGAbstract"><span lang="sr-Cyrl-BA">This paper examines the evolving approaches to integrating new structures within existing built environments, arguing that such integration should arise not only from aesthetic alignment with the surrounding context but also from the dynamic interplay between interior and exterior spaces, reflecting both everyday practices and environmental change. Focusing on three residential projects in small-scale urban environments, the study employs a methodological framework based on the analysis of ambient conditions, design principles, and spatial outcomes. The findings demonstrate how urban infill can simultaneously preserve the character of local communities while meeting contemporary functional and environmental demands.</span></p>

The façade functions to separate the interior and exterior spaces of a building. This separation supports the building in providing protection from weather conditions, especially sunlight, for its occupants, and plays a role in reducing the building’s energy demand. At the same time, environmental issues pose distinct challenges for façade design, as environmental degradation increases the likelihood of rising global temperatures, which in turn leads to high energy use. Therefore, façade technology is required to be efficient and durable. One strategy to achieve this goal is the biomimetic approach. The research method uses a qualitative approach through the collection of secondary data in the form of façade precedents employing biomimetic principles. The sampling technique used is judgmental sampling, in which precedents are selected based on the architects’ narratives and the morphological characteristics that represent biomimetic principles. Two precedents from tropical and subtropical regions, Nicolas San Juan (Mexico) and The Alpha (Australia), were selected as case studies. The research stages include a literature review on façades and biomimicry, the development of a biomimetic assessment matrix, and the analysis of both precedents using the matrix to identify the application of biomimetic principles in façade design. This study is a foundational research that can be further developed by increasing the number of precedents and expanding the scope of biomimetic aspects, considering that this study is limited to morphological aspects and relies on secondary data. From this process, the research shows that both precedents successfully apply biomimetic principles consistently in their façade structures and patterns, thereby providing references for the development of biomimetic façade design in future studies.

Great technical-technological progress in the production of innovative ceramic diverse elements for covering facade surfaces of architectural buildings has significantly influenced architects to make the design of physical structures in public space more aesthetically and visually interesting. Through ten examples of completed buildings from different parts of the world, the paper presents facades made of ecologically sustainable ceramic material that essentially modified the microenvironmental character of the area where they were created. They changed the physiognomy and identity of the exterior space of streets, squares and piazzas and influenced the design repair and development of wider urban territories. Attractively shaped facades with ceramic cladding, as the most integrative part, have significantly modified the images of the contemporary appearance of urban settlements. Cultural-historical genius loci of artifactual and natural structures were revived. The author's attention is focused on buildings with extremely beautiful facade figures, ornaments and details, which are an important, integral part of cultural and historical heritage, and whose protection from destruction due to progress should be unquestionable. In the same way, the eco-architectural-sculptural form of modern buildings was looked at, where the ceramic material on the facade envelopes had a key influence on creating the impression of new, high-quality creative-artistic transformations in the space.

Navtej Singh Johar v. Supreme Court of India, a landmark case of the Supreme Court of India in 2018. Union of India is a landmark in the Indian constitutional law and human rights history. The decision not only overturned the obsolete Section 377 in the Indian Penal Code, but determined the constitutional morality over the social one, which had long predominated. This paper evaluates the course of the LGBTQ+ rights in India following this judgment. It states that although the foundation of legal and moral grammar of equality was launched by Navtej Singh Johar, the post-2018 epoch has been characterized by a complicated and demanding process of extending this grammar of the inward space of decriminalization to the exterior space of positive civil rights. In the initial part of the paper, a literature review shall be carried out to determine the doctrinal foundation of the Navtej verdict and its understanding of constitutional morality (Katju, 2018; Manupatra, n.d.). Then goes to an account of further events, such as the major legal struggles over marriage equality, the legislative reaction to this through the Transgender Persons Act, and the changing case law, culminating with recent judicial and policy actions in 2025 (Insights on India, 2025; Washington Blade, 2025). This paper concludes that what is being evidenced by the post-Navtej landscape is a judiciary that is struggling with the implications of its own precedent in the challenge of ensuring that the promise of dignity and equality is not just that of existence, but that of full, participative citizenship.

ABSTRACT With the growth of island tourism, the construction of island resorts and hotels has increased. Their exterior spaces are highly susceptible to the complex and variable island wind environments, impacting tourist experiences. However, research on their spatial characteristics and wind adaptation remains limited and lacks systematic analysis. This study reviewed related research and analyzed 50 island resorts and hotels worldwide. Spatial characteristics and wind adaptation strategies were summarized from layout patterns, enclosure interfaces, and constituent elements. Key findings indicate: (1) For layout patterns, exterior spaces were categorized into three types, as the building grounding method and its spatial relationship with nearshore water bodies significantly influenced this typology. Thus, wind-adaptive design inspirations were summarized for building layout types, terrain, and water bodies. (2) For enclosure interfaces, 13 enclosure types were classified by interface position and number, and indicators (D/W, D/H, IED, SVF) showed diverse distributions among the cases. Enclosed spaces are influenced by materials, shapes, and heights, affecting local wind flow patterns. (3) For constituent elements, main components exhibited clear typological characteristics and varying influence on microclimate. These findings provide both theoretical insights and practical references for wind-adaptive design of island resorts and hotels, to improve comfort and sustainability.

The visual interior in interior design stems from the use of techniques and the process of communication between interior and exterior spaces, and it is positively reflected when<br /> used optimally, achieving success and progress on a functional and aesthetic level. This emphasizes the communicative nature of the discipline with the available technologies,<br /> which provide comfort, speed and ease of use. The forces generated by the role of visual interference in the contexts of physical and technological development, with the<br /> acceleration of the creative process, provide the interior designer with solutions to achieve all possibilities in diversity, compatibility and harmony, which are related to accuracy,<br /> speed, cost reduction and the growth of the new through suitability. This is what the current research sought to address in dealing with the subject of technologies as active forces in interior design.

In the context of architecture, spatiality signifies dichotomies of interior and exterior, domestic or private and public or social domains, which are socially and psychologically meaningful. In a similar thread, spatiality within the literary context draws on elements that create boundaries between internal and external spaces within a text. This paper delves into the interior and exterior spaces presented by Zoya Pirzad in Things We Left Unsaid and Vanessa Chan in The Storm We Made. With distinctive references made to racial and ethnic conflicts within the respective nations, this paper seeks to examine how the female characters within the margins of society are represented when encountering the invader. Additionally, through the examination of spatial divides, we explore the notion of the threshold as a tangible and intangible idea or construct, acknowledging the distinction between the interior and exterior domains presented in both texts. In both works, the threshold within the spaces occupied and the characters' identities become intelligibly connected through various encounters, thoughts, and decisions drawn. The findings of this paper ultimately emphasise how thresholds in works of fiction, like these two novels, create a sense of comfort, safety, belonging, and the consciousness of self within the created space, as characters jostle between the invasion of the established threshold and the restructuring of the ruined threshold. Keywords: Iranian literature; Malaysian literature; spatiality; threshold; invasion

The article analyzes and structures the fundamental foundations of the development of modern design, construction, and operation of Orthodox church buildings and complexes on the territory of Ukraine during the period of its “independence.” In this study, the authors reveal the main trends and factors in the development of church architecture; propose a periodization of the formation and development of the heritage of Orthodox church buildings; identify and formulate the main architectural and planning, stylistic, volumetric-spatial, and architectural and artistic characteristics of the national heritage of sacred architecture over the 30 years of Free Ukraine. For the first time, a list of Ukrainian church architects involved in modern design and construction is presented and systematized, with the principles of the individual design method identified. The author reveals the credo of the architects and their author's style. For the first time, a temple building is presented as a synthesis of arts, where, in addition to the architectural and volumetric solution of the architect, a system of synthesis of arts is involved, which allows to achieve a single state, allows to feel and understand all the symbols that are embedded in the interior and exterior space of the temple. The article deals with the issue of current trends in the modern development of sacred church building in Ukraine (revival of national spirituality and faith, architectural and planning, constructive and technological, urban planning, stylistic and architectural and artistic trends, and the formation of the architect's personality in sacred church building). The article is illustrated with a large number of images for the most complete immersion in the topic and understanding of the context. The conclusions indicate the main directions of development of modern church building in Ukraine; promising vectors of development are formed (innovative solutions for forming; the use of new constructive solutions that will contribute to architectural and artistic imagery; expression of national traditions and motives, theological continuity, etc.)

The proposed study is a systematic review that will evaluate the application of robotic surgery in craniofacial reconstruction, focusing on the breadth of surgical use, pre- and post-clinical outcomes, and deficiencies in modern practices and perspectives within the field. According to the PRISMA guidelines, the literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library, and studies published between January 2000 and May 2025 were identified. The terms included the search query, robot surgery, craniofacial reconstruction, and similar. The peer-reviewed articles were accepted as inclusion criteria based on the report on robot use in craniofacial procedures and statistics on methods, outcomes, or limitations. The exclusion criteria were robotic, non-craniofacial, and animal research. The documented information included the study design, patient demographics, robotic systems, anatomical focus, surgical outcomes, and limitations. The Newcastle-Ottawa or the ROBINS-I tool was used to determine quality. Synthesis of narratives was conducted, and homogeneous results were considered for meta-analysis. Various robotic methods, including transoral robotic surgery and endoscopic-assisted techniques, were defined and reviewed for use in cranial vault, orbital, and mandibular reconstruction. Clinical results were more precise, with less blood loss and more aesthetically pleasing outcomes than traditional methods, but also, operative times differed. The risks of complications were reduced, but they still involved nerve damage and infections. Constraints included expense, sharp learning feats, and the inability of instruments to navigate exterior spaces in a pinch. The transformative potential of robotics is evident in the application of robot-assisted surgery for craniofacial reconstruction, which enhances accuracy and improves patient outcomes. Research, however, through randomized trials and the development of specialized instruments, is required due to a lack of technical elements, economic considerations, and evidence to determine its effective integration in the clinical sphere.

Abstract The technique of soil micromorphology has seen a significant increase in its use over the past few decades. However, this tool is still underutilized in protohistoric sites in the Iberian Peninsula, despite having shown promising results. This work examines the use of gypsum as a construction material in the protohistoric site of Gebut, (Lleida, Spain), through a geoarchaeological study based on micromorphology. The results challenge the belief that gypsum can only be used in interior spaces or for decorative purposes. Its use has been identified in floors, plaster, and mortars, both in interior and exterior spaces. Additionally, parallels are drawn with other protohistoric sites in the northeast of the peninsula, where gypsum was used in mortars, plaster, structures related to liquid production, and waterproof floors. Under environmental conditions, gypsum tends to dissolve/precipitate and can naturally occurring at the site through various mechanisms. The study incorporates micromorphology criteria to distinguish between pedogenic and anthropogenic gypsum based on its general spatial arrangement, percentage, or the morphology and size of its crystals. Furthermore, adding specific temper (well-classified ceramic fragments and rubified aggregates) and plant fragments has been documented as very likely to improve mechanical properties and durability. These findings reveal advanced technical knowledge of gypsum in the Protohistoric period, involving pyrotechnical skills, granulometric selection, and the use of natural additives to optimize its properties. The results encourage further physical-chemical studies to validate these hypotheses and reconsider gypsum’s role as a versatile structural material in protohistoric architecture.

The research aims to create functional and aesthetically pleasing spaces to meet the needs of users, as well as to propose design solutions that can be applied to most current residential units. The research problem is the need for users of small or limited interior spaces to have special spaces that meet their functional and aesthetic desires. This can be achieved through functional design treatments that do not waste available space or obstruct the use of internal space. The approach taken in this study was inductive, which involved reviewing previous studies on design solutions and treatments. The research also used the descriptive analytical method to analyze the phenomenon through private data. The results of the study showed that studying all human and changing needs related to housing can lead to realistic and applicable design solutions, allowing access to the most suitable housing for its occupants. Additionally, the use of simple design treatments can solve complex housing design problems, although it may require reconsidering budgetary issues. Finally, flexible thinking about reusing available spaces in the interior space in different ways contributes to solving design problems in an innovative way that meets changing human needs.

The exterior space of a monumental building is not only a transition between the building and the city, but also an important place for public activities. Considering only the single factor such as environment or transportation, the external space will have a single function and reduce the utilization rate of the space. Therefore, this study is based on artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm to optimize the ecological and aesthetic design of monumental building exterior space. First, the concept of external space of a building, its constituent elements and the importance of spatial vitality are analyzed. Then, by extracting the characteristic factors of the building and taking them as the input of the self-organizing mapping (SOM) neural network, the clustering analysis of the building was carried out, and the clustering results provided the basic data information for the subsequent optimization design. Finally, the multi-objective building exterior space optimization model was constructed by comprehensively considering the traffic factor, environmental factor, planning dimension factor, space use efficiency, neighbor preference score and privacy score in order to maximize the ecological and aesthetic values, while taking into account the practicality and functionality. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is practical with the highest connectivity of 89.1% and the highest space utilization of 89.4%.