Extensive Damage Research Articles

Deep-TCP: Multi-source data fusion for deep learning-powered tropical cyclone intensity prediction to enhance urban sustainability

Tropical cyclones (TC) exert a profound impact on cities, causing extensive damage and losses. Thus, TC Intensity Prediction is crucial for creating sustainable cities as it enables proactive measures to be taken, including evacuation planning, infrastructure reinforcement, and emergency response coordination. In this study, we propose a Deep learning-powered TC Intensity Prediction (Deep-TCP) framework. In particular, Deep-TCP contains a data constraint module for fusing data features from multiple sources and establishing a unified global representation. To capture the spatiotemporal attributes, a Spatial-Temporal Attention (ST-Attention) module is built to distill insights from environmental variables. To improve the robustness and stability of the predictions, an encoder-decoder module that utilizes the ConvGPU unit is introduced to enhance feature maps. Then, a novel feature enhancement module is built to bolster the generalization capability and solve the dependency attenuation. The results demonstrate that the Deep-TCP framework significantly outperforms various benchmarks. Additionally, it effectively predicts multiple TC categories within the 6–24 h timeframe, showing strong capability in predicting changing trends. The reliable prediction results are potentially beneficial for disaster management and urban planning, significantly enhancing urban sustainability by improving preparedness and response strategies.

Curculigoside Regulates Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress Against Spinal Cord Injury by Modulating the Nrf-2/NQO-1 Signaling Pathway In Vitro and In Vivo.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe neurological disorder that can lead to paralysis or death. Oxidative stress during SCI is a critical phase causing extensive nerve cell damage and apoptosis, thereby impairing spinal cord healing. Thus, a primary goal of SCI drug therapy is to mitigate oxidative stress. Curculigoside (CUR), a phenolic glucoside extracted from the dried root and rhizome of Curculigo orchioides Gaertn, possesses neuroprotective and antioxidant properties. This study aimed to investigate whether CUR effectively promotes the recovery of spinal cord tissue following SCI and elucidate its mechanism. We employed a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced PC12 cell model and an SCI rat model to observe the effects of CUR on oxidation and apoptosis. The results demonstrated that CUR significantly reduced the expression of apoptosis-related proteins (Bax and Caspase-3), Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI), and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), while increasing the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Moreover, CUR effectively enhanced levels of antioxidants (glutathione [GSH)] and decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vitro. Furthermore, CUR facilitated functional recovery through its anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidative stress effects on spinal cord tissues in SCI rats. These effects were mediated via the Nrf2/NQO1 signaling pathway. Therefore, our study showed that CUR acted as an anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidative stress agent, inhibiting astrocyte activation and promoting neuronal reconstruction and functional recovery. These findings may contribute significantly to the development of SCI treatments and advance the field of SCI drug therapy.

Patterning damage mechanisms for two-dimensional crystalline polymers and evaluation for a conjugated imine-based polymer

High-quality patterning determines the properties of patterned emerging two-dimensional (2D) conjugated polymers and is essential for potential applications in future electronic nanodevices. However, the most suitable patterning method for 2D polymers has yet to be determined because we still do not have a comprehensive understanding of their damage mechanisms by visualizing the structural modification that occurs during the patterning process. Here, the damage mechanisms during patterning of 2D polymers, induced by various patterning methods, are unveiled based on a systematic study of structural damage and edge morphology in an imine-based 2D polymer (polyimine). Patterning using a focused electron beam, focused ion beam (FIB) and mechanical carving is evaluated. The focused electron beam successively introduces a sputtering effect, knock-on displacement damage and massive radiolysis with increasing electron dose from9.46×107electrons nm-2to1.14×1010electrons nm-2. Successful patterning is enabled by knock-on damage but impeded by carbon contamination beyond a critical sample thickness. A FIB creates current-dependent edge morphologies and extensive damage from ion implantation caused by the tail of the unfocused beam. A precisely controlled tip can tear the polyimine film through grain boundaries and hence create a patterning edge with suitable edge roughness for certain application scenarios when beam damage is avoided. Taking structural damage and the resulting quantitative edge roughness into consideration, this study provides a detailed instruction on the proper patterning techniques for 2D crystalline polymers and paves the way for tailored intrinsic properties and device fabrication using these novel materials.

Arsitektur Sistem Informasi Rehabilitasi dan Rekonstruksi Rumah Terkena Dampak Gempa Menggunakan Framework Togaf

The study focuses on the impact of the 2018 earthquake in the Province of West Nusa Tenggara, particularly the extensive damage to hundreds of thousands of houses. It aims to assess the initial phase of post-earthquake housing rehabilitation and reconstruction activities and seeks to enhance their efficiency and effectiveness. One of the main issues identified is the absence of an integrated information system to facilitate data management and coordination among relevant agencies, often leading to errors and delays in implementing activities. To address this, the research utilizes the TOGAF ADM Framework as an architectural design method, providing detailed guidelines for creating a flexible and adaptable information system architecture. Data is collected through in-terviews, document studies, and literature reviews. The research delves into the vision and mis-sion, regulations, and guidelines pertaining to the rehabilitation and reconstruction process, as well as an analysis of the current business processes and assets owned by the BPBD of the Province of West Nusa Tenggara. The expected outcome is the development of an information system ar-chitecture that can overcome obstacles in rehabilitation and reconstruction activities, resulting in a more effective and efficient process. Moreover, it aims to enhance coordination and resource uti-lization. Ultimately, the study concludes that implementing a TOGAF ADM-based information system architecture can offer a comprehensive solution to the challenges encountered in post-earthquake housing rehabilitation and reconstruction. This resulting integrated and opti-mized system is expected to serve as a valuable reference for relevant agencies in other provinces facing similar situations in the future.

Critical infrastructure monitoring in CBRNe scenarios: a reliable and robust communication network for distributed multimodal sensors

The malicious misuse of CBRNe agents can inflict extensive damage to critical infrastructure and terrorize public society. The effects of such attacks can range from financial or structural drawbacks to significant casualties. Recent terror attacks in Cucuta (2021) or Kabul (2021) demonstrate the need to protect infrastructures such as airports, power plants, and transportation infrastructure. In the face of these modern-day threats, the need for a reliable and effective monitoring system for critical infrastructure has become increasingly important. In a first contribution to the long-term development, we present an initial version of a concept that requires the implementation paradigm of diverse redundancy and secure communication using MQTTS relying on the included cipher suite. An initial set of node types is defined and assigned requirements for implementation. The software tools architecture we propose based on these requirements is designed to support network operators and developers by providing standard features for network management and sensor node implementation. This includes the definition of a secure semi-automatic onboarding process for new sensor nodes, which is presented in detail. We strive for independency from specific hardware platforms, software frameworks, and network technologies to enable an open standard for communication within a critical infrastructure sensor network and also between such networks in the future.

A Keystone Flap as A Reconstructive Option for Anterior Abdominal and Inguinal Defect

The keystone flap is an effective solution to this by utilizing local tissue similar to a keystone to close the defect without the need for tissue transfer from other locations in the body. This makes it a highly effective option in reconstructing complex defects of the anterior abdomen and inguinal region, supporting complete patient recovery. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of using keystone flaps in covering large defects in the abdominal and inguinal walls after tumor removal. This study used a descriptive method with a retrospective approach. Data collection techniques in this study were literature study, observation and patient medical records. The data that has been collected is then analyzed in three stages, namely data reduction, data presentation and conclusion drawing. The results showed that the keystone flap can be used to cover extensive damage to the abdominal and inguinal walls after tumor removal with success. The keystone flap is a reasonably easy defect reconstruction, is very reliable, and has low morbidity and complications

Turbulent flame acceleration and deflagration-to-detonation transitions in ethane–air mixture

The deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT) poses significant risks in the oil, gas, and nuclear industries, capable of causing catastrophic explosions and extensive damage. This study addresses a critical knowledge gap in understanding the DDT of ethane–air mixtures on a large scale, amid increasing industrial utilization and production of ethane. A novel computational framework is introduced, utilizing the finite-volume code named Morris Garages, which incorporates reactive compressible Navier–Stokes equations, adaptive mesh refinement, and correlations of turbulent burning velocities. This model integrates the most recent data on laminar and turbulent burning velocities for premixed ethane–air mixtures, simulating flame acceleration and DDT within a two-dimensional large-scale setting, measuring 21 m in length and 3 m in height, with obstacles mimicking pipe congestion. Two mixture scenarios, lean and near-stoichiometric, are analyzed to evaluate the effects of equivalence ratios on flame propagation and DDT. The simulations, validated against large-scale experimental data from Shell, show reasonable agreement and provide critical insights into the onset conditions of DDT, such as temperature, pressure, flame speed, and turbulent kinetic energy. Furthermore, the ξ–ε detonation peninsula diagram is utilized to explore autoignition and detonation behaviors in ethane–air mixtures.

Advancing virology research with a human brain organoid platform

In humans, the capacity of viruses to infiltrate multiple organs and cause extensive damage is well-established. However, our comprehension of viral infection pathogenesis within the central nervous system (CNS) remains limited due to challenges in accessing clinical research specimens and the inherent constraints of animal models. Derived from either human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) or human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), human brain organoids undergo meticulous differentiation in culture media that simulate the developmental environment of the brain, characterized by their structural intricacy and diverse cell types. The evolution of human brain organoids has undoubtedly provided the scientific community with a potent research tool for investigating neurological diseases. We summarizes research findings on viral infection models based on human brain organoids. Furthermore, we discuss the limitations of this model and envision future developments and applications of human brain organoids.

Thermal enhancement of targeted cooling thermosyphon array applied to the embankment–bridge transition section of the Qinghai–Tibet railway in warm permafrost

Permafrost degradation in the embankment–bridge transition section (EBTS) along the Qinghai–Tibet Railway has led to extensive damage to bridge structures, posing a serious threat to railway safety. With the ongoing global warming, reinforcing the affected EBTS to ensure long-term stability remains a pressing challenge. To address this issue, this study proposes a targeted cooling thermosyphon array (TCTA) approach utilising variable inclination evaporator (VIE) thermosyphons. The effectiveness of the VIE thermosyphon was evaluated through an in-situ test. Meanwhile, a three-dimensional numerical model was employed to analyse the overall cooling effect, long-term performance and thermal enhancement provided by the TCTA approach. The findings indicated that the VIE thermosyphon exhibited excellent cooling performance and maintained uniform wall temperature, with the lowest wall temperature reaching −15 °C. Within one year of implementation, a cold core of −2 °C formed at the centre of the foundation, and the permafrost table was uplifted by approximately 3 m, showcasing its potential to rapidly enhance the thermal stability of in-service EBTS in permafrost. With prolonged operation, the cold accumulative effect of this approach gradually becomes apparent, and the range of the low-temperature cores expands. This method effectively reinforces the thermal stability of in-service EBTS and is well-suited for future railway construction in warm permafrost amidst the challenges of climate change.

Strategies for Sustainable Mine Reclamation: Case Study of the Meghahatuburu Iron Ore Mine

ABSTRACT The demand for raw materials is increasing rapidly, leading to higher production targets for mining industries. Currently, largescale opencast mining operations are causing extensive damage to forest areas, agricultural land, and various habitats for humans and animals. Despite these negative impacts, mining plays a crucial role in our national economy, serving as the second backbone of the country after agriculture. Given the inevitability of mining operations, it is essential to carry them out in a sustainable manner, minimizing or even eliminating environmental harm. This study focuses on the challenges associated with iron ore mining and emphasizes the significance of ecological restoration and land reclamation in mitigating environmental consequences. The focus of this research work is the implementation of a comprehensive procedural approach to achieve sustainable mine reclamation in an easy way. The primary objective is to restore the biodiversity of the Saranda Forest ecosystem. To accomplish this, a three-tier plantation model was adopted, involving the strategic planting of 2,664 trees and 3,136 herbs/shrubs in 1.5 hector degraded backfilled area. This initiative aims to rehabilitate the degraded land that has been adversely affected by mining activities.

Calm Before the Storm?

Atlantic hurricane season poses an annual threat to the billions of dollars of oil and gas hardware pumping hydrocarbons from the depths of the US Gulf of Mexico (GOM). The region’s offshore production amounts to about 1.8 million B/D—roughly 14% of the total crude output in the US, according to the US Energy Information Administration, so any disruption is felt by oil markets across the globe. Prior to the 2024 hurricane season, forecasters pegged this year as primed to be particularly intense. Colorado State University (CSU), known for its storm prognostication, estimated that the basin would experience 23 named storms, with a dozen of those becoming hurricanes (winds of 74 mph or higher), and six of those strengthening to major hurricanes (winds of 111 mph or higher). Similarly, AccuWeather meteorologists expect between 20 and 25 named storms with a possibility of 30 or more. As the season enters its busy period, the basin has only experienced five named storms to date; however, many forecasters are sticking to their initial forecasts and continue to warn of an intense September/October period. “The months of September and October should be very active across the Atlantic,” said AccuWeather lead hurricane expert Alex DaSilva. “We continue to remain very concerned about rapid intensification. Sea-surface temperatures and ocean heat content are near record levels across most of the Atlantic basin. This can act like jet fuel for tropical systems. We also continue to believe that La Niña will emerge sometime in November. When water temperatures near the equator of the eastern Pacific Ocean are lower than the long-term historical averages for an extended period, La Niña is declared. Although this is a phenomenon in the Pacific, it has ramifications for weather patterns over the Atlantic Ocean. Specifically, La Niña can reduce the wind shear across the basin. When wind shear is lower, it makes it easier for tropical systems to take shape and strengthen.” The GOM has experienced one disruption in 2024 courtesy of Hurricane Beryl. Once a Category 5 storm (winds 155 mph and higher)—and the earliest-forming Category 5 storm on record—Beryl weakened as it crossed the southern Yucatán. The storm regained Category 1 strength as it crossed the far western offshore oil patch enroute to landfall near Matagorda Bay, Texas. Shell shut in production at its Perdido spar because of the storm as well as evacuated personnel from it and its Whale facility. Chevron moved all non-essential personnel off its Anchor floating production unit, which was undergoing commissioning at the time. The last major storm to cut a path straight through the heart of the US offshore oil patch was 2021’s Hurricane Ida. Ida tore through the region as a Category 4 storm before slamming into the Louisiana coast near Port Fourchon packing 150 mph winds on 29 August. The storm prompted the shut in of almost 100% of the Gulf’s oil and gas production and caused extensive damage to major hubs in the region, including the Shell-operated West Delta Block 143 complex. The facilities, which serve as the transfer station for production from Shell’s robust Mars corridor, were off line for several months.

Global convection-permitting model improves subseasonal forecast of plum rain around Japan

Abstract In 2020 early summer, a historically severe rainy season struck East Asia, causing extensive damage to life and property. Subseasonal forecast of this event challenges the limits of rainy season predictability. Employing the integrated Atmospheric Model Across Scales (iAMAS) and the Sunway supercomputer, we conducted ensemble one-month forecasts at global 3 km, variable 4-60 km, and global 60 km resolutions. The global convection-permitting forecast accurately captures the rainband, while other forecasts exhibited northward and weaker shifts due to the northward shifts of the atmospheric rivers (ARs) over Japan, attributed to intensified Western North Pacific Subtropical High (WNPSH). Further, the double-ITCZ-like tropical rainfall pattern in Western Pacific (D-ITCZ-WP) in global convection-permitting forecast contributes to a more accurate WNPSH and rainband. In contrast, other forecasts show a single-ITCZ-like pattern in Western Pacific (S-ITCZ-WP), leading to a northward-shifted WNPSH and rainband, advocating the importance of accurately representing tropical convections, as they can significantly affect mid-/high-latitude weather and climate.

Dissecting the invasion history of Spotted-Wing Drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) in Portugal using genomic data

BackgroundThe invasive pest Spotted-Wing Drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura), causes extensive damage and production losses of soft-skinned fruits. Native to Asia, the species has now spread worldwide, with first reports in Portugal in 2012. In this study, we focus on the genomic signatures of the recent Portuguese invasion, in the context of worldwide patterns established in previous works. We analyzed whole genome pool sequencing data from three Portuguese populations (N = 240) sampled in 2019 and 2021.ResultsThe correlation of allele frequencies suggested that Portuguese populations are related to South European ones, indicating a Mediterranean invasion route. While two populations exhibited levels of genetic variation comparable to others in the invasive range, a third showed low levels of genetic diversity, which may result from a recent colonization of the region. Genome-wide analyses of natural selection identified ten genes previously associated with D. suzukii’s invasive capacity, which may have contributed to the species’ success in Portugal. Additionally, we pinpointed six genes evolving under positive selection across Portuguese populations but not in European ones, which is indicative of local adaptation. One of these genes, nAChRalpha7, encodes a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, which are known targets for insecticides widely used for D. suzukii control, such as neonicotinoids and spinosyns. Although spinosyn resistance has been associated with mutations in the nAChRalpha6 in other Drosophila species, the putative role of nAChRalpha7 in insecticide resistance and local adaptation in Portuguese D. suzukii populations encourages future investigation.ConclusionsOur results highlight the complex nature of rapid species invasions and the role of rapid local adaptation in determining the invasive capacity of these species.

Agricultural and Ecological Resources Safeguarded by the Prevention of Wild Pig Population Expansion.

Wild pigs (Sus scrofa) are one of the most destructive invasive species in the US, known for causing extensive damage to agricultural commodities, natural resources, and property, and for transmitting diseases to livestock. Following the establishment of the National Feral Swine Damage Management Program (NFSDMP) in 2014, the expansion of wild pig populations has been successfully slowed. This paper combines two modeling approaches across eight separate models to characterize the expansion of wild pig populations in the absence of intervention by the NFSDMP and forecasts the value of a subset of resources safeguarded from the threat of wild pigs. The results indicate that if wild pigs had continued spreading at pre-program levels, they would have spread extensively across the US, with significant geographic variation across modeling scenarios. Further, by averting the threat of wild pigs, a substantial amount of crops, land, property, and livestock was safeguarded by the NFSDMP. Cumulatively, between 2014 and 2021, wild pig populations were prevented from spreading to an average of 724 counties and an average of USD 40.2 billion in field crops, pasture, grasses, and hay was safeguarded. The results demonstrate that intervention by the NFSDMP has delivered significant ecological and economic benefits that were not previously known.

Management of Microcomplications of Diabetes Mellitus: Challenges, Current Trends, and Future Perspectives in Treatment.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels, which can lead to severe health issues if not managed effectively. Recent statistics indicate a significant global impact, with 463 million adults diagnosed worldwide and this projected to rise to 700 million by 2045. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks pancreatic beta cells, reducing insulin production. Type 2 diabetes is primarily due to insulin resistance. Both types of diabetes are linked to severe microvascular and macrovascular complications if unmanaged. Microvascular complications, such as diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy, result from damage to small blood vessels and can lead to organ and tissue dysfunction. Chronic hyperglycemia plays a central role in the onset of these complications, with prolonged high blood sugar levels causing extensive vascular damage. The emerging treatments and current research focus on various aspects, from insulin resistance to the intricate cellular damage induced by glucose toxicity. Understanding and intervening in these pathways are critical for developing effective treatments and managing diabetes long term. Furthermore, ongoing health initiatives, such as increasing awareness, encouraging early detection, and improving treatments, are in place to manage diabetes globally and mitigate its impact on health and society. These initiatives are a testament to the collective effort to combat this global health challenge.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis associated with Sjögren’s syndrome: a case report

BackgroundMotor neuron disease (MND) is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disorder with an unknown cause. The development of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is believed to be linked to an immune response. Monocytes/macrophages and T cells are key players in the disease’s advancement. Monitoring levels of cytokines in the blood can help forecast patient outcomes, while immunotherapy shows promise in alleviating symptoms for certain individuals.Case presentationA 56-year-old male patient was admitted to the hospital due to progressive limb weakness persisting for eight months. The neurological examination revealed impairments in both upper and lower motor neurons, as well as sensory anomalies, without corresponding signs. Electrophysiological examination results indicated extensive neuronal damage and multiple peripheral nerve impairments, thereby the diagnosis was ALS. One month ago, the patient began experiencing symptoms of dry mouth and a bitter taste. Following tests for rheumatic immune-related antibodies and a lip gland biopsy, a diagnosis of Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) was proposed. Despite treatment with medications such as hormones (methylprednisolone), immunosuppressants (hydroxychloroquine sulfate), and riluzole, the symptoms did not significantly improve, but also did not worsen.ConclusionIt is recommended to include screening for SS in the standard assessment of ALS. Furthermore, research should focus on understanding the immune mechanisms involved in ALS, providing new insights for the diagnosis and treatment of ALS in conjunction with SS.

Linking affected community and academic knowledge: a community-based participatory research framework based on a Shichigahama project

Earthquakes that cause extensive damage occur frequently in Japan, the most recent being the Noto Peninsula earthquake on January 1, 2024. To facilitate such a recovery, we introduce a community-based participatory research program implemented through cooperation between universities and local communities after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake. In this project, the university and the town of Shichigahama, one of the affected areas, collaborated to hold annual workshops in the target area, which evolved into a climate monitoring survey. Even in Japan, where disaster prevention planning is widespread, various problems arise in the process of emergency response, recovery and reconstruction, and building back better when disasters occur. As is difficult for residents and local governments to solve these problems alone, it is helpful when experts participate in the response process. In this study, we interviewed town hall and university officials as representatives of local residents regarding this project and discussed their mutual concerns. The community-based participatory research framework developed in the Shichigahama project could be used in the recovery from the Noto Peninsula Earthquake as well as in future reconstruction and disaster management projects.

Environmental and climatic Interconnections: Impacts of forest fires in the Mato Grosso region of the Amazon

Wildfires in the Amazon biome of Mato Grosso cause extensive environmental, economic, and health damages, including biodiversity loss and high greenhouse gas emissions. This study used remote sensing to examine the relationship between fire severity and climatic factors, focusing on dNBR (Differenced Normalized Burn Ratio), precipitation, LST (Land Surface Temperature), SPI (Standardized Precipitation Index), NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), and VCI (Vegetation Condition Index), analyzing data from 2001 to 2022. Statistical tests included Shapiro-Wilk, Tukey, regression kriging, Mann-Kendall for trend analysis, Pettitt for change points, and canonical variable tests. Regarding trends, only LST showed a significant trend starting in 2009, with the Northeast mesoregion showing the highest impact on temperature. dNBR correlated positively with NDVI and VCI, and negatively with precipitation and SPI. The northern mesoregion had a positive influence on dNBR and NDVI but negative for precipitation, SPI, and VCI. The southwestern mesoregion associated positively with dNBR and LST but negatively with the other variables. The Northeast and South-Central mesoregions showed positive correlations with most variables except dNBR and NDVI. These findings highlight the northern mesoregion's vulnerability due to its proximity to the central Amazon Forest and agri-cultural activity, indicating increased fire susceptibility with reduced humidity.

Flash Point Improvement of Mineral Oil Utilizing Nanoparticles to Reduce Fire Risk in Power Transformers: A Review

Transformers are crucial equipment in electrical distribution systems but have a significant potential for failure. Insulation materials, including transformer oil (TO), play a primary role in transformer failures. A fire involving the TO can lead to a large explosion, causing the main tank to rupture and resulting in extensive damage to the entire transformer and the surrounding area. Mineral oil (MO) is the most widely used type due to its availability and relatively low cost compared to other types of oil. However, MO has a critical disadvantage, which is its very low flash point. The low flash point makes MO highly flammable. When the oil fires in an enclosed space, such as a transformer tank, the pressure inside the tank increases, leading to a large explosion. Therefore, research on increasing the flash point of MO is highly necessary. The application of nanotechnology is a promising approach to increasing the flash point of base fluids. Research on the effect of nanoparticles (NPs) on flash points is very limited in the literature; thus, there is significant potential for further research in this field. The majority of studies indicate an increase in flash points with the addition of NPs to MO. There is only one study that shows a decrease in flash point, which is −1.33% compared to MO. From all the reviewed studies, it can be concluded that NPs are a potential solution to increase the flash point of MO. Despite their benefits, NPs require a thorough examination of health and environmental impacts, along with proper waste management, to ensure their advantages.

Impact of Earthquakes on Lung Health.

Earthquakes are catastrophic natural disasters that cause extensive damage to infrastructure and disrupt the lives of millions worldwide. Beyond the immediate physical and psychological damage caused by earthquakes, these events can significantly impact respiratory health. The inhalation of dust, smoke, particulates, toxic gases, and asbestos exposure can lead to various respiratory health pathologies. These include respiratory infections, exacerbations of pre-existing respiratory diseases, chest traumas, and pulmonary and venous thromboembolism. Longitudinal studies are necessary to assess the long-term respiratory health effects in affected populations. By addressing these knowledge gaps, future mitigation strategies and preparedness measures can be developed to minimize the respiratory health impacts of earthquakes and improve the well-being of affected communities. Robust building infrastructure and comprehensive earthquake preparedness are emerging as the most important determinants for not only mitigating building collapse but also significantly reducing the potential health impacts that follow. This comprehensive review aims to provide a systematic overview of the lung health impacts of earthquakes. It highlights the need for further research to identify specific pollutants, air contaminants, and environmental factors contributing to respiratory health issues following earthquakes.