Exterior End Research Articles

Terrestrial Projections of the Cosmic Environmental Connections

In order to prevent the global, regional or/and local ecological catastrophes, in the actual terrestrial evolutionary circumstances it’s worth extending the researches of the EEE Ecology/environment-Ecumeny/population-Economy/activity tri-interactional systems from the global to the macro- and micro-cosmic level, based on the Hermetic interactional axioms „as up so down and as down so up”, „as inside so outside and as outside so inside”, „as earlier so later and as later so earlier”, and „as in micro so in macro and as in macro so in micro”. In macro-direction, limiting successive „Our Cosmic Environment”/ ”Our Local Universe” from „Our Whole Universe” to „Our Galaxy Milky Way”, with „Our Photon-Belt” on the exterior end of its fifth/irregular „Orion-Arm”, along which Möbius-like toroidal belt is whirling solenoid-like the Sun – Twin-Sun – Moon system (the Helios – Eos/ Hemera – Selena second wave of Titans in Hesiod’s „Theogony”) , results a multicomplex motion of the Earth (Gaia in „Theogony”) as component of the Solar System. In micro-direction, in the Whole Periodic System, extended from the actually recognized 118 elements to 558, respectively with the Etheron-Gluon-Quark as primary elements, result similar multicomplex vibrations between the extreme limits of the Material World. The functional-formal-structural elements of this cosmic environment appear in form of projections on the terrestrial and other planetary surfaces, as an open book of the Nature, this surface including not only the global geoid-like geometrical multilayered envelope, but the inner fractal-like structured coating/strata of the Earth (and of the Earth-like planets).

A new method for light shelf design according to latitudes: CUN-OKAY light shelf curves

The effect of location on earth to the light shelf position & size and the correlation between latitudes with light shelf dimensions is explored on a sample office unit for different heights in this manuscript. For this purpose, a typical office unit is modelled with Ecotect software and variety size/position of light shelves are tested to determine the suitable light shelf size/position on 6 latitudes for 3 different office heights in *CIE Standard overcast sky condition with Radiance software. Curve pairs are obtained by joining interior and exterior end points of light shelves with splines separately according to latitudes and the correlation between latitudes and light shelf size/position is created. The new curve pairs are named as "CUN-OKAY light shelf curves" and the accuracy of, use of CUN-OKAY light shelf curves are tested by comparing the efficiency of light shelves with light shelves obtained from the calculations and obtained from the CUN-OKAY light shelf curves for random office heights and random latitudes. Consequently, it is achieved the 97.69% accuracy of, use of CUN-OKAY light shelf curves to determine the suitable light shelf position & size practically for random latitudes and random office heights. *CIE (International Commission on Illumination)

Explicit expressions for inelastic design quantities in composite frames considering effects of nearby columns and floors

Explicit expressions for rapid prediction of inelastic design quantities (considering cracking of concrete) from corresponding elastic quantities, are presented for multi-storey composite frames (with steel columns and steel-concrete composite beams) subjected to service load. These expressions have been developed from weights and biases of the trained neural networks considering concrete stress, relative stiffness of beams and columns including effects of cracking in the floors below and above. Large amount of data sets required for training of neural networks have been generated using an analyticalnumerical procedure developed by the authors. The neural networks have been developed for moments and deflections, for first floor, intermediate floors (second floor to ante-penultimate floor), penultimate floor and topmost floor. In the case of moments, expressions have been proposed for exterior end of exterior beam, interior end of exterior beam and both interior ends of interior beams, for each type of floor with a total of twelve expressions. Similarly, in the case of deflections, expressions have been proposed for exterior beam and interior beam of each type of floor with a total of eight expressions. The proposed expressions have been verified by comparison of the results with those obtained from the analytical-numerical procedure. This methodology helps to obtain the inelastic design quantities from the elastic quantities with simple calculations and thus would be very useful in preliminary design.

Deformation and Interaction of Droplet Pairs in a Microchannel Under ac Electric Fields

The deformation and interaction of a droplet pair in an electric field determine the success of droplet coalescence. Electric intensity and initial droplet separation are crucial parameters in this process. In this work, a combined theoretical and numerical analysis is performed to study the electrohydrodynamics of confined droplet pairs in a rectangular microchannel under ac electric fields. We develop a theoretical model to predict the relationship between critical electric intensity and droplet separation. A geometrical model relating the initial droplet separation to the cone angle is also established to determine the critical separation for partial coalescence. These models are validated by comparisons with existing experimental observations. According to the initial separation and electric intensity, five regimes of droplet interactions are classified by direct numerical simulations, namely noncoalescence, coalescence, partial coalescence, ejection after coalescence, and ejection with partial coalescence. According to their controlling mechanisms, the five regimes are distinguished by three well-defined boundaries. The detailed dynamics of the partial coalescence phenomenon is resolved when the droplet separation exceeds the critical value. A dynamic liquid bridge between the droplets is sustained by the competition between surface tension and electric stress. The dynamics of ejected microjets at the exterior ends are also addressed to showtheir responses to the oscillating electric field. The full understanding of the droplet dynamics under electric fields can be used to predict the droplet fusion behaviors and thus to facilitate the design of droplet-based microfluidic devices.

The Structure of NMDA Receptor Revealed

++ ions to flow across the cell membrane through the pore. Furthermore, activated NMDA receptors also allow the entry of Ca 2+ into the cell which will then trigger a series of cellular events, such as activations of Ca 2+/ calmodulin-depedent protein kinase (CaMKII), protein kinase C (PKC) and the insertion of another type of glutamate receptor, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor, into the postsynaptic membrane via exocytosis [2], so that the synaptic response to glutamate is strengthened. This is believed to be the basis of learning and memory. Dysfunctions of NMDA receptors may contribute to pain sensation and various brain disorders such as depression, schizophrenia, Huntington’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease [3]. Recently, two independent studies, by Karakas and Furukawa [4] and Lee et al. [5], revealed the first insight of the crystal structure of NMDA receptor in almost complete configurations. In both studies, the NMDA receptors are heterotetrameric complexes comprised of two GluN1 and two GluN2B subunits. In order to stabilize the crystal structures, both groups used ligands, agonists, or antagonists, together with introductions of multiple mutations in the subunits and eventually obtained crystals of NMDA receptor in an inactive state. Both structures (Protein Data Bank IDs: 4PE5 and 4TLL) have resolutions better than 4A, and both show two key characteristics reminiscent of the subunit organization of AMPA receptor obtained five years ago [6]. First, the two GluN1 subunits and the two GluN2 subunits are arranged in an alternate pattern around the central pore, with twofold symmetry between the two GluN1-GluN2 heterodimers. Secondly, the receptor domains are layered. The amino terminal domain (ATD), which controls the gating of the channel and allows modulator bindings, is at the exterior end. The transmembrane domain (TMD), which provides the basis of the ion channel stays in the cell membrane. The ligand-binding domain (LBD), hosting the binding sites of ligands or their agonists and antagonists, is sandwiched between the ATD and the LBD. Going from the ATD to the LBD, the subunits in the two heterodimers swap domains,

Measuring Displacement of Tall Concrete Columns during Construction

Multiple-span, segmental concrete bridges built by balanced cantilever construction demand precise geometric control so that adjoining tips align at the time the closure segment is cast. When this type of bridge superstructure is cast monolithically on tall piers, moment redistribution, as well as creep, shrinkage, and temperature effects, can cause excessive demand on the exterior end spans and piers of the structure. To compensate, designers often use horizontal forces (jacking) to induce a counteractive moment in the pier columns. However, designers often do not make the effort to ensure that the intended displacement is realized at the needed structural elements. A methodology for measuring deflections of tall pier elements with tiltmeters during construction is presented in this paper for the Jeremiah Morrow Replacement Bridge, Interstate 71, Lebanon, Ohio. Fast-sampling data collection systems and postprocessing algorithms, including thermal effect removal, are detailed. In addition to the deflections from unbalanced cantilever moment during the casting cycle, fast-sampling data for the first horizontal jacking event are discussed and compared with the data collected through traditional laser survey techniques. The data were valuable information. They allowed the designer to fine-tune the geometry setup during the segment casting cycles, and they provided real-time displacement readings that permitted field decisions about the final force application during the jacking event.

Glucose utilization rates regulate intake levels of artificial sweeteners

It is well established that animals including humans attribute greater reinforcing value to glucose-containing sugars compared to their non-caloric counterparts, generally termed 'artificial sweeteners'. However, much remains to be determined regarding the physiological signals and brain systems mediating the attribution of greater reinforcing value to sweet solutions that contain glucose. Here we show that disruption of glucose utilization in mice produces an enduring inhibitory effect on artificial sweetener intake, an effect that did not depend on sweetness perception or aversion. Indeed, such an effect was not observed in mice presented with a less palatable, yet caloric, glucose solution. Consistently, hungry mice shifted their preferences away from artificial sweeteners and in favour of glucose after experiencing glucose in a hungry state. Glucose intake was found to produce significantly greater levels of dopamine efflux compared to artificial sweetener in dorsal striatum, whereas disrupting glucose oxidation suppressed dorsal striatum dopamine efflux. Conversely, inhibiting striatal dopamine receptor signalling during glucose intake in sweet-naïve animals resulted in reduced, artificial sweetener-like intake of glucose during subsequent gluco-deprivation. Our results demonstrate that glucose oxidation controls intake levels of sweet tastants by modulating extracellular dopamine levels in dorsal striatum, and suggest that glucose utilization is one critical physiological signal involved in the control of goal-directed sweetener intake.

Prestressed Pile to Bent Cap Connections: Seismic Performance of a Full-Scale Three-Pile Specimen

The South Carolina DOT employs a detail in which piles are plainly embedded into bent caps without the use of any special detailing to the pile. The behavior of these connections is of special concern in areas where seismic activity poses a threat to infrastructure. This paper discusses the experimental results of a full-scale three-pile bent specimen subjected to a modified earthquake displacement history. This study is significant in the type of loading applied, the scale of the specimen, the inclusion of multiple piles, and the evaluation of differing bent cap reinforcement designs. The specimen was the culmination of an experimental research effort that included eight full-scale single-pile specimens. Results of the full-scale experiment and a numerical model are used for evaluation of the connection as well as comparison between differing reinforcement designs at exterior ends of the bent cap. These results include concrete cracking and spalling, strand slippage, ductility, and the amount of confinement at each connection.

Duplicated lower intestinal tract in a commercial broiler chicken with polypodia

Developmental anomalies in domestic fowl are rare, and few reports are present in veterinary literature. This study describes polypodia and lower intestinal duplication in a commercial broiler chicken. Apparently, the chicken had a short extra leg with two digits. In necropsy, below the Meckle’s diverticulum, the ileum was divided to the normal and abnormal branches. A unilateral cecum was attached to abnormal part of ileum, and the rectum was as a dilated blind sac without connection to the exterior end or abdominal wall of the chicken. Histological findings showed that the basic organization of intestinal wall was similar to that in other parts of the normal intestine. No other abnormality was observed in this case.

Stars of vibrating strings: Switching boundary feedback stabilization

We consider a star-shaped networkconsisting of a single node with $N\geq 3$ connected arcs. The dynamics on each arc is governed by the wave equation.The arcs are coupled at the node and each arc is controlled at the other end.Without assumptions on the lengths of the arcs, we show thatif the feedback control is activeat all exterior ends,the system velocity vanishes in finite time.   In order to achieve exponential decay to zero of the system velocity,it is not necessary that the system is controlled at all $N$ exterior ends, but stabilization isstill possible if, from time to time, one of the feedback controllers breaksdown.We give sufficient conditions that guarantee that such a switching feedback stabilizationwhere not all controls are necessarily active ateach timeis successful.

"O espelho": Superficie e corrosao

In O espelho, the main character takes the narration up and explains, through a fact in his life, his ambitious theory on the two souls. The authoritarian pragmatism of the narration serves, however, to prove a monist perspective: the exterior ends up absorbing the interior soul, thus the identity of the subject totally depends on the sight that comes from the outside. Therefore, we ourselves would be identifiable only by means of what we exteriorize. Through this functionalist perspective, the soul confuses itself with the person's status, and the subject's interiority expresses itself with nothing but a vague critical acidity, which is the fragile haven for the ironic conscience.

Riesz Basis Property and Stability of Planar Networks of Controlled Strings

In this paper we study the basis property of root vectors of a star-shaped networks of strings whose exterior ends are clamped and common node has a damping. The main operator determined by the networks is non-normal. By the asymptotical technique, we show that its spectra distribute in a strip parallel to the imaginary axis, and there is a sequence of root vectors (generalized eigenvectors and eigenvectors) that forms a Riesz basis with parentheses for the Hilbert state space. As a application of this result, we discuss the stability of the system.

Sound producing vehicle exhaust system

A sound producing vehicle exhaust system comprises a housing positionable over an exterior end of a vehicle tailpipe. A turbine has at least one support plate. The support plate is rotatable about a central axis of rotation with the housing and has a plurality of angular blades with interior ends coupled to the support plate for rotation there with. At least one facing disk is positioned within the housing adjacent to the turbine. A central axis is provided through the facing disk and support plate. At least one bearing pin is provided. The bearing pin rotatably couples the support plate to the facing disk. A plurality of apertures extend through the facing disk. In this manner exhaust gasses from a tailpipe will pass through the blades and create a turbine-like sound.

Routine, direct measurement of aortic pressure in the conscious rabbit

A method for preparation and application of an indwelling catheter for measurement of aortic pressure in conscious rabbits is described. The catheter is generally reliable for periods longer than one month and requires little interference with the normal circulation. The system utilizes coiled polyethylene tubing which has a tapered tip covered with silicone rubber tubing and, at its exterior end, a Velcro matrix for skin healing. The catheter tip is pulled into the abdominal aorta with a trocar, directed caudally. The exterior end is run subcutaneously to the nape of the neck. In 19 rabbits prepared by this method, mean pressure was determined to be 68±2 mm Hg and pulse pressure was 29±1 mm Hg two weeks after implantation. The catheters remained patent in 17 rabbits at the time of sacrifice, 12 to 120 days later. In an in vitro sweep-frequency test, maximal resonance of the catheter system was found to lie between 12–14 Hz, at which point the measured pressure amplitude exceeded control by 12.5%.

The mechanosensory apparatus of the femoral tactile spine of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana

Tactile spines are large cuticular sense organs that appear to provide insects with a sense of touch which is spatially coarse but of great sensitivity. Cockroach legs have a number of these spines on each leg and a particularly prominent spine on the end of each femur, the femoral tactile spine. The ease of recording afferent activity from this spine during mechanical stimulation has made it one of the most thoroughly studied insect mechanoreceptors and yet it has never been examined by electron microscopy. We report here the results of an examination of the femoral tactile spine by both scanning and transmission electron microscopy, as well as by light microscopy. The spine is shown to be innervated by a single sensory bipolar neuron with its soma located in the base of the spine. A canal through the wall of the spine leads to the outside and emerges just above the junction between the base of the spine and its articulating socket membrane. The sensory dendrite of the neuron passes from the soma through this canal and forms a modified ciliary sensory ending with the typical dendritic sheath and dense tubular body that is characteristic of insect mechanosensory cuticular sensilla. The tubular body is embedded in a cuticular terminal plug which closes the exterior end of the canal but appears to be fastened to the spine by a very flexible ring of cuticle. This plug is connected to the socket membrane by a specialized socket attachment which presumably serves to move the plug relative to the wall of the spine during movement of the spine within the socket. The morphology of this sensillum is discussed in terms of the possible ways in which it is stimulated by movements of the spine and also in light of the dynamic behaviour of the receptor which is now very well described.

A method for studying acute insulin secretion and glucose tolerance in unanesthetized and unrestrained rats. The effect of mild stress on carbohydrate metabolism.

A technique is described for glucose infusions and for frequent sampling of small quantities of blood in unrestrained and unanesthetized small laboratory animals. Under pentobarbital anesthesia, polyethylene catheters were implanted into the jugular vein and the aorta, and distal ends were exteriorized on the back of the neck of 250-gm. rats. Five to seven days following surgery the rats regained weight and were in a normal anabolic state, despite indwelling catheters. On the day of the intravenous glucose tolerance test (ivGTT), the exterior ends of the indwelling jugular and aortic catheters were connected to specially prepared extension catheters, through which a glucose pulse was given and frequent blood samples in small quantities were collected, respectively. During the entire procedure, the animals were resting quietly, unrestrained and unanesthetized. In another group of similar rats with indwelling catheters, ivGTT was performed after they were restrained in plastic restrainers. During the ivGTT, serum glucose levels were significantly higher in the restrained rats than those observed in the control rats. The mean glucose disposal rate (K) of 2.2 +/- 0.2 was significantly slower in restrained rats than the K of 3.0 +/- 0.3 in unrestrained rats. Following the glucose pulse, insulin secretion was significantly lower in restrained rats than that observed in the unrestrained rats. These observations emphasize the importance of controlling the modifying effects of mild stress on glucose tolerance and insulin secretion.

3. Microangiographical and Histological Studies of Anal Vasculature in Japanese

In order to clarify the morphology of the anal vasculature, microangiograms were made in eight patients without anal lesion who underwent amputation of the rectum because of rectal cancer and they were histologically studied.Vascular running can be classified into six types.(1) That which is descending under the mucosa with twigs between the internal anal sphincter muscle bundles.(2) That which is divided into two branches one of which is descending the rectal longitudinal muscle and turning up under the mucosa at the upper end of the internal sphincter muscle and the other which is descending the conjoined longitudinal muscle.(3) That which branches, entering the conjoined longitudinal muscle along the levator ani muscle, into two, one of which turns up under the mucosa passing through the internal sphincter muscle and the other which shoots twigs in the internal anal sphincter muscle descending the conjoined longitudinal muscle.(4) That which enters the conjoined longitudinal muscle at nearly a right angle through the upper part of the external anal sphincter muscle from the upper exterior side to the lower interior side of the external anal sphincter muscle at the lower end of the levator ani muscle and penetrates the middle part of the internal anal sphincter muscle with branching.(5) That which reaches the conjoined longitudinal muscle passing through the external anal sphincter muscle from the exterior end of the middle external anal sphincter muscle and turns out under the ephithelium passing through the internal anal sphincter muscle with branching.(6) That which is coming from the exterior side bifurcates at the lower exterior end of the external anal sphincter muscle, the one of which (6') runs into the conjoined longitudinal muscle passing through the lower part of the external anal sphincter muscle and flows into the rete vasculosum taking a long way around the lower end of the internal anal sphincter muscle. The other one (6") ascends going around the exterior end of the external anal sphincter muscle.All of these blood vessels run under the ephithelium (submucosally and subcutaneously) and from the reticular vasculosum which tends to gathering in the crypt.Usually barium sulfate filled the small arterioles but did not pass beyond the capillaries when injected from an artery. In our cases barium sulfate injected from superior rectal artery, but in the histological study, barium was found also in the venous system. This was the barium which had entered the sinusoid vein entered the venous system accrossing the sinusoid vein.There is sinusoid vein into which the arterial capillaries flow directly in the submucosal and under layer of the anoderm. The wall of this vein differs in thickness with a very thin part. It is generally characterized by extremely scanty tunica media smooth muscle and abundant collagenous fibers. Hemorrhoids are thought to be produced by excessive stretch of the venous wall due to repeated congestion over a long period of time.

A Stored Charge Model for the Sodium Channel

A new model is proposed to account for the apparent conductance changes of the sodium, or early, channel in nerve fiber membranes. In this model it is assumed that the channels are gated at the interior side of the membrane and are resistively limited at the exterior side by sodium selective barriers of high resistance to ion flow. Under resting conditions the closed channels accumulate a store of sodium ions, dependent on the exterior sodium concentration. With the application of a depolarizing clamp the interior gates open allowing the stored ions to discharge into the interior low sodium concentration solution. In this model the initial rise in the early current results from the opening of more and more gates in response to the depolarizing clamp. The subsequent fall in the early current results from the "capacitative" discharge of the opened channels, limited by the high resistive barrier at the exterior end. Upon repolarization, the gates reclose and sodium ions reaccumulate in the channels from the high concentration external solution, but at a slow rate determined by the resistive barrier. Preliminary tests of this model, using a number of simplifying assumptions, show that it has the ability to account, at least semiquantitatively, for the major characteristics of the experimental clamp results.

Anoxic protection of small intestine of dogs by intra-arterial catheterization.

Repression of the immune response by whole-body irradiation makes possible homografting of various organs, including bone marrow. For the most part, such grafts are temporary, a primary factor in their destruction being recovery of the immune response of the host. This recovery is delayed as the amount of whole-body irradiation is increased (1). Untreated dogs receiving 1,000 to 1,100 r whole-body irradiation in one sitting usually die the intestinal type of death within three to five days. Dogs receiving a lesser though lethal dose die after five days but within thirty days. Death has been associated with bone-marrow failure. Swift and Taketa (2) shielded 6 to 8 per cent of the small intestine of rats, thereby protecting them from intestinal death. Osborne (3) removed the irradiated segment of the small intestine of rats and prevented intestinal death. From these experiments it seems likely that the immediate cause of death from the intestinal radiation syndrome may be electrolyte loss. If the animal survives beyond five days, healing of the intestinal mucosa can take place rapidly. Successful homografting of bone marrow might permit increased doses of whole-body irradiation in the treatment of leukemia and disseminated cancer. The technic might also be used in conjunction with increased amounts of chemotherapeutic agents. These last are frequently toxic to the bone marrow and small intestine. The objective of the present experiment was to determine the degree of protection against whole-body irradiation afforded by intraarterial occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery. The effect would be mediated through anoxia. Procedure Balloons, distensible to 2 c.c, were placed 2 cm. from the blind end of Ödman catheters (Fig. 2). After these were soaked in heparin, they were introduced into the femoral arteries of 4 dogs and passed into the superior mesenteric arteries under fluoroscopic guidance, using an image intensifier. The adjacent femoral vein was catheterized so that the location of the balloon could be proved by intravenous aortography. The balloon was inflated with a mixture of Hypaque and methylene blue. Hypaque permitted post-irradiation checking of the position and competence of the balloon. Appearance of the blue dye at the exterior end of the catheter during irradiation would indicate loss of distention. The balloon was distended five minutes before irradiation to allow time for the tissues to become anoxic. A plain Ödman catheter was passed into the aorta of 3 control dogs via the femoral artery. Irradiation was delivered at 250 kvp, h.v.l. of 1.75 mm. Cu, and target-skin distance of 100 cm. As can be seen in Figure 1, the animal is placed in a curved container so that one entire side is 100 cm. from the target. After 550 r in air was delivered, the dogs were turned so that the opposite side faced the target, and another 550 r was delivered. The dogs were anesthetized during irradiation with sodium pentobarbital.